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Morikawa N, Yamasue K, Tochikubo O. Feasibility of Assessment of Habitual Salt Intake Using a 24-h Urinary Salt Excretion Self-Measuring Device. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39128466 DOI: 10.1159/000540797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To assess habitual salt intake, tools are needed to measure 24-h urinary salt excretion repeatedly. We developed and validated a new portable salt monitor, which measures salt excreted per urination and sums the values to provide an accurate estimate of urinary salt excretion over 24 h. METHODS A previously developed salt monitor was improved with respect to the capacity, volume sensors, and equation for urinary sodium chloride concentration estimation. In 20 healthy Japanese female volunteers, 24-h urinary salt excretion was measured using the salt monitor and a conventional 24-h urine collection method on eight nonconsecutive days. RESULTS In a total of 157 days, there were no fixed or proportional errors between the methods. The mean salt intake over 8 days was 8.5 ± 2.0 g/day for the 24-h urine collection and 8.3 ± 2.3 g/day for the salt monitor, showing a strong correlation (r = 0.912, p < 0.001). At a cut-off value of 6 g, the salt monitor was able to completely classify individuals by habitual salt intake. CONCLUSION The validity of the new salt monitor was confirmed. The device can be considered an alternative to the traditional 24-h urine collection for repeated surveys and self-management of daily salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Morikawa
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Jissen Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yamasue
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Tochikubo
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Merlo A, Mezue K, Ambrosy AP. Fluid Restriction Recommendations in Heart Failure Dry as a Bone or Quench Your Thirst? J Card Fail 2022; 28:1531-1533. [PMID: 35977689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Merlo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Kenechukwu Mezue
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew P Ambrosy
- Department of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
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Santos JA, Li KC, Huang L, Mclean R, Petersen K, Di Tanna GL, Webster J. Change in mean salt intake over time using 24-h urine versus overnight and spot urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J 2020; 19:136. [PMID: 33280602 PMCID: PMC7720567 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the capacity of overnight and spot urine samples to estimate changes in mean salt intake over time. The objective of this review was to compare the estimates of change in mean population salt intake based on 24-h urine and overnight/spot urine samples. Methods Studies were systematically identified through searches of peer-reviewed databases (Medline, Embase, Global Health, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and grey literature. Studies that reported estimates of mean salt intake for at least two time points based on both 24-h and overnight/spot urines were deemed eligible. The capacity of overnight/spot urine samples to estimate the change in mean salt intake was assessed both at the individual-study level and overall through random-effects meta-analyses. The level of heterogeneity was assessed through the I2 statistic. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore possible sources of heterogeneity, and check the robustness of the findings from the primary analysis. Results A total of 1244 records were identified, 50 were assessed as full text, and 14 studies met the criteria, capturing data on 7291 participants from seven countries. Nine and five studies collected overnight and spot urines, respectively. The comparison of the change in mean salt intake between 24-h and overnight/spot urines showed some inconsistencies at the individual study-level. The pooled mean change in salt intake was − 0.43 g/day (95% CI − 1.16 to 0.30; I2 = 95%) using 24-h urines, and − 0.22 g/day (− 0.65 to 0.20; I2 = 87%) using overnight/spot urines, with a pooled difference-in-differences between the two methods of 0.27 g/day (− 0.23 to 0.77; I2 = 89%). Subgroup analyses showed substantial heterogeneity for most subgroups. Sensitivity analyses did not change the effect observed in the primary analysis. Conclusion The evidence for the capacity of overnight/spot urines to estimate changes in mean salt intake over time is uncertain. More research where overnight/spot urines are collected in parallel with 24-h urines is needed to enable a more in-depth evaluation of these alternative approaches to estimating change in mean salt intake. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12937-020-00651-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Alvin Santos
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Ka Chun Li
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Liping Huang
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rachael Mclean
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kristina Petersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gian Luca Di Tanna
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Yasutake K, Umeki Y, Horita N, Morita R, Murata Y, Ohe K, Tsuchihashi T, Enjoji M. A self-monitoring urinary salt excretion level measurement device for educating young women about salt reduction: A parallel randomized trial involving two groups. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:730-738. [PMID: 31058457 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To prevent and treat hypertension, it is important to restrict salt in one's diet since adolescence. However, an effective salt-reduction education system has yet to be established. Besides accurate evaluation, we believe that the frequent usage of a measurement device may motivate individuals to avoid high salt intake. The present study evaluated the use of a urinary salt excretion measurement device for salt-reduction education in a parallel randomized trial of two groups. The sample comprised 100 university students who provided consent to participate. A survey with 24-hour home urine collection and blood pressure measurement was conducted. Participants in the self-monitoring group measured their own urinary salt excretion level for 4 weeks, using the self-measurement device. Analyses were conducted on 51 participants in the control group and 49 in the self-monitoring group. At baseline, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of their characteristics and 24-hour urinary salt excretion levels. After intervention, 24-hour urinary sodium/potassium ratio showed no change in the control group [baseline score: 4.1 ± 1.5; endline score: 4.2 ± 2.0; P = 0.723], but it decreased significantly in the self-monitoring group [baseline score: 4.0 ± 1.7; endline score: 3.5 ± 1.4; P = 0.044]. This change was significant even after adjusting for baseline and endline differences between groups using analysis of covariance (P = 0.045). The self-monitoring urinary salt excretion measurement device improved the 24-hour urinary sodium/potassium ratio. The device is a useful and practical tool for educating young individuals about dietary salt reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Yasutake
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko Umeki
- Department of Food of Health Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Horita
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, Japan
| | - Rieko Morita
- Department of Food of Health Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murata
- Health Care Center, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohe
- Health Care Center, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Jahan Y, Moriyama M, Rahman MM, Rahman A. Self-monitoring urinary salt excretion device can be used for controlling hypertension for developing countries. Clin Hypertens 2019; 25:3. [PMID: 30923632 PMCID: PMC6419439 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-019-0109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Restriction of dietary salt is widely recommended in the management of hypertension, but assessment of individual salt intake has drawn little attention. Monitoring nutritional salt intake through sodium excretion has been popular, because the main route for sodium (Na) excretion is through the urine. Nonetheless, direct measurement of dietary salt intake is time consuming and lacks accuracy. To collect a 24-h urine and measure the content is difficult method for most patients. In this review paper, we would like to explore the usefulness of measuring urinary salt excretion by using a self-monitoring device at home. Measuring daily overnight urine by the self-monitoring device at home will be useful for the management of hypertension suitable for each individual. From the recent increase of processed foods, the term “salt intake” would not accurately be equal to “sodium intake”. Devices measuring urinary sodium excretion have been developed and evaluated on their accuracy and correlation with sodium intake. They must be handy, simple and capable of measuring large populations to be useful for monitoring of daily salt intake and to guide salt restriction as well as the long-term effects by dietary salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Jahan
- 1Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michiko Moriyama
- 1Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Md Moshiur Rahman
- 1Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- 2Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
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Yasutake K, Miyoshi E, Misumi Y, Kajiyama T, Fukuda T, Ishii T, Moriguchi R, Murata Y, Ohe K, Enjoji M, Tsuchihashi T. Self-monitoring of urinary salt excretion as a method of salt-reduction education: a parallel, randomized trial involving two groups. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:2164-2173. [PMID: 29458447 PMCID: PMC11106026 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate salt-reduction education using a self-monitoring urinary salt-excretion device. DESIGN Parallel, randomized trial involving two groups. The following parameters were checked at baseline and endline of the intervention: salt check sheet, eating behaviour questionnaire, 24 h home urine collection, blood pressure before and after urine collection. SETTING The intervention group self-monitored urine salt excretion using a self-measuring device for 4 weeks. In the control group, urine salt excretion was measured, but the individuals were not informed of the result. SUBJECTS Seventy-eight individuals (control group, n 36; intervention group, n 42) collected two 24 h urine samples from a target population of 123 local resident volunteers. The samples were then analysed. RESULTS There were no differences in clinical background or related parameters between the two groups. The 24 h urinary Na:K ratio showed a significant decrease in the intervention group (-1·1) compared with the control group (-0·0; P=0·033). Blood pressure did not change in either group. The results of the salt check sheet did not change in the control group but were significantly lower in the intervention group. The score of the eating behaviour questionnaire did not change in the control group, but the intervention group showed a significant increase in eating behaviour stage. CONCLUSIONS Self-monitoring of urinary salt excretion helps to improve 24 h urinary Na:K, salt check sheet scores and stage of eating behaviour. Thus, usage of self-monitoring tools has an educational potential in salt intake reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Yasutake
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan
| | - Emiko Miyoshi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan
| | - Yukiko Misumi
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Saga, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kajiyama
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan
| | - Tamami Fukuda
- Fukuoka Clinic, TOPPAN Group Health Insurance Society, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taeko Ishii
- Department of Food Design, Kurume Shin-ai Women’s College, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ririko Moriguchi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murata
- Health Care Center, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohe
- Health Care Center, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Takada T, Imamoto M, Sasaki S, Azuma T, Miyashita J, Hayashi M, Fukuma S, Fukuhara S. Effects of self-monitoring of daily salt intake estimated by a simple electrical device for salt reduction: a cluster randomized trial. Hypertens Res 2018; 41:524-530. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yasutake K, Moriguchi R, Kajiyama T, Miyazaki H, Abe S, Masuda T, Imai K, Iwamoto M, Tsuda H, Obe M, Kawate H, Ueno H, Ono M, Goromaru R, Ohe K, Enjoji M, Tsuchihashi T, Nakano S. Interannual study of spot urine-evaluated sodium excretion in young Japanese women. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19:653-660. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ririko Moriguchi
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Tomomi Kajiyama
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Hitomi Miyazaki
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Shimako Abe
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Takashi Masuda
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Katsumi Imai
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Masako Iwamoto
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsuda
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Masayo Obe
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Hisaya Kawate
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Hiromi Ueno
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Misaki Ono
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Ryoko Goromaru
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kenji Ohe
- Health Care Center; Fukuoka University; Fukuoka Japan
| | | | | | - Shuji Nakano
- Health Promotion Center; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
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Yasutake K, Nagafuchi M, Izu R, Kajiyama T, Imai K, Murata Y, Ohe K, Enjoji M, Tsuchihashi T. Sodium and potassium urinary excretion levels of preschool children: Individual, daily, and seasonal differences. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19:577-583. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Yasutake
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; Faculty of Nutritional Sciences; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Mikako Nagafuchi
- Division of Early Childhood Care and Education; Nakamura Gakuen Junior College; Fukuoka Japan
| | | | - Tomomi Kajiyama
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; Faculty of Nutritional Sciences; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Katsumi Imai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; Faculty of Nutritional Sciences; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yusuke Murata
- Health Care Center; Fukuoka University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kenji Ohe
- Health Care Center; Fukuoka University; Fukuoka Japan
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Relationship between 24-h urine sodium/potassium ratio and central aortic systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:405-410. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kawamura A, Kajiya K, Kishi H, Inagaki J, Mitarai M, Oda H, Umemoto S, Kobayashi S. Effects of the DASH-JUMP dietary intervention in Japanese participants with high-normal blood pressure and stage 1 hypertension: an open-label single-arm trial. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:777-785. [PMID: 27412796 PMCID: PMC5101423 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is recommended by the American Heart Association to lower blood pressure (BP); however, its effects in Japanese participants have not been rigorously studied. We assessed the effects of the DASH-Japan Ube Modified diet Program (DASH-JUMP), a modified DASH diet, on cardiometabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in Japanese participants with untreated high-normal BP or stage 1 hypertension. Fifty-eight participants (30 men and 28 women; mean age 54.1±8.1 years) with untreated high-normal BP or stage 1 hypertension followed the DASH-JUMP (salt 8.0 g per day) for 2 months. After the intervention period, they resumed their usual diets for 4 months. The DASH-JUMP significantly decreased the participants' body mass index values (24.6±3.5 kg m-2 at baseline23.2±3.3 kg m-2 at 2 months, P=0.000), BP (153±14/91±11 mm Hg at baseline130±16/80±9 mm Hg at 2 months, P=0.000 and 139±16/85±10 mm Hg at 6 months, P=0.000), fasting serum glucose level (100±26 mg dl-194±15 mg dl-1 at 2 months, P=0.003) and fasting insulin level (6.9±5.9 μIU ml-14.4±2.7 μIU ml-1 at 2 months, P=0.000). The mean compliance of the participants for the DASH-JUMP diet was 88.5%. The DASH-JUMP diet reduced cardiovascular risk factors and may be an effective nutritional strategy for preventing cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Kawamura
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Medical Bioregulation, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Katsuko Kajiya
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Medical Bioregulation, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kishi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Medical Bioregulation, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Junko Inagaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Makoto Mitarai
- Central Research Institute, Maruha Nichiro Corporation, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Oda
- Central Research Institute, Maruha Nichiro Corporation, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiji Umemoto
- Center for Clinical Research, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube, Japan
| | - Sei Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Medical Bioregulation, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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Adherence to a healthy lifestyle and a DASH-style diet and risk of hypertension in Chinese individuals. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:196-202. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Comparison of a salt check sheet with 24-h urinary salt excretion measurement in local residents. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:879-885. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Self-management of salt intake: clinical significance of urinary salt excretion estimated using a self-monitoring device. Hypertens Res 2015; 39:127-32. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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