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Munir MB, Hashim R, Nor SAM, Marsh TL. Effect of dietary prebiotics and probiotics on snakehead (Channa striata) health: Haematology and disease resistance parameters against Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:99-108. [PMID: 29407616 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of dietary prebiotics and probiotics after 16 weeks, followed by 8 weeks of post feeding trial with the control unsupplemented diet on haematological and immune response against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Channa striata fingerlings. Fish were raised on a 40% protein and 12% lipid feed containing three commercial prebiotics (β-glucan, GOS or galacto-oligosaccharide, MOS or mannan-oligosaccharide); and two probiotics- (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus), respectively and a control. Throughout the study, supplementation with dietary prebiotics and probiotics led to significant (P < 0.05) improvement in the red blood cells, white blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and serum protein level and lysozyme activities; and these improvements were effective significantly (P < 0.05) when the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila at the dose of 2 × 106. The disease resistance against A. hydrophila was higher significantly (P < 0.05) in fish fed with probiotic feed supplements (L.acidophilus was highest) compared to prebiotics and control. The study is the first to report the absence of differences in sustaining the efficacies attained after intake of β-glucan, GOS and MOS upon post-feeding with an unsupplemented feed, over a prolonged period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bodrul Munir
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Univeriti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Roshada Hashim
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islamic Malaysia, 71800 Bandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Siti Azizah Mohd Nor
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Terence L Marsh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Biomedical & Physical Sciences, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Simi S, Carbonell GV, Falcón RM, Gatti MSV, Joazeiro PP, Darini AL, Yano T. A low molecular weight enterotoxic hemolysin from clinical Enterobacter cloacae. Can J Microbiol 2004; 49:479-82. [PMID: 14569289 DOI: 10.1139/w03-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seven of 50 Enterobacter cloacae strains from clinical isolates produced small turbid zones of hemolysis in horse and sheep blood agar plates, and the culture supernatants were also positive for hemolytic activity. The hemolysin was partially purified from the culture supernatant of E. cloacae by ultrafiltration (PM-10 membrane) and extraction with acetone. Semipurified hemolysin was stable to heating (100 degrees C, 30 min) and was soluble in organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, and methanol). The toxin showed no loss of biological activity after treatment with trypsin and was stable to acid treatment at pH 2.0 but not at a pH greater than 7.0. In the rat intestinal loop assay, the hemolysin caused hemorrhagic fluid accumulation and severe histological alterations. These findings indicate that this hemolysin may be a putative virulence factor in E. cloacae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Simi
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Immunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas (INICAMP), SP, Brazil
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YUCEL NIHAL, ÇITAK SUMRU. THE OCCURRENCE, HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MOTILE AEROMONAS SPP. ISOLATED FROM MEAT AND MILK SAMPLES IN TURKEY. J Food Saf 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2003.tb00362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Thayumanavan T, Vivekanandhan G, Savithamani K, Subashkumar R, Lakshmanaperumalsamy P. Incidence of haemolysin-positive and drug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in freshly caught finfish and prawn collected from major commercial fishes of coastal South India. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 36:41-5. [PMID: 12727364 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of Aeromonas hydrophila in freshly caught finfish and prawns from four major commercial fish landing sites of coastal South India was studied for a period of one year. Among 514 analysed samples of seafood (410 finfish and 104 prawn), 37% of them (37.3% of finfish and 35.6% of prawn) were contaminated with A. hydrophila. A total of 255 strains of A. hydrophila were isolated. Of the total isolates, about 78.4% of them were producers of haemolysin. All strains were resistant to bacitracin and all were sensitive to chloramphenicol. The results indicate that the strains originated from high-risk sources. The presence of A. hydrophila is an indication of marine contamination. The increasing presence of haemolysin-producing multiple drug-resistant A. hydrophila in fish and prawn may become a potential human health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tha Thayumanavan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
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Rossi Júnior O, Amaral L, Nader Filho A, Schocken-Iturrino R. Enterotoxigenicidade de cepas de Aeromonas sp. isoladas em diferentes pontos do fluxograma de abate bovino. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352001000500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Com o objetivo de verificar a capacidade enterotoxigênica de cepas de Aeromonas sp. isoladas em diferentes produtos e locais no fluxograma de abate bovino, foram testadas 102 cepas (18 da espécie A. hydrophila, 65 da espécie A. caviae e 19 atípicas) ante os testes de inoculação intragástrica em camundongo lactente e em alça intestinal ligada de coelho. Revelaram-se como produtoras de enterotoxinas três (16,7%) cepas da espécie A. hydrophila, originárias das mãos do manipulador antes que ele iniciasse seus trabalhos e da carne desossada pronta para o consumo, e uma (1,5%) da espécie A. caviae, também isolada das mãos. Os resultados são preocupantes pela presença de cepas enterotoxigênicas de bactérias do gênero Aeromonas em indústria de alto nível higiênico-sanitário.
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Mokracka J, Krzymińska S, Szczuka E. Virulence factors of clinical isolates of Aeromonas caviae. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2001; 46:321-6. [PMID: 11830944 DOI: 10.1007/bf02815621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of pathogenicity of 13 Aeromonas caviae strains isolated from fecal specimens of children with diarrhea was examined. Isolates possessed several virulence agents. Six of 13 isolates produced cholera-like toxin, all strains exhibited adhesive ability and secreted catecholate siderophores. Six isolates were able to grow in heat-inactivated serum. Production of hemolysins was not detected. The isolates had relatively high values of LD50 in a mouse model, which suggests that there is no linkage between pathogenicity to mice and the diarrheagenic ability of the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mokracka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, 617 01 Poznań, Poland
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Ghenghesh KS, Abeid SS, Jaber MM, Ben-Taher SA. Isolation and haemolytic activity of Aeromonas species from domestic dogs and cats. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 22:175-9. [PMID: 10391504 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(98)00134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rectal swabs from 120 domestic dogs and 15 domestic cats were examined for Aeromonas species using alkaline peptone water (pH 8.6) as the enrichment medium and blood agar containing 15 mg/l ampicillin as the plating medium. Aeromonads were isolated from 13 (10.8%) dogs and from 1 (6.7%) cat. Of the 14 aeromonads isolated in the present study only 9 were available for speciation and testing in the haemolysin assay. Of these 5 were A. sobria (including one from a cat), 2 were A. hydrophila and 2 were A. caviae. Six were positive in the haemolysin assay; 4 A. sobria (one from a cat) and 2 A. hydrophila. The presence of haemolysin producing-Aeromonas species in the faeces of domestic dogs and cats may pose a public health problem for humans who come into contact with such animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Ghenghesh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alfateh University of Medical Sciences, Tripoli, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
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Kirov SM, Ardestani EK, Hayward LJ. The growth and expression of virulence factors at refrigeration temperature by Aeromonas strains isolated from foods. Int J Food Microbiol 1993; 20:159-68. [PMID: 7906137 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(93)90108-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A potentially significant subset (10%, 6/61) of Aeromonas strains isolated from food (milk, lamb, chicken, seafood), all A. veronii biotype sobria, were able to produce two or more exotoxins (haemolysin, enterotoxin, and cytotoxin) at 37 degrees C, and grow well at 43 degrees C. Although mesophilic organisms, they grew at 5 degrees C. In addition, they could adhere to HEp-2 cells when grown at 37 degrees C, or at 5 degrees C, and expressed flexible pili (possible colonization factors) in greater numbers at the lower temperature. These strains, as well as other exotoxin-producing strains (A. veronii biotype sobria and A. hydrophila) (33%, 20/61) lacking adhesive ability, were able to produce cytotoxins in broth cultures over a seven to 10-day period at 5 degrees C. One strain in particular, an A. hydrophila isolated from goats' milk, grew rapidly at low temperature. This psychrotrophic strain produced all three exotoxins within 3 days in broth cultures at 5 degrees C. The properties of the above strains suggest they could be of public health significance in food products that have an extended shelf-life at refrigeration temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kirov
- Department of Pathology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Virulence mechanisms in Cytophaga psychrophila and other Cytophaga-like bacteria pathogenic for fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0959-8030(93)90032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Cahill
- Department of Microbiology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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Knøchel S, Jeppesen C. Distribution and characteristics of Aeromonas in food and drinking water in Denmark. Int J Food Microbiol 1990; 10:317-22. [PMID: 2397158 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(90)90078-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A total of 970 Danish commercial foods and drinking water samples were examined for the presence of motile Aeromonas spp. With a detection limit of 10(2)/g the frequent prevalence in raw foods was confirmed. Aeromonas occurred in 7% of 779 samples of prepared foods; most frequently in whipped cream from ice cream parlors (28%) and mayonnaise salads (10%) with numbers occasionally exceeding 10(5)/g. The prevalence in drinking water was 28% with a detection limit of 1/100 ml. A hydrophila was the dominating species in both food and water. Hemolysin production was demonstrated in 37% of the 51 isolates tested with 10% having high titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Knøchel
- Technological Laboratory, Ministry of Fisheries, Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
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Kirov SM, Anderson MJ, McMeekin TA. A note on Aeromonas spp. from chickens as possible food-borne pathogens. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1990; 68:327-34. [PMID: 2351618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The possible role of Aeromonas spp. as potential food-borne psychrotrophic pathogens was investigated by examining organisms isolated from processed raw chicken for their biochemical characteristics, ability to produce exotoxins and to grow at chill temperatures. These strains, in particular A. sobria, with identical characteristics to human diarrhoea-associated aeromonads were readily found. Chicken, and human and environmental (water) strains characterized in a previous study, were investigated for their ability to grow at refrigeration temperatures (5 +/- 2 degrees C) and, for selected strains, the theoretical minimum temperature for growth (Tmin) was determined from the growth pattern in a temperature gradient incubator. All enterotoxigenic chicken strains tested were typical mesophiles, with an optimal growth temperature of approximately 37 degrees C and Tmin values approximately 4.5 degrees C. They were rapidly outgrown by a psychrotrophic Pseudomonas sp. typical of spoilage biota found on food. Enterotoxin was not produced below 15 degrees C by any of the toxigenic food strains tested. The Aeromonas strains isolated from chickens in this study seem unlikely therefore to be a significant health risk, provided the chickens are properly stored and cooked. This would appear to be substantiated by the lack of reports of food-associated outbreaks of illness from these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kirov
- Department of Pathology, University of Tasmania Clinical School, Australia
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Majeed K, Egan A, MacRae IC. Enterotoxigenic aeromonads on retail lamb meat and offal. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1989; 67:165-70. [PMID: 2808183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb03391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enrichment in alkaline peptone water was compared with the direct plating method for the isolation of Aeromonas spp. from lamb meat and offal samples. The enrichment method significantly increased the isolation rate of aeromonads. Motile Aeromonas species (A. hydrophila, A. sobria and A. caviae) were present in all kinds of samples investigated. Seventy-three Aeromonas strains isolated in this survey were characterized to species level and examined for their ability to produce virulence factors. Strains identified as A. sobria were the strongest producers of haemolysin and enterotoxin, whereas A. caviae strains were consistently non-haemolytic and non-enterotoxigenic. Thus it is likely that lamb meat and offal are potentially significant sources of virulent Aeromonas species and may play an important role in the aetiology of Aeromonas-associated gastro-enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Majeed
- Department of Microbiology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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Callister SM, Agger WA. Enumeration and characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas caviae isolated from grocery store produce. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:249-53. [PMID: 3566266 PMCID: PMC203646 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.2.249-253.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch-ampicillin agar was used to quantitatively isolate Aeromonas sp. from retail grocery store produce. All produce sampled, including parsley, spinach, celery, alfalfa sprouts, broccoli, and lettuce, contained Aeromonas sp. In most instances, the count of Aeromonas sp. increased 10- to 1,000-fold during 2 weeks of storage at 5 degrees C. Eleven (92%) of 12 kinds of produce yielded cytotoxic Aeromonas sp. Identification as Aeromonas hydrophila was the strongest indicator of cytotoxicity, and all 29 (100%) A. hydrophila isolates and 1 (6%) of 16 A. caviae isolates were cytotoxic. Twenty-seven (90%) of 30 cytotoxic Aeromonas sp. strains produced hemolysins. Strong correlations were also noted between ability to produce cytotoxin and positive Voges-Proskauer, lysine decarboxylase, and sorbitol fermentation reactions. It appears that grocery store produce is a potentially significant source of cytotoxic Aeromonas sp. and should be considered in the epidemiology of A. hydrophila gastroenteritis.
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Kirov SM, Rees B, Wellock RC, Goldsmid JM, Van Galen AD. Virulence characteristics of Aeromonas spp. in relation to source and biotype. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24:827-34. [PMID: 2877008 PMCID: PMC269036 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.24.5.827-834.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of Aeromonas spp. as potential water-borne enteric pathogens in Tasmania, Australia, an area with a mild climate and comparatively low year-round water temperatures, was investigated in view of the reported marked peak of Aeromonas-associated gastroenteritis in the summer and the apparent influence of temperature on levels of potentially pathogenic species in water supplies. Biochemical characteristics and virulence-associated properties--exotoxin production (hemolysin, enterotoxin), ability to grow at 43 degrees C, and possession of pili--were determined for 105 Tasmanian isolates of Aeromonas spp.; 43 isolates were from clinical specimens (greater than 75% diarrhea associated) and 62 were from water. Current classification schemes were evaluated for these isolates. A. sobria comprised 35% of the clinical isolates and 16% of the water isolates, A. hydrophila comprised 56 and 79%, and A. caviae comprised 9 and 5%. A total of 42% of the clinical isolates and 15% of the environmental isolates were enterotoxigenic (by the suckling mouse assay); these levels were significantly lower than those found in warmer environments. The majority (74%) of enterotoxigenic isolates were A. sobria. Enterotoxin-producing isolates possessed three or more of the following properties. They were Voges-Proskauer positive, did not hydrolyze arabinose, were positive for lysine decarboxylase, were able to grow at 43 degrees C, and produced large amounts of hemolysin (titer, greater than 128). Thus, the biochemical scheme proposed by Burke et al. (V. Burke, J. Robinson, H.M. Atkinson, and M. Gracey, J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:48-52, 1982) for identifying enterotoxigenic isolates appears to have widespread applicability. Environmental enterotoxigenic isolates possessed numerous pili, but these appeared to be lost once infection was established, as a similar isolates from patients with diarrhea were poorly piliated.
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Abstract
Isolation rates of Aeromonas hydrophila from stool samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals were examined for several common enteric media. Sheep blood agar with 10 micrograms of ampicillin per ml, preceded by overnight enrichment in alkaline peptone water, yielded 2.6 times the number of isolates as the other media examined and is recommended for the isolation of A. hydrophila from humans.
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Burke V, Robinson J, Cooper M, Beaman J, Partridge K, Peterson D, Gracey M. Biotyping and virulence factors in clinical and environmental isolates of Aeromonas species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 47:1146-9. [PMID: 6742829 PMCID: PMC240085 DOI: 10.1128/aem.47.5.1146-1149.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochemical characteristics and virulence factors were compared in 147 Aeromonas spp. isolated from patients with diarrhea and in 94 strains isolated from metropolitan water supplies in the same area during the same period. Fermentation of arabinose occurred with 58.5% of the environmental strains and 15% of the clinical isolates; 39.4% of the strains from water and 6.8% of the fecal isolates fermented salicin. The frequency of esculin hydrolysis was the same in both groups. Ninety-one percent of clinical isolates and 70.2% of environmental strains were enterotoxigenic and, except for four clinical isolates, all of these strains also produced hemolysins. Hemagglutination that was inhibited by fucose and mannose but not by galactose was found in 67% of the water isolates and 10.2% of the clinical strains. Although the distribution of several characteristics differs in clinical and environmental strains, many of the strains found in water have properties identical with those of the clinical isolates. We suggest that such strains may be potential enteric pathogens.
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