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Zhao D, Chen X, Wang L, Zhang J, Lv R, Tan L, Chen Y, Tao R, Li X, Chen Y, He W, He J. Improvement influenza vaccine immune responses with traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1111886. [PMID: 36960292 PMCID: PMC10027775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1111886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current influenza vaccines are unable to provide effective protection in many cases, like influenza viruses strain antigenic drift or shift, and the influenza continues to cause significant annual morbidity and mortality. Improving the immune response to influenza vaccination is an unmet need. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its active ingredients are commonly known to have immunomodulatory properties. We therefore compared influenza vaccination alone or formulated with Astragali Radix (Huangqi in Chinese), and several representative ingredients of TCM, including lentinan (polysaccharide), panax notoginseng saponins (saponin), breviscapine (flavone), andrographolide (terpenoid), and a Chinese herbal compound (kangai) for their potential to enhance immune responses to influenza vaccine in mice. We found that all these TCM-adjuvants were able to increase hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers, splenocyte proliferation, splenic T cell differentiation, bone marrow dendritic cell maturity, and both Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion of influenza vaccine to varying degrees, and that had the characteristics of no excessive inflammatory responses and bidirectional regulation simultaneously. Taken together, our findings show that Astragali Radix exerts a more comprehensive effect on vaccine immunity, on both innate and adaptive immunity. The effects of lentinan and andrographolide on adaptive immunity were more significant, while the effects of breviscapine on innate immunity were stronger, and the other two TCM adjuvants were weaker. As the first report of a comprehensive evaluation of TCM adjuvants in influenza vaccines, the results suggest that TCM and their active ingredients are good candidates for enhancing the immune response of influenza vaccines, and that suitable TCMs can be selected based on the adjuvant requirements of different vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhong Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linyuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linyuan Wang, ; Jianjun Zhang,
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linyuan Wang, ; Jianjun Zhang,
| | - Ruilin Lv
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yawen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Tao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Cobbold SP, Adams E, Howie D, Waldmann H. CD4 + T Cell Fate Decisions Are Stochastic, Precede Cell Division, Depend on GITR Co-Stimulation, and Are Associated With Uropodium Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1381. [PMID: 29967616 PMCID: PMC6015874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During an immune response, naïve CD4+ T cells proliferate and generate a range of effector, memory, and regulatory T cell subsets, but how these processes are co-ordinated remains unclear. A traditional model suggests that memory cells use mitochondrial respiration and are survivors from a pool of previously proliferating and glycolytic, but short-lived effector cells. A more recent model proposes a binary commitment to either a memory or effector cell lineage during a first, asymmetric cell division, with each lineage able to undergo subsequent proliferation and differentiation. We used improved fixation and staining methods with imaging flow cytometry in an optimized in vitro system that indicates a third model. We found that cell fates result from stochastic decisions that depend on GITR co-stimulation and which take place before any cell division. Effector cell commitment is associated with mTORC2 signaling leading to uropodium development, while developing memory cells lose mitochondria, have a nuclear localization of NFκB and depend on TGFβ for their survival. Induced, T helper subsets and foxp3+ regulatory T cells were found in both the effector and memory cell lineages. This in vitro model of T cell differentiation is well suited to testing how manipulation of cytokine, nutrient, and other components of the microenvironment might be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Cobbold
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Howie
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Charnley M, Anderegg F, Holtackers R, Textor M, Meraldi P. Effect of Cell Shape and Dimensionality on Spindle Orientation and Mitotic Timing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66918. [PMID: 23825020 PMCID: PMC3688943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation and orientation of the mitotic spindle is a critical feature of mitosis. The morphology of the cell and the spatial distribution and composition of the cells' adhesive microenvironment all contribute to dictate the position of the spindle. However, the impact of the dimensionality of the cells' microenvironment has rarely been studied. In this study we present the use of a microwell platform, where the internal surfaces of the individual wells are coated with fibronectin, enabling the three-dimensional presentation of adhesive ligands to single cells cultured within the microwells. This platform was used to assess the effect of dimensionality and cell shape in a controlled microenvironment. Single HeLa cells cultured in circular microwells exhibited greater tilting of the mitotic spindle, in comparison to cells cultured in square microwells. This correlated with an increase in the time required to align the chromosomes at the metaphase plate due to prolonged activation of the spindle checkpoint in an actin dependent process. The comparison to 2D square patterns revealed that the dimensionality of cell adhesions alone affected both mitotic timings and spindle orientation; in particular the role of actin varied according to the dimensionality of the cells' microenvironment. Together, our data revealed that cell shape and the dimensionality of the cells' adhesive environment impacted on both the orientation of the mitotic spindle and progression through mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirren Charnley
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Fabian Anderegg
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcus Textor
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Interplay of polarity proteins and GTPases in T-lymphocyte function. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:417485. [PMID: 22461835 PMCID: PMC3296228 DOI: 10.1155/2012/417485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of different cellular components within a cell and is central to many cell functions. In T-cells, polarity regulates the activation, migration, and effector function of cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) during an immune response. The regulation of asymmetric cell division by polarity proteins may also dictate CTL effector and memory differentiation following antigen presentation. Small GTPases, along with their associated polarity and adaptor proteins, are critical for mediating the polarity changes necessary for T-cell activation and function, and in turn, are regulated by guanine exchange factors (GEFS) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPS). For example, a novel GEF, dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) was recently identified as a regulator of immune cell function and mutations in DOCK8 have been detected in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency. Both B and T-cells from DOCK8 mutant mice form defective immunological synapses and have abnormal functions, in addition to impaired immune memory development. This paper will discuss the interplay between polarity proteins and GTPases, and their role in T-cell function.
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Abstract
The discovery that Bcl-6 was the transcriptional regulator of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells completed the recognition of this population as an effector subset specialized in the provision of help to B cells. Improved reagents and recent models that allow tracking of Bcl-6-expressing T cells have revealed that the decision to become a Tfh cell occurs soon after T cells are primed by dendritic cells and start dividing, before interaction with B cells. The latter are important for sustaining Bcl-6 expression. Bcl-6 coordinates a signaling program that changes expression or function of multiple guidance receptors, leading to Tfh cell localization within germinal centers. This program is not unique to CD4(+) helper T cells; FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells and NKT cells co-opt the follicular differentiation pathway to enter the follicle and become specialized follicular cells. This review will focus on recent insights into the early events that determine Tfh cell differentiation.
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Oliaro J, Van Ham V, Sacirbegovic F, Pasam A, Bomzon Z, Pham K, Ludford-Menting MJ, Waterhouse NJ, Bots M, Hawkins ED, Watt SV, Cluse LA, Clarke CJP, Izon DJ, Chang JT, Thompson N, Gu M, Johnstone RW, Smyth MJ, Humbert PO, Reiner SL, Russell SM. Asymmetric cell division of T cells upon antigen presentation uses multiple conserved mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:367-75. [PMID: 20530266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is a potential means by which cell fate choices during an immune response are orchestrated. Defining the molecular mechanisms that underlie asymmetric division of T cells is paramount for determining the role of this process in the generation of effector and memory T cell subsets. In other cell types, asymmetric cell division is regulated by conserved polarity protein complexes that control the localization of cell fate determinants and spindle orientation during division. We have developed a tractable, in vitro model of naive CD8(+) T cells undergoing initial division while attached to dendritic cells during Ag presentation to investigate whether similar mechanisms might regulate asymmetric division of T cells. Using this system, we show that direct interactions with APCs provide the cue for polarization of T cells. Interestingly, the immunological synapse disseminates before division even though the T cells retain contact with the APC. The cue from the APC is translated into polarization of cell fate determinants via the polarity network of the Par3 and Scribble complexes, and orientation of the mitotic spindle during division is orchestrated by the partner of inscuteable/G protein complex. These findings suggest that T cells have selectively adapted a number of evolutionarily conserved mechanisms to generate diversity through asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Australia
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Kallies A. Distinct regulation of effector and memory T‐cell differentiation. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:325-32. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kallies
- Department of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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