1
|
Miyagishima SY. Taming the perils of photosynthesis by eukaryotes: constraints on endosymbiotic evolution in aquatic ecosystems. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1150. [PMID: 37952050 PMCID: PMC10640588 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An ancestral eukaryote acquired photosynthesis by genetically integrating a cyanobacterial endosymbiont as the chloroplast. The chloroplast was then further integrated into many other eukaryotic lineages through secondary endosymbiotic events of unicellular eukaryotic algae. While photosynthesis enables autotrophy, it also generates reactive oxygen species that can cause oxidative stress. To mitigate the stress, photosynthetic eukaryotes employ various mechanisms, including regulating chloroplast light absorption and repairing or removing damaged chloroplasts by sensing light and photosynthetic status. Recent studies have shown that, besides algae and plants with innate chloroplasts, several lineages of numerous unicellular eukaryotes engage in acquired phototrophy by hosting algal endosymbionts or by transiently utilizing chloroplasts sequestrated from algal prey in aquatic ecosystems. In addition, it has become evident that unicellular organisms engaged in acquired phototrophy, as well as those that feed on algae, have also developed mechanisms to cope with photosynthetic oxidative stress. These mechanisms are limited but similar to those employed by algae and plants. Thus, there appear to be constraints on the evolution of those mechanisms, which likely began by incorporating photosynthetic cells before the establishment of chloroplasts by extending preexisting mechanisms to cope with oxidative stress originating from mitochondrial respiration and acquiring new mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Miyagishima
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kodama Y, Fujishima M. Role of host ciliate Paramecium bursaria mitochondria and trichocysts for symbiotic Chlorella variabilis attachment beneath the host cell cortex. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad088. [PMID: 37660246 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic Chlorella variabilis is encased in the perialgal vacuole (PV) membrane of ciliate Paramecium bursaria. The PV membrane is stably anchored below the host cell cortex by adhesion to host mitochondria. Host trichocysts, which are defensive organelles against predators, are present in the mitochondria and PV membrane vicinity. The mechanism by which PV attaches beneath the host cell cortex remains unknown. When P. bursaria is centrifuged at high speed, the symbiotic algae are displaced from the host cell cortex and concentrate at the posterior end. When centrifugation is stopped, the dislocated algae reattach beneath the host cell cortex with fast cytoplasmic streaming. The densities of mitochondria and trichocysts before and after centrifugation were compared using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with monoclonal antibodies. Almost all trichocysts were shed by high-speed centrifugation, but dislocated algae could reattach even in the absence of trichocysts. In contrast, host mitochondria were unaffected in localization and number, and the dislocated algae also reattached. These findings suggest trichocysts are unnecessary for algal relocalization and that mitochondria are colocalized with the algae. However, many mitochondria were also present in the cell's anterior region without symbiotic algae. Therefore, not all areas with mitochondria contained algae, but there was an algal localization bias within the host cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Kodama
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue-shi, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujishima
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kleptoplast distribution, photosynthetic efficiency and sequestration mechanisms in intertidal benthic foraminifera. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:822-832. [PMID: 34635793 PMCID: PMC8857221 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Foraminifera are ubiquitously distributed in marine habitats, playing a major role in marine sediment carbon sequestration and the nitrogen cycle. They exhibit a wide diversity of feeding and behavioural strategies (heterotrophy, autotrophy and mixotrophy), including species with the ability of sequestering intact functional chloroplasts from their microalgal food source (kleptoplastidy), resulting in a mixotrophic lifestyle. The mechanisms by which kleptoplasts are integrated and kept functional inside foraminiferal cytosol are poorly known. In our study, we investigated relationships between feeding strategies, kleptoplast spatial distribution and photosynthetic functionality in two shallow-water benthic foraminifera (Haynesina germanica and Elphidium williamsoni), both species feeding on benthic diatoms. We used a combination of observations of foraminiferal feeding behaviour, test morphology, cytological TEM-based observations and HPLC pigment analysis, with non-destructive, single-cell level imaging of kleptoplast spatial distribution and PSII quantum efficiency. The two species showed different feeding strategies, with H. germanica removing diatom content at the foraminifer's apertural region and E. williamsoni on the dorsal site. All E. williamsoni parameters showed that this species has higher autotrophic capacity albeit both feeding on benthic diatoms. This might represent two different stages in the evolutionary process of establishing a permanent symbiotic relationship, or may reflect different trophic strategies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sagar N, Sadekov A, Jenner T, Chapuis L, Scott P, Choudhary M, McCulloch M. Heavy metal incorporation in foraminiferal calcite under variable environmental and acute level seawater pollution: multi-element culture experiments for Amphisorus hemprichii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:3826-3839. [PMID: 34402010 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The accelerated release of heavy metals into the coastal environments due to increasing anthropogenic activities poses a severe threat to local marine ecosystems and food chains. Although some heavy metals are essential nutrients for plants and animals, higher concentrations can be toxic and hazardous. To mitigate this threat, developing quantifiable proxies for monitoring heavy metal concentrations in near-shore marine environments is essential. Here, we describe culture experiments to quantify uptake of some heavy metals using live juvenile specimens of the large benthic foraminifera (LBF) Amphisorus hemprichii collected from the subtropical waters of Rottnest Island located ~20 km offshore Perth, South West Australia. The uptake of Mn, Ni, Cd, and Pb in the newly precipitated chambers of Amphisorus hemprichii in the laboratory was characterized using the micro-analytical technique, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We found no significant increase in Mn, Ni, Cd, and Pb incorporation in the tests of Amphisorus hemprichii with increasing temperature and light intensities. Importantly, we found that changes in the concentrations of Mn, Ni, and Cd in the A. hemprichii tests are directly proportional to those in the culture solution over a wide range of concentrations. The calculated partition coefficients for Mn, Ni, and Cd from our culture experiments are 1.3±0.2, 0.3±0.04, 2.6±0.3, respectively. These multi-element calibration studies now enable A. hemprichii to be utilized as a naturally occurring bio-archive to quantitatively monitor the anthropogenic pollution of Mn, Ni, and Cd in coastal waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Netramani Sagar
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Aleksey Sadekov
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Talia Jenner
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Lorie Chapuis
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Scott
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Mukesh Choudhary
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Malcolm McCulloch
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cartaxana P, Morelli L, Jesus B, Calado G, Calado R, Cruz S. The photon menace: kleptoplast protection in the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia timida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.202580. [PMID: 31171599 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Absorption of excessive light by photosymbiotic organisms leads to the production of reactive oxygen species that can damage both symbiont and host. This is highly relevant in sacoglossan sea slugs that host functional chloroplasts 'stolen' from their algal foods (kleptoplasts), because of limited repair capacities resulting from the absence of algal nuclear genes. Here, we experimentally demonstrate (i) a host-mediated photoprotection mechanism in the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia timida, characterized by the closure of the parapodia under high irradiance and the reduction of kleptoplast light exposure; and (ii) the activation of a reversible xanthophyll cycle in kleptoplasts, which allows excessive energy to be dissipated. The described mechanisms reduce photoinactivation under high irradiance. We conclude that both host-mediated behavioural and plastid-based physiological photoprotective mechanisms can mitigate oxidative stress induced by high light in E. timida These mechanisms may play an important role in the establishment of long-term photosynthetically active kleptoplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cartaxana
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luca Morelli
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Jesus
- Laboratoire Mer Molécules Santé, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Gonçalo Calado
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Olguín-López N, Hérnandez-Elizárraga VH, Hernández-Matehuala R, Cruz-Hernández A, Guevara-González R, Caballero-Pérez J, Ibarra-Alvarado C, Rojas-Molina A. Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation 2015-2016 on the soluble proteomic profile and cytolytic activity of Millepora alcicornis ("fire coral") from the Mexican Caribbean. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6593. [PMID: 30918755 PMCID: PMC6428038 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reef-forming cnidarians are extremely susceptible to the “bleaching” phenomenon caused by global warming. The effect of elevated seawater temperature has been extensively studied on Anthozoans; however, to date the impact of thermal stress on the expression of genes and proteins in Hydrozoan species has not been investigated. The present study aimed to determine the differential proteomic profile of Millepora alcicornis, which inhabits the Mexican Caribbean, in response to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation 2015–2016. Additionally, the cytolytic activity of the soluble proteomes obtained from normal and bleached M. alcicornis was assessed. Bleached specimens showed decreased symbiont’s density and chlorophyll a and c2 levels. After bleaching, we observed a differential expression of 17 key proteins, tentatively identified as related to exocytosis, calcium homeostasis, cytoskeletal organization, and potential toxins, including a metalloprotease, a phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and an actitoxin. Although, some of the differentially expressed proteins included potential toxins, the hemolytic, PLA2, and proteolytic activities elicited by the soluble proteomes from bleached and normal specimens were not significantly different. The present study provides heretofore-unknown evidence that thermal stress produces a differential expression of proteins involved in essential cellular processes of Hydrozoan species. Even though our results showed an over-expression of some potential toxin-related proteins, the cytolytic effect (as assessed by hemolytic, PLA2, and caseinolytic activities) was not increased in bleached M. alcicornis, which suggests that the cytolysis is mainly produced by toxins whose expression was not affected by temperature stress. These findings allow hypothesizing that this hydrocoral is able to prey heterotrophically when suffering from moderate bleaching, giving it a better chance to withstand the effects of high temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norma Olguín-López
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas-Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Hérnandez-Elizárraga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas-Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Rosalina Hernández-Matehuala
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas-Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Andrés Cruz-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Escuela de Agronomía, Universidad De la Salle Bajío, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Ramón Guevara-González
- C.A Ingeniería de Biosistemas-Facultad de Ingeniería-Campus Amazcala, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Juan Caballero-Pérez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - César Ibarra-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Rojas-Molina
- Laboratorio de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stuhr M, Blank-Landeshammer B, Reymond CE, Kollipara L, Sickmann A, Kucera M, Westphal H. Disentangling thermal stress responses in a reef-calcifier and its photosymbionts by shotgun proteomics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3524. [PMID: 29476118 PMCID: PMC5824892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of key marine ecological engineers and carbonate producers often relies on their association with photosymbiotic algae. Evaluating stress responses of these organisms is important to predict their fate under future climate projections. Physiological approaches are limited in their ability to resolve the involved molecular mechanisms and attribute stress effects to the host or symbiont, while probing and partitioning of proteins cannot be applied in organisms where the host and symbiont are small and cannot be physically separated. Here we apply a label-free quantitative proteomics approach to detect changes of proteome composition in the diatom-bearing benthic foraminifera Amphistegina gibbosa experimentally exposed to three thermal-stress scenarios. We developed a workflow for protein extraction from less than ten specimens and simultaneously analysed host and symbiont proteomes. Despite little genomic data for the host, 1,618 proteins could be partially assembled and assigned. The proteomes revealed identical pattern of stress response among stress scenarios as that indicated by physiological measurements, but allowed identification of compartment-specific stress reactions. In the symbiont, stress-response and proteolysis-related proteins were up regulated while photosynthesis-related proteins declined. In contrast, host homeostasis was maintained through chaperone up-regulation associated with elevated proteosynthesis and proteolysis, and the host metabolism shifted to heterotrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Stuhr
- Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | | | - Claire E Reymond
- Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Laxmikanth Kollipara
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44139, Dortmund, Germany.,Medizinische Fakultät, Medizinische Proteom-Center (MPC), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Kucera
- MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hildegard Westphal
- Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|