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Olusoji OD, Barabás G, Spaak JW, Fontana S, Neyens T, De Laender F, Aerts M. Measuring individual‐level trait diversity: a critical assessment of methods. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi D. Olusoji
- Center for Statistics, Data Science Inst., Hasselt Univ. Hasselt Belgium
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Inst. of Life‐Earth‐Environment (ILEE), Namur Inst. for Complex Systems (NAXYS), Univ. de Namur Namur Belgium
| | - György Barabás
- Division of Ecological and Environmental Modeling, Linköping Univ. Linköping Sweden
- ELTE‐MTA Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Budapest Hungary
- Inst. of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research Budapest Hungary
| | - Jurg W. Spaak
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Inst. of Life‐Earth‐Environment (ILEE), Namur Inst. for Complex Systems (NAXYS), Univ. de Namur Namur Belgium
| | - Simone Fontana
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Univ. of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Inst. WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Abteilung Natur und Landschaft, Amt für Natur, Jagd und Fischerei, Kanton St. Gallen St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Thomas Neyens
- Center for Statistics, Data Science Inst., Hasselt Univ. Hasselt Belgium
- L‐BioStat, Dept of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Frederik De Laender
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Inst. of Life‐Earth‐Environment (ILEE), Namur Inst. for Complex Systems (NAXYS), Univ. de Namur Namur Belgium
| | - Marc Aerts
- Center for Statistics, Data Science Inst., Hasselt Univ. Hasselt Belgium
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Hu Z, Xu N, Gu H, Chai Z, Takahashi K, Li Z, Deng Y, Iwataki M, Matsuoka K, Tang YZ. Morpho-molecular description of a new HAB species, Pseudocochlodinium profundisulcus gen. et sp. nov., and its LSU rRNA gene based genetic diversity and geographical distribution. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 108:102098. [PMID: 34588125 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by an unknown dinoflagellate species have frequently occurred in the Pearl River Estuary, China Since 2006. These blooms were associated with severe water discoloration and economic losses, ranging from several km2 to 300 km2 with the maximum recorded cell density being 2.77 × 107 cells⋅L-1. This unknown dinoflagellate species was initially identified as Cochlodinium geminatum and subsequently reclassified as Polykrikos geminatus. However, after reviewing the original descriptions for Cochlodinium geminatum sensu Schütt (1895) and the genus Polykrikos, we considered this species is incongruent with their original descriptions. Further morphological examinations and particularly phylogenetic analyses based on the SSU and partial LSU rRNA genes of isolates and resting cysts from China and Japan prompted us to consider it a new species of a new genus. This new species was proposed to be Pseudocochlodinium profundisulcus gen. et sp. nov., based on its open comma-shaped apical structure complex (ASC), cingulum encircling the cell less than one and a half turns, a deep sulcus with a torsion of a half turn, either single cell or cell chain consisting of two cells with the same number of nuclei and zooids, the resting cyst bearing lobed ornaments, and the evolutionary distances from Polykrikos (and others) on the phylogenetic trees constructed using the concatenated SSU and partial LSU rRNA gene sequences. Metabarcoding investigation of surface sediment samples collected in China revealed that the species to be widely present along the entire Chinese coast with the highest abundance in the South China Sea. Further re-analysis of the Tara Oceans metabarcoding dataset targeting the SSU rRNA gene V9 domain suggested a global distribution of this new genus. Phylogenetic analyses on 46 OTUs (average length: ∼552 bases) of its LSU rRNA gene sequences (mainly D1-D2 domains) obtained from surface sediment samples revealed intraspecific genetic diversity of this species. Interestingly, based on the different distributions and the abundance of these OTUs along the coast of China, this species appeared to have expanded its distribution from the South China Sea to the northern Yellow Sea, or preferred a warm water habitat. We consider that the present work improves the taxonomy and provides important insights into the biogeography of Pseudocochlodinium profundisulcus.⋅.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kazuya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Zhun Li
- Biological Resource Center/Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Yunyan Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mitsunori Iwataki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Kazumi Matsuoka
- C/O Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan.
| | - Ying Zhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Seveno J, Even Y, Le Gac M. Strong constitutive expression divergence among strains but no evidence of differential expression associated with sexual reproduction in Alexandrium minutum. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 100:101940. [PMID: 33298362 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction remains poorly characterized in dinoflagellates. This is especially the case at the molecular level. Here crossing experiments were performed among strains of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum belonging to two genetically divergent groups. Gene expression was compared between sexually compatible and incompatible crosses at the time of gamete fusion and resting cyst (~zygote) formation. Not a single transcript was identified as differentially expressed between compatible and incompatible crosses at these two crucial time points of the dinoflagellate life cycle. However, several thousands of transcripts displayed constitutive expression differences between strains. This was especially the case between the strains belonging to the genetically divergent groups. A few hundreds of transcripts were also identified as differentially expressed between strains belonging to opposite mating types. Some of these transcripts displayed homology with the SxtA protein, known to be involved in saxitoxin production in cyanobacteria, as well as with proteins potentially involved in mating in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Seveno
- Ifremer, DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280 Plouzané, France; Laboratoire Mer Molécule Santé, Le Mans Université, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Yasmine Even
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Harðardóttir S, Wohlrab S, Hjort DM, Krock B, Nielsen TG, John U, Lundholm N. Transcriptomic responses to grazing reveal the metabolic pathway leading to the biosynthesis of domoic acid and highlight different defense strategies in diatoms. BMC Mol Biol 2019; 20:7. [PMID: 30808304 PMCID: PMC6390554 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-019-0124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major cause of phytoplankton mortality is predation by zooplankton. Strategies to avoid grazers have probably played a major role in the evolution of phytoplankton and impacted bloom dynamics and trophic energy transport. Certain species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), as a response to the presence of copepod grazers, suggesting that DA is a defense compound. The biosynthesis of DA comprises fusion of two precursors, a C10 isoprenoid geranyl pyrophosphate and L-glutamate. Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) may derive from the mevalonate isoprenoid (MEV) pathway in the cytosol or from the methyl-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastid. L-glutamate is suggested to derive from the citric acid cycle. Fragilariopsis, a phylogenetically related but nontoxic genus of diatoms, does not appear to possess a similar defense mechanism. We acquired information on genes involved in biosynthesis, precursor pathways and regulatory functions for DA production in the toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, as well as genes involved in responses to grazers to resolve common responses for defense strategies in diatoms. RESULTS Several genes are expressed in cells of Pseudo-nitzschia when these are exposed to predator cues. No genes are expressed in Fragilariopsis when treated similarly, indicating that the two taxa have evolved different strategies to avoid predation. Genes involved in signal transduction indicate that Pseudo-nitzschia cells receive signals from copepods that transduce cascading molecular precursors leading to the formation of DA. Five out of seven genes in the MEP pathway for synthesis of GPP are upregulated, but none in the conventional MEV pathway. Five genes with known or suggested functions in later steps of DA formation are upregulated. We conclude that no gene regulation supports that L-glutamate derives from the citric acid cycle, and we suggest the proline metabolism to be a downstream precursor. CONCLUSIONS Pseudo-nitzschia cells, but not Fragilariopsis, receive and respond to copepod cues. The cellular route for the C10 isoprenoid product for biosynthesis of DA arises from the MEP metabolic pathway and we suggest proline metabolism to be a downstream precursor for L-glutamate. We suggest 13 genes with unknown function to be involved in diatom responses to grazers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Harðardóttir
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heestraße 231, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ditte Marie Hjort
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 201, Kemitorvet, Lyngby Campus, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heestraße 231, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Brown ER, Cepeda MR, Mascuch SJ, Poulson-Ellestad KL, Kubanek J. Chemical ecology of the marine plankton. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1093-1116. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A review of chemically mediated interactions in planktonic marine environments covering new studies from January 2015 to December 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Brown
- School of Biological Sciences
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | - Marisa R. Cepeda
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | - Samantha J. Mascuch
- School of Biological Sciences
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | | | - Julia Kubanek
- School of Biological Sciences
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
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Amato A, Sabatino V, Nylund GM, Bergkvist J, Basu S, Andersson MX, Sanges R, Godhe A, Kiørboe T, Selander E, Ferrante MI. Grazer-induced transcriptomic and metabolomic response of the chain-forming diatom Skeletonema marinoi. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1594-1604. [PMID: 29599523 PMCID: PMC5955879 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Diatoms and copepods are main actors in marine food webs. The prey–predator interactions between them affect bloom dynamics, shape marine ecosystems and impact the energy transfer to higher trophic levels. Recently it has been demonstrated that the presence of grazers may affect the diatom prey beyond the direct effect of grazing. Here, we investigated the response of the chain-forming centric diatom Skeletonema marinoi to grazer cues, including changes in morphology, gene expression and metabolic profile. S. marinoi cells were incubated with Calanus finmarchicus or with Centropages typicus and in both cases responded by reducing the chain length, whereas changes in gene expression indicated an activation of stress response, changes in the lipid and nitrogen metabolism, in cell cycle regulation and in frustule formation. Transcripts linked to G protein-coupled receptors and to nitric oxide synthesis were differentially expressed suggesting involvement of these signalling transduction pathways in the response. Downregulation of a lipoxygenase in the transcriptomic data and of its products in the metabolomic data also indicate an involvement of oxylipins. Our data contribute to a better understanding of the gene function in diatoms, providing information on the nature of genes implicated in the interaction with grazers, a crucial process in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Amato
- Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy.,Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université de Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Science et Technologies pour le Vivant, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cédex 9, France
| | - Valeria Sabatino
- Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Göran M Nylund
- Department Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, SE-452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Johanna Bergkvist
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Swaraj Basu
- Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Remo Sanges
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Anna Godhe
- Department Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU-Aqua, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Erik Selander
- Department Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria I Ferrante
- Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy.
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Gavelis GS, Wakeman KC, Tillmann U, Ripken C, Mitarai S, Herranz M, Özbek S, Holstein T, Keeling PJ, Leander BS. Microbial arms race: Ballistic "nematocysts" in dinoflagellates represent a new extreme in organelle complexity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602552. [PMID: 28435864 PMCID: PMC5375639 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We examine the origin of harpoon-like secretory organelles (nematocysts) in dinoflagellate protists. These ballistic organelles have been hypothesized to be homologous to similarly complex structures in animals (cnidarians); but we show, using structural, functional, and phylogenomic data, that nematocysts evolved independently in both lineages. We also recorded the first high-resolution videos of nematocyst discharge in dinoflagellates. Unexpectedly, our data suggest that different types of dinoflagellate nematocysts use two fundamentally different types of ballistic mechanisms: one type relies on a single pressurized capsule for propulsion, whereas the other type launches 11 to 15 projectiles from an arrangement similar to a Gatling gun. Despite their radical structural differences, these nematocysts share a single origin within dinoflagellates and both potentially use a contraction-based mechanism to generate ballistic force. The diversity of traits in dinoflagellate nematocysts demonstrates a stepwise route by which simple secretory structures diversified to yield elaborate subcellular weaponry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S. Gavelis
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kevin C. Wakeman
- Office of International Affairs, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Christina Ripken
- Marine Biophysics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- Marine Biophysics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Maria Herranz
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Suat Özbek
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Holstein
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Brian S. Leander
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Wohlrab S, Selander E, John U. Predator cues reduce intraspecific trait variability in a marine dinoflagellate. BMC Ecol 2017; 17:8. [PMID: 28241803 PMCID: PMC5327569 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-017-0119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phenotypic plasticity is commonplace and enables an organism to respond to variations in the environment. Plastic responses often modify a suite of traits and can be triggered by both abiotic and biotic changes. Here we analysed the plastic response towards a grazer of two genotypes of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense, evaluated the similarity of this response and discuss potential strain-specific trade-offs. We compared the expression of the known inducible defensive traits paralytic shellfish toxin content, and chain length. The effectiveness of the induced defense was assessed by monitoring grazing rates in both strains. Results Our results show that the grazer cues diminish phenotypic variability in a population by driving the phenotype towards a common defended morphotype. We further showed that the expression of the sxtA gene that initiates the paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis pathway does not correlate with an observed increase in the paralytic shellfish toxin analogue saxitoxin, and that toxin induction differs in its physiological characteristics in both strains. Conclusion Induced defense response in Alexandrium thus can directly affect further species interactions by reducing phenotypic variation and can result in genotype-dependent ecological trade-offs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-017-0119-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylke Wohlrab
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Erik Selander
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Vasaparken, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - U John
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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