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Nazli A, He D, Xu H, Wang ZP, He Y. A Comparative Insight on the Newly Emerging Rifamycins: Rifametane, Rifalazil, TNP-2092 and TNP-2198. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2846-2862. [PMID: 34365945 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210806114949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rifamycins are considered a milestone for tuberculosis (TB) treatment because of their proficient sterilizing ability. Currently, available TB treatments are complicated and need a long duration, which ultimately leads to failure of patient compliance. Some new rifamycin derivatives, i.e., rifametane, TNP-2092 (rifamycin-quinolizinonehybrid), and TNP-2198 (rifamycin-nitromidazole hybrid) are under clinical trials, which are attempting to overcome the problems associated with TB treatment. The undertaken review is intended to compare the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety profiles of these rifamycins, including rifalazil, another derivative terminated in phase II trials, and already approved rifamycins. The emerging resistance of microbes is an imperative consideration associated with antibiotics. Resistance development potential of microbial strains against rifamycins and an overview of chemistry, as well as structure-activity relationship (SAR) of rifamycins, are briefly described. Moreover, issues associated with rifamycins are discussed as well. We expect that newly emerging rifamycins shall appear as potential tools for TB treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Nazli
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
| | - David He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
| | - Huacheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
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Peek J, Xu J, Wang H, Suryavanshi S, Zimmerman M, Russo R, Park S, Perlin DS, Brady SF. A Semisynthetic Kanglemycin Shows In Vivo Efficacy against High-Burden Rifampicin Resistant Pathogens. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2431-2440. [PMID: 32786275 PMCID: PMC7497472 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Semisynthetic rifamycin
derivatives such as rifampicin (Rif) are first line treatments for
tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. Historically, synthetic
modifications made to the C-3/C-4 region of the rifamycin naphthalene
core, like those seen in Rif, have yielded the biggest improvements
in pharmacological properties. However, modifications found in natural
product rifamycin congeners occur at other positions in the structure.
The kanglemycins (Kangs) are a family of rifamycin congeners with
a unique collection of natural modifications including a dimethylsuccinic
acid appended to their polyketide backbone. These modifications confer
activity against the single most common clinically relevant Rif resistance
(RifR) mutation in the antibiotic’s target, the
bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP). Here we evaluate the in vivo efficacy
of Kang A, the parent compound in the Kang family, in a murine model
of bacterial peritonitis/sepsis. We then set out to improve its potency
by combining its natural tailoring modifications with semisynthetic
derivatizations at either its acid moiety or in the C-3/C-4 region.
A collection of C-3/C-4 benzoxazino Kang derivatives exhibit improved
activity against wild-type bacteria, and acquire activity against
the second most common clinically relevant RifR mutation.
The semisynthetic analogue 3′-hydroxy-5′-[4-isobutyl-1-piperazinyl]
benzoxazino Kang A (Kang KZ) protected mice against infection with
either Rif sensitive MRSA or a highly virulent RifRStaphylococcus aureus strain in a neutropenic peritonitis/sepsis
model and led to reduced bacterial burdens. The compounds generated
in this study may represent promising candidates for treating RifR infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Peek
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jiayi Xu
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, Belfer Research Building, 413 E 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Han Wang
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Shraddha Suryavanshi
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Matthew Zimmerman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Riccardo Russo
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Steven Park
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Sean F. Brady
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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Mosaei H, Zenkin N. Inhibition of RNA Polymerase by Rifampicin and Rifamycin-Like Molecules. EcoSal Plus 2020; 9:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0017-2019. [PMID: 32342856 PMCID: PMC11168578 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0017-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA polymerases (RNAPs) accomplish the first step of gene expression in all living organisms. However, the sequence divergence between bacterial and human RNAPs makes the bacterial RNAP a promising target for antibiotic development. The most clinically important and extensively studied class of antibiotics known to inhibit bacterial RNAP are the rifamycins. For example, rifamycins are a vital element of the current combination therapy for treatment of tuberculosis. Here, we provide an overview of the history of the discovery of rifamycins, their mechanisms of action, the mechanisms of bacterial resistance against them, and progress in their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mosaei
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Nikolay Zenkin
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
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Resistance to a novel antichlamydial compound is mediated through mutations in Chlamydia trachomatis secY. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4296-302. [PMID: 22644029 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00356-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and quantitative high-throughput screening approach was explored as a tool for the identification of novel compounds that inhibit chlamydial growth in mammalian cells. The assay is based on accumulation of a fluorescent marker by intracellular chlamydiae. Its utility was demonstrated by screening 42,000 chemically defined compounds against Chlamydia caviae GPIC. This analysis led to the identification of 40 primary-hit compounds. Five of these compounds were nontoxic to host cells and had similar activities against both C. caviae GPIC and Chlamydia trachomatis. The inhibitory activity of one of the compounds, (3-methoxyphenyl)-(4,4,7-trimethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2]dithiolo[3,4-C]quinolin-1-ylidene)amine (MDQA), was chlamydia specific and was selected for further study. Selection for resistance to MDQA led to the generation of three independent resistant clones of C. trachomatis. Amino acid changes in SecY, a protein involved in Sec-dependent secretion in Gram-negative bacteria, were associated with the resistance phenotype. The amino acids changed in each of the resistant mutants are located in the predicted central channel of a SecY crystal structure, based on the known structure of Thermus thermophilus SecY. These experiments model a process that can be used for the discovery of antichlamydial, anti-intracellular, or antibacterial compounds and has led to the identification of compounds that may have utility in both antibiotic discovery and furthering our understanding of chlamydial biology.
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Abstract
There are few documented reports of antibiotic resistance in Chlamydia and no examples of natural and stable antibiotic resistance in strains collected from humans. While there are several reports of clinical isolates exhibiting resistance to antibiotics, these strains either lost their resistance phenotype in vitro, or lost viability altogether. Differences in procedures for chlamydial culture in the laboratory, low recovery rates of clinical isolates and the unknown significance of heterotypic resistance observed in culture may interfere with the recognition and interpretation of antibiotic resistance. Although antibiotic resistance has not emerged in chlamydiae pathogenic to humans, several lines of evidence suggest they are capable of expressing significant resistant phenotypes. The adept ability of chlamydiae to evolve to antibiotic resistance in vitro is demonstrated by contemporary examples of mutagenesis, recombination and genetic transformation. The isolation of tetracycline-resistant Chlamydia suis strains from pigs also emphasizes their adaptive ability to acquire antibiotic resistance genes when exposed to significant selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsi M Sandoz
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program & the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331–4804, USA
| | - Daniel D Rockey
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program & the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331–4804, USA
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