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He H, Huang J, Zhao Z, Du P, Li J, Xin J, Xu H, Feng W, Zheng X. Whole genome analysis of Streptomyces sp. RerS4, a Rehmannia glutinosa rhizosphere microbe producing a new lipopeptide. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19543. [PMID: 37681179 PMCID: PMC10480658 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa, a valuable medicinal plant, is threatened by ring rot, a condition that greatly affects its yield and quality. Interactions between plant and the rhizosphere soil microbiome in the context of pathogen invasion are generally more specific, with recruitment of specialized microbes potentially antagonistic to a certain pathogen. Isolation of microorganisms from rhizosphere soil of healthy and ring rot-infected R. glutinosa was carried out to screen antifungal microbes. A strain designated RerS4 isolated from ring rot-infected R. glutinosa rhizosphere soil with strong antifungal activities was selected for further study. RerS4 was taxonomically characterized as the genus Streptomyces according to its morphology and 16S rRNA sequences that were most closely related to Streptomyces racemochromogenes NRRL B-5430T (99.72%) and Streptomyces polychromogenes NBRC 13072T (99.72%). A new lipopeptide isolated from RerS4 showed restrained proliferation, but was devoid of significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 20.3 ± 2.5 and 70.8 ± 3.7 μg/mL and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 23.3 ± 0.8 and 58.8 ± 2.9 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, we report the complete genome sequence of Streptomyces sp. RerS4, which consists of a 7,301,482 bp linear chromosome and a 242,139 bp plasmid. Genome analysis revealed that Streptomyces sp. RerS4 contained 25 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for secondary metabolites, among which 68% had low similarities with known BGCs, leading us to believe that Streptomyces sp. RerS4 could produce valuable bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong He
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jiarui Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhenzhu Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Pengqiang Du
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jiansong Li
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Jile Xin
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Huifang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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Ye Y, Anwar N, Mao X, Wu S, Yan C, Zhao Z, Zhang R, Nie Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Wu M. Discovery of Three 22-Membered Macrolides by Deciphering the Streamlined Genome of Mangrove-Derived Streptomyces sp. HM190. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1464. [PMID: 32676068 PMCID: PMC7333363 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain HM190, a moderate halophile, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of the mangrove Kandelia obovata in Fugong village, China. The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence and the results of phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain HM190 belonged to the genus Streptomyces and had the highest sequence similarity of 99.79% to Streptomyces heilongjiangensis NEAU-W2T. The complete genome of strain HM190 comprised 7,762,826 bp in a linear chromosome with 71.97% G + C content. According to antiSMASH analysis, a total of 30 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were predicted to be involved in secondary metabolism, 12 of which were responsible for the production of polyketide- and non-ribosomal peptide-derived secondary metabolites. Gene cluster 5 was responsible for macrolide biosynthesis in a strain-specific 126,331-bp genomic island belonging to the left-arm region. Combined genomics–metabolomics analysis led to the discovery of three 22-membered macrolides (compounds 1–3). Their structures were elucidated by using spectroscopic techniques including high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The absolute configurations of compounds 1–3 were determined by the X-ray single crystal diffraction and NMR data analysis. All three compounds displayed moderate cytotoxic activities toward tumor cell lines HepG2, A549, and HCT116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Ye
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nusratgul Anwar
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuming Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cen Yan
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanfang Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Cardiovascular Health Department, AstraZeneca Trading Co., Ltd., Wuxi, China
| | - Jidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Min Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang SY, Li JS, Zhang H, Qi H, Wang RJ, Wu CF, Zhang LQ, Chen AL, Wang JD, Hao ZK. Two new threonine-containing metabolites from fungus Curvularia inaequalis strain HS-FG-257. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:482-487. [PMID: 32586138 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1784168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two new threonine-containing metabolites, N-[4-hydroxy-3-prenyl-benzoyl]-L-threonine (1) and N-[2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene-6-carbonyl]-L-threonine (2), were isolated from the fermentation broth of the soil fungus Curvularia inaequalis strain HS-FG-257. Their structures were elucidated through the interpretation of HR-ESIMS and extensive NMR spectroscopic data. Both compounds exhibited no cytotoxic activity against the test cell lines A549 and HCT-116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Jian-Song Li
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Huan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Rui-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Chou-Fei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Li-Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - An-Liang Chen
- Provincial Joint Engineering Laboratory of Biopesticide Preparation, School of Forestry & Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, China
| | - Ji-Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Kui Hao
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou, China
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Wang H, Sun T, Song W, Guo X, Cao P, Xu X, Shen Y, Zhao J. Taxonomic Characterization and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of NEAU-wh3-1: An Embleya Strain with Antitumor and Antibacterial Activity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E441. [PMID: 32244993 PMCID: PMC7143961 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a serious threat to human health. With the increasing resistance to known drugs, it is still urgent to find new drugs or pro-drugs with anti-tumor effects. Natural products produced by microorganisms have played an important role in the history of drug discovery, particularly in the anticancer and anti-infective areas. The plant rhizosphere ecosystem is a rich resource for the discovery of actinomycetes with potential applications in pharmaceutical science, especially Streptomyces. We screened Streptomyces-like strains from the rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Hebei province, China, and thirty-nine strains were obtained. Among them, the extracts of 14 isolates inhibited the growth of colon tumor cell line HCT-116. Strain NEAU-wh-3-1 exhibited better inhibitory activity, and its active ingredients were further studied. Then, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain NEAU-wh3-1 with high sequence similarities to Embleya scabrispora DSM 41855T (99.65%), Embleya hyalina MB891-A1T (99.45%), and Streptomyces lasii 5H-CA11T (98.62%). Moreover, multilocus sequence analysis based on the five other house-keeping genes (atpD, gyrB, rpoB, recA, and trpB) and polyphasic taxonomic approach comprising chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic, morphological, and physiological characterization indicated that the isolate should be assigned to the genus Embleya and was different from its closely related strains, therefore, it is proposed that strain NEAU-wh3-1 may be classified as representatives of a novel species of the genus Embleya. Furthermore, active substances in the fermentation broth of strain NEAU-wh-3-1 were isolated by bioassay-guided analysis and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses. Consequently, one new Zincophorin analogue together with seven known compounds was detected. The new compound showed highest antitumor activity against three human cell lines with the 50% inhibition (IC50) values of 8.8-11.6 μg/mL and good antibacterial activity against four pathogenic bacteria, the other known compounds also exhibit certain biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (T.S.); (W.S.); (X.G.); (P.C.); (X.X.)
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (T.S.); (W.S.); (X.G.); (P.C.); (X.X.)
| | - Wenshuai Song
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (T.S.); (W.S.); (X.G.); (P.C.); (X.X.)
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (T.S.); (W.S.); (X.G.); (P.C.); (X.X.)
| | - Peng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (T.S.); (W.S.); (X.G.); (P.C.); (X.X.)
| | - Xi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (T.S.); (W.S.); (X.G.); (P.C.); (X.X.)
| | - Yue Shen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (T.S.); (W.S.); (X.G.); (P.C.); (X.X.)
- College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (T.S.); (W.S.); (X.G.); (P.C.); (X.X.)
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Fu G, Wang R, Ding J, Qi H, Zhao Z, Chen C, Zhang H, Xue Z, Wang J, Wu M. Micromonospora zhangzhouensis sp. nov., a Novel Actinobacterium Isolated from Mangrove Soil, Exerts a Cytotoxic Activity in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3889. [PMID: 32127574 PMCID: PMC7054543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new bacterial strain, designated HM134T, was isolated from a sample of soil collected from a Chinese mangrove Avicennia marina forest. Assessed by a polyphasic approach, the taxonomy of strain HM134T was found to be associated with a range of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic properties consistent with the genus Micromonospora. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16s rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain HM134T formed a distinct lineage with the most closely related species, including M. rifamycinica AM105T, M. wenchangensis CCTCC AA 2012002T and M. mangrovi 2803GPT1-18T. The ANI values between strain HM134T and the reference strains ranged from 82.6% to 95.2%, which was below the standard criteria for classifying strains as the same species (96.5%). Strain HM134T and related species shared in silico dDDH similarities values below the recommended 70% cut-off for the delineation of species (range from 25.7–62.6%). The DNA G+C content of strain HM134T was 73.2 mol%. Analysis of phylogenetic, genomic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics revealed that strain HM134T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name M. zhangzhouensis sp. nov. is proposed. The extract of strain HM134T was demonstrated to exhibit cytotoxic activity against the human cancer cell lines HepG2, HCT-116 and A549. Active substance presented in the fermentation broth of strain HM134T was isolated by bioassay-guided analysis and purified afterwards. A new derivative of diterpenoid was identified through electrospray ionizing mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The compound showed different cytotoxic activities against cancer cells, with the highest cytotoxicity against HCT-116, corresponding to IC50 value of 38.4 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geyi Fu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Ruijun Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jinglin Ding
- Zhoushan Tourism & Health College, Zhoushan, China
| | - Huan Qi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can Chen
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhenglian Xue
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jidong Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China. .,College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China.
| | - Min Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Wang H, Zhao XL, Gao YH, Qi H, Zhang H, Xiang WS, Wang JD, Wang XJ. Two new compounds from Streptomyces sp. HS-NF-813. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2020; 22:249-256. [PMID: 30585506 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1544558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two new derivatives of cytotoxic substance BE-52211, designed as BE-52211D (1) and BE-52211E (2), were isolated from the fermentation broth of the strain Streptomyces sp. HS-NF-813. Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR techniques, ESI-MS and comparison with data from the literature. The absolute stereochemistry of 1 was elucidated by NMR data of the Mosher ester derivatives. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate cytotoxic activity against three human tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Life Science and Biotechnology Research Center, School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xue-Li Zhao
- Life Science and Biotechnology Research Center, School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yu-Hang Gao
- Life Science and Biotechnology Research Center, School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huan Qi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Xiang
- Life Science and Biotechnology Research Center, School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ji-Dong Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xiang-Jing Wang
- Life Science and Biotechnology Research Center, School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Wang RJ, Zhang SY, Ye YH, Yu Z, Qi H, Zhang H, Xue ZL, Wang JD, Wu M. Three New Isoflavonoid Glycosides from the Mangrove-Derived Actinomycete Micromonospora aurantiaca 110B. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17050294. [PMID: 31108876 PMCID: PMC6562861 DOI: 10.3390/md17050294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mangrove ecosystem is a rich resource for the discovery of actinomycetes with potential applications in pharmaceutical science. Besides the genus Streptomyces, Micromonospora is also a source of new bioactive agents. We screened Micromonospora from the rhizosphere soil of mangrove plants in Fujian province, China, and 51 strains were obtained. Among them, the extracts of 12 isolates inhibited the growth of human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Strain 110B exhibited better cytotoxic activity, and its bioactive constituents were investigated. Consequently, three new isoflavonoid glycosides, daidzein-4'-(2-deoxy-α-l-fucopyranoside) (1), daidzein-7-(2-deoxy-α-l-fucopyranoside) (2), and daidzein-4',7-di-(2-deoxy-α-l-fucopyranoside) (3) were isolated from the fermentation broth of strain 110B. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS). The result of medium-changing experiments implicated that these new compounds were microbial biotransformation products of strain M. aurantiaca 110B. The three compounds displayed moderate cytotoxic activity to the human lung carcinoma cell line A549, hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line HepG2, and the human colon tumor cell line HCT116, whereas none of them showed antifungal or antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jun Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China.
| | - Shao-Yong Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China.
| | - Yang-Hui Ye
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China.
| | - Zhen Yu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China.
| | - Huan Qi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China.
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Ji-Dong Wang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China.
| | - Min Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China.
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Two new glutarimide antibiotics from Streptomyces sp. HS-NF-780. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:241-245. [PMID: 30696946 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two new glutarimide antibiotics, 9-methylstreptimidone 2-α-D-glucopyranoside (1), and hydroxyiso-9-methylstreptimidone (2), along with a known compound, 9-methylstreptimidone (3), have been isolated from the broth of Streptomyces sp. HS-NF-780. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques as well as ESI-MS and comparison with data from the literature. By modified Mosher's method and acid hydrolysis, the absolute configurations of compounds 1 and 2 were established. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity.
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Zhao Y, Zhao J, Lu C, Zhang H, Qi H, Jiang S, Guo X, Wang J, Xiang W. Two new spliceostatin analogs from the strain Pseudomonas sp. HS-NF-1408. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2018; 71:667-671. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-018-0052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Lu C, Li JM, Qi H, Zhang H, Zhang J, Xiang WS, Wang JD, Wang XJ. Two new lankacidin-related metabolites from Streptomyces sp. HS-NF-1178. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2018; 71:397-401. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-017-0004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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A new anthracycline-type metabolite from Streptomyces sp. NEAU-L3. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:1026-1028. [PMID: 28811620 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new anthracycline-type metabolite, designated as tetracenoquinocin A (1), was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. NEAU-L3. Its structure was determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques as well as ESI-MS and comparison with data from the literature. Compound 1 showed potent cytotoxic activity against three cancer cell lines (HepG2, A549, HCT-116) with IC50 values of 5.57, 24.30 and 20.82 μM, respectively.
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Li ZF, Zhu LP, Gu JY, Singh RP, Li YZ. Isolation and characterisation of the epothilone gene cluster with flanks from high alkalotolerant strain Sorangium cellulosum (So0157-2). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:137. [PMID: 28585173 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Epothilones are cytotoxic macrolactones having auspicious anti-tumorous activities, but merely produced by rare Sorangium strains. Here, we have focused on the epothilone gene cluster from special niche bacterial strain, S. cellulosum So0157-2. Therefore, we have isolated a high pH tolerant S. cellulosum strain So0157-2 and characterized the epothilones gene cluster and its flanks by cosmid/fosmid libraries preparation and sequencing. The assembly spanned 94,459 bp and consisted of 56,019 bp core region. Remarkably, the core as well as upstream 420 bp and downstream 315 bp were highly conserved, while further neighboring regions varied extremely. Transposase traces were identified near the core of clusters, supporting that the transposon-mediated transgenesis is a naturally evolved strategy for the cluster's dissemination. A predicted neighboring esterase gene was identified as a potential epothilone-resistance gene preventing self-toxicity. Novel modification or regulatory genes, a multi-position-cyclo releasing gene and their relationship with corresponding analogs were identified in strain So0157-2. These findings open the door to discover additional, naturally evolved epothilone-related genes for significant applications in industrial as well as clinical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Li-Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jing-Yan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Raghvendra Pratap Singh
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yue-Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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13
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Liu LF, Zhang H, Qi H, Wang XM, Wang JD, Tan GS. A new androstanoid metabolite from a soil fungus Curvularia borreriae strain HS-FG-237. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:1080-1084. [PMID: 28029060 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1272115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new androstanoid metabolite, 4α-methyl-9α-methoxyandrosta-8,15-diene-3,17-dione (1), was isolated from a soil fungus Curvularia borreriae (Pleosporaceae) strain HS-FG-237. Its structure was determined by extensive spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction analyses. Compound 1 exhibited poor cytotoxicity toward HCT-116 cells by CCK-8 assay and weak anti-inflammatory activity in an ANA-1 murine macrophages model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fei Liu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , China.,b Department of New Drug Screening , Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Taizhou , China
| | - Hui Zhang
- b Department of New Drug Screening , Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Taizhou , China
| | - Huan Qi
- b Department of New Drug Screening , Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Taizhou , China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- b Department of New Drug Screening , Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Taizhou , China
| | - Ji-Dong Wang
- b Department of New Drug Screening , Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Taizhou , China
| | - Gui-Shan Tan
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , China
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14
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A new cyano-substituted anthracycline metabolite from Streptomyces sp. HS-NF-1006. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:219-221. [PMID: 27599767 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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New aliphatic acid amides from Streptomyces maoxianensis sp. nov. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:187-189. [PMID: 27460762 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Enzymatic synthesis of lactosylated and sialylated derivatives of epothilone A. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:137-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Elshahawi SI, Shaaban KA, Kharel MK, Thorson JS. A comprehensive review of glycosylated bacterial natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7591-697. [PMID: 25735878 PMCID: PMC4560691 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00426d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A systematic analysis of all naturally-occurring glycosylated bacterial secondary metabolites reported in the scientific literature up through early 2013 is presented. This comprehensive analysis of 15 940 bacterial natural products revealed 3426 glycosides containing 344 distinct appended carbohydrates and highlights a range of unique opportunities for future biosynthetic study and glycodiversification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Khaled A Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Madan K Kharel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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18
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New cytotoxic spectinabilin derivative from ant-associated Streptomyces sp. 1H-GS5. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2015; 69:128-31. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Zhou Z, Wang X, Zhang H, Sun J, Zheng L, Liu H, Wang J, Shen A, Geng M, Guo Y. Chromopeptide A, a highly cytotoxic depsipeptide from the marine sediment-derived bacterium Chromobacterium sp. HS-13-94. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:62-6. [PMID: 26579426 PMCID: PMC4629120 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A bicyclic depsipeptide, chromopeptide A (1), was isolated from a deep-sea-derived bacterium Chromobacterium sp. HS-13-94. Its structure was determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with a related known compound. The absolute configuration of chromopeptide A was established by X-ray diffraction analysis employing graphite monochromated Mo Kα radiation (λ=0.71073 Å) with small Flack parameter 0.03. Chromopeptide A suppressed the proliferation of HL-60, K-562, and Ramos cells with average IC50 values of 7.7, 7.0, and 16.5 nmol/L, respectively.
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20
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A new stachybotrin congener from a soil fungus Stachybotrys parvispora strain HS-FG-843. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2014; 68:339-41. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2014.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Yang H, Zhang Z, Tang W, Ren L, Wang D, Sun F, Zheng W. Preparative Isolation and Purification of Epothilones from Sorangium cellulosum Fermentation Broth by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.883541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huangjian Yang
- a Fujian Institute of Microbiology , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Zhulan Zhang
- a Fujian Institute of Microbiology , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Wenli Tang
- a Fujian Institute of Microbiology , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Linying Ren
- a Fujian Institute of Microbiology , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Desen Wang
- a Fujian Institute of Microbiology , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Fei Sun
- a Fujian Institute of Microbiology , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Wei Zheng
- a Fujian Institute of Microbiology , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
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22
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Rogalska A, Szula E, Gajek A, Marczak A, Jóźwiak Z. Activation of apoptotic pathway in normal, cancer ovarian cells by epothilone B. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:600-610. [PMID: 23838010 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The epothilones, a new class of microtubule-targeting agents, seem to be a very promising alternative to the current strategy of cancer treatment. We have analyzed the aspects of epothilone B (Epo B) on cellular metabolism of tumor (OV-90) and normal (MM 14) ovarian cells. The observed effects were compared with those of paclitaxel (PTX), which is now a standard for the treatment of ovarian cancer. The results provide direct evidence that Epo B is considerably more cytotoxic to human OV-90 ovarian cancer cells than PTX. We have found, that antitumor efficacy of this new drug is related to its apoptosis-inducing ability, which was confirmed during measurements typical markers of the process. Epo B induced changes in morphology of cells, mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release. Also a slight increase of the intracellular calcium level was observed. Moreover, we have found that ROS production, stimulated by Epo B, is directly involved in the induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Rogalska
- Department of Thermobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ewa Szula
- Department of Thermobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Gajek
- Department of Thermobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Marczak
- Department of Thermobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Zofia Jóźwiak
- Department of Thermobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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23
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Two new pentanorlanostane metabolites from a soil fungus Curvularia borreriae strain HS-FG-237. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:735-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Pang YW, Zhang LJ, Fang JS, Liu QF, Zhang H, Xiang WS, Wang JD, Wang XJ. Two new antitumor constituents from a soil fungus Curvularia inaequalis (strain HS-FG-257). J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:287-9. [PMID: 23340662 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2012.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Pang
- Life Science & Biotechnology Research Center, School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People Republic of China
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25
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Epothilone O, a new member of this family from Sorangium cellulosum strain So0157-2. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:285-6. [PMID: 23340664 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2012.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Zhang H, Mao LL, Qian PT, Shan WG, Wang JD, Bai H. Two new metabolites from a soil fungus Curvularia affinis strain HS-FG-196. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2012; 14:1078-1083. [PMID: 22924340 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2012.713351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two new metabolites, pyrenocine J (1) and pyrenochaetic acid D (2), together with two known metabolites, pyrenocine A (3) and pyrenochaetic acid A (4), were isolated from a soil fungus, Curvularia affinis strain HS-FG-196. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 showed cytotoxic activity against the human hepatic cancer cell line HepG2 with an IC(50) value of 28.5 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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27
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ZHU LP, Li ZF, HAN K, LI SG, LI YZ. Novel Characters of Myxobacterial Modular Natural Product Assembly Lines*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2011.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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ZHANG PY, LI YZ, WU ZH, LIU H, XU PP, XIONG J. Establishment of Sorangium cellulosum So0157-2 Proteome Database Using Optimized Two-dimensional Electrophoresis Protocol*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2011.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Wang JD, Jiang N, Zhang H, Ying LP, Wang CX, Xiang WS, Wu B, Wang HB, Bai H. New epothilone congeners fromSorangium cellulosumstrain So0157-2. Nat Prod Res 2011; 25:1707-12. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2011.553719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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31
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Zhao L, Li PF, Lu CH, Li SG, Shen YM, Li YZ. Glycosylation and production characteristics of epothilones in alkali-tolerant Sorangium cellulosum strain So0157-2. J Microbiol 2010; 48:438-44. [PMID: 20799084 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-0048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
3-O-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl epothilone A (epothiloneoside A) is a major component of glycosylated epothilones in Sorangium cellulosum strain So0157-2. The production and glycosylation ratios of epothiloneoside A in both solid and liquid culture conditions with various pH values and carbon sources were studied. The results showed that glycosylation occurs whenever epothilones are produced, regardless of changes in pH values, production time curves, and different carbon sources. We suggest that glycosylation is a stable process, paralleling the biosynthesis of epothilones in the So0157-2 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
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32
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ZHAO L, ZHAO BB, LU CH, LI YZ, SHEN YM. Two Epothilones from Sorangium cellulosum Strain So0157-2. Chin J Nat Med 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1009.2010.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Lu C, Liu X, Li Y, Shen Y. Two 18-membered epothilones from Sorangium cellulosum So0157-2. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 63:571-4. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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ZHAO L, ZHAO BB, LU CH, LI YZ, SHEN YM. Two Epothilones from Sorangium cellulosum Strain So0157-2. Chin J Nat Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(10)60038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Using chemobiosynthesis and synthetic mini-polyketide synthases to produce pharmaceutical intermediates in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5221-7. [PMID: 20543042 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02961-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant microbial whole-cell biocatalysis is a valuable approach for producing enantiomerically pure intermediates for the synthesis of complex molecules. Here, we describe a method to produce polyketide intermediates possessing multiple stereogenic centers by combining chemobiosynthesis and engineered mini-polyketide synthases (PKSs). Chemobiosynthesis allows the introduction of unnatural moieties, while a library of synthetic bimodular PKSs expressed from codon-optimized genes permits the introduction of a variety of ketide units. To validate the approach, intermediates for the synthesis of trans-9,10-dehydroepothilone D were generated. The designer molecules obtained have the potential to greatly reduce the manufacturing cost of epothilone analogues, thus facilitating their commercial development as therapeutic agents.
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