1
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Ottavi S, Li K, Cacioppo JG, Perkowski AJ, Ramesh R, Gold BS, Ling Y, Roberts J, Singh A, Zhang D, Mosior J, Goullieux L, Roubert C, Bacqué E, Sacchettini JC, Nathan CF, Aubé J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PptT Inhibitors Based on Heterocyclic Replacements of Amidinoureas. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:970-976. [PMID: 37465309 PMCID: PMC10351052 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
4'-Phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PptT) is an essential enzyme for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) survival and virulence and therefore an attractive target for a tuberculosis therapeutic. In this work, two modeling-informed approaches toward the isosteric replacement of the amidinourea moiety present in the previously reported PptT inhibitor AU 8918 are reported. Although a designed 3,5-diamino imidazole unexpectedly adopted an undesired tautomeric form and was inactive, replacement of the amidinourea moiety afforded a series of active PptT inhibitors containing 2,6-diaminopyridine scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ottavi
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kelin Li
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jackson G. Cacioppo
- Department
of Chemistry, UNC College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew J. Perkowski
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Remya Ramesh
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ben S. Gold
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yan Ling
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amrita Singh
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - David Zhang
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - John Mosior
- Departments
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural
and Mechanical University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | | | - Eric Bacqué
- Evotec
ID (Lyon), SAS 40 Avenue
Tony Garnier, 69001 Lyon, France
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- Departments
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural
and Mechanical University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, UNC College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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2
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Ottavi S, Scarry SM, Mosior J, Ling Y, Roberts J, Singh A, Zhang D, Goullieux L, Roubert C, Bacqué E, Lagiakos HR, Vendome J, Moraca F, Li K, Perkowski AJ, Ramesh R, Bowler MM, Tracy W, Feher VA, Sacchettini JC, Gold BS, Nathan CF, Aubé J. In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibition of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase PptT by Amidinoureas. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1996-2022. [PMID: 35044775 PMCID: PMC8842310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A newly validated target for tuberculosis treatment is phosphopantetheinyl transferase, an essential enzyme that plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of cellular lipids and virulence factors in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The structure-activity relationships of a recently disclosed inhibitor, amidinourea (AU) 8918 (1), were explored, focusing on the biochemical potency, determination of whole-cell on-target activity for active compounds, and profiling of selective active congeners. These studies show that the AU moiety in AU 8918 is largely optimized and that potency enhancements are obtained in analogues containing a para-substituted aromatic ring. Preliminary data reveal that while some analogues, including 1, have demonstrated cardiotoxicity (e.g., changes in cardiomyocyte beat rate, amplitude, and peak width) and inhibit Cav1.2 and Nav1.5 ion channels (although not hERG channels), inhibition of the ion channels is largely diminished for some of the para-substituted analogues, such as 5k (p-benzamide) and 5n (p-phenylsulfonamide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ottavi
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sarah M Scarry
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John Mosior
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yan Ling
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amrita Singh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | | | | | - Eric Bacqué
- Evotec ID (Lyon), SAS 40 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon 69001, France
| | - H Rachel Lagiakos
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 W. 45 Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Jeremie Vendome
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 W. 45 Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Francesca Moraca
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 W. 45 Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew J Perkowski
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Remya Ramesh
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew M Bowler
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William Tracy
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Victoria A Feher
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 W. 45 Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - James C Sacchettini
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ben S Gold
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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3
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Brown AS, Owen JG, Jung J, Baker EN, Ackerley DF. Inhibition of Indigoidine Synthesis as a High-Throughput Colourimetric Screen for Antibiotics Targeting the Essential Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase PptT. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071066. [PMID: 34371757 PMCID: PMC8309046 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently-validated and underexplored drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is PptT, an essential phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) that plays a critical role in activating enzymes for both primary and secondary metabolism. PptT possesses a deep binding pocket that does not readily accept labelled coenzyme A analogues that have previously been used to screen for PPTase inhibitors. Here we report on the development of a high throughput, colourimetric screen that monitors the PptT-mediated activation of the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase BpsA to a blue pigment (indigoidine) synthesising form in vitro. This screen uses unadulterated coenzyme A, avoiding analogues that may interfere with inhibitor binding, and requires only a single-endpoint measurement. We benchmark the screen using the well-characterised Library of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (LOPAC1280) collection and show that it is both sensitive and able to distinguish weak from strong inhibitors. We further show that the BpsA assay can be applied to quantify the level of inhibition and generate consistent EC50 data. We anticipate these tools will facilitate both the screening of established chemical collections to identify new anti-mycobacterial drug leads and to guide the exploration of structure-activity landscapes to improve existing PPTase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair S. Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand; (A.S.B.); (J.G.O.)
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.J.); (E.N.B.)
| | - Jeremy G. Owen
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand; (A.S.B.); (J.G.O.)
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.J.); (E.N.B.)
| | - James Jung
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.J.); (E.N.B.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Edward N. Baker
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.J.); (E.N.B.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David F. Ackerley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand; (A.S.B.); (J.G.O.)
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.J.); (E.N.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-4-4635576
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4
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Pang B, Valencia LE, Wang J, Wan Y, Lal R, Zargar A, Keasling JD. Technical Advances to Accelerate Modular Type I Polyketide Synthase Engineering towards a Retro-biosynthetic Platform. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Rohilla A, Khare G, Tyagi AK. A combination of docking and cheminformatics approaches for the identification of inhibitors against 4′ phosphopantetheinyl transferase ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. RSC Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11198c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We integrated virtual screening,in vitroandex vivoapproaches to identify numerous potent inhibitory scaffolds againstM. tbPptT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Rohilla
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Delhi South Campus
- India
| | - Garima Khare
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Delhi South Campus
- India
| | - Anil K. Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Delhi South Campus
- India
- Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
- Dwarka
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6
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Konno S, Ishikawa F, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Kakeya H, Tanabe G. A Chemoproteomics Approach to Investigate Phosphopantetheine Transferase Activity at the Cellular Level. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1855-1862. [PMID: 28722191 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Phosphopantetheinylation is an essential post-translational protein modification to primary and secondary metabolic pathways that ensures bacterial cell viability and virulence, and it is used in the production of many pharmaceuticals. Traditional methods have not provided a comprehensive understanding of these modifications. By using chemical proteomic probes for adenylation and thiolation domains in nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), chemoproteomics has been applied to survey and validate the cellular activity of 4-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-N-(4-methoxypyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carbothioamide (ML267), which is a potent and selective small-molecule 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) inhibitor that attenuates secondary metabolism and viability of bacterial cells. ML267 inhibited Sfp-type PPTase and antagonized phosphopantetheinylation in cells, which resulted in a decrease in phosphopantetheinylated NRPSs and the attenuation of Sfp-PPTase-dependent metabolite production. These results indicate that this chemoproteomics platform should enable a precise interpretation of the cellular activities of Sfp-type PPTase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Konno
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Division of Bioinformatics and Chemical Genomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Ishikawa
- Present address: Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.,Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Division of Bioinformatics and Chemical Genomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirokawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirokawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kakeya
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Division of Bioinformatics and Chemical Genomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Present address: Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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7
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A Nonredundant Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase, PptA, Is a Novel Antifungal Target That Directs Secondary Metabolite, Siderophore, and Lysine Biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus and Is Critical for Pathogenicity. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01504-16. [PMID: 28720735 PMCID: PMC5516258 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01504-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are key mediators of virulence for many pathogens. Aspergillus fumigatus produces a vast array of these bioactive molecules, the biosynthesis of which is catalyzed by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) or polyketide synthases (PKSs). Both NRPSs and PKSs harbor carrier domains that are primed for acceptance of secondary metabolic building blocks by a phosphopantetheinyl transferase (P-pant). The A. fumigatus P-pant PptA has been shown to prime the putative NRPS Pes1 in vitro and has an independent role in lysine biosynthesis; however, its role in global secondary metabolism and its impact on virulence has not been described. Here, we demonstrate that PptA has a nonredundant role in the generation of the vast majority of detectable secondary metabolites in A. fumigatus, including the immunomodulator gliotoxin, the siderophores triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC) and ferricrocin (FC), and dihydroxy naphthalene (DHN)-melanin. We show that both the lysine and iron requirements of a pptA null strain exceed those freely available in mammalian tissues and that loss of PptA renders A. fumigatus avirulent in both insect and murine infection models. Since PptA lacks similarity to its mammalian orthologue, we assert that the combined role of this enzyme in both primary and secondary metabolism, encompassing multiple virulence determinants makes it a very promising antifungal drug target candidate. We further exemplify this point with a high-throughput fluorescence polarization assay that we developed to identify chemical inhibitors of PptA function that have antifungal activity.IMPORTANCE Fungal diseases are estimated to kill between 1.5 and 2 million people each year, which exceeds the global mortality estimates for either tuberculosis or malaria. Only four classes of antifungal agents are available to treat invasive fungal infections, and all suffer pharmacological shortcomings, including toxicity, drug-drug interactions, and poor bioavailability. There is an urgent need to develop a new class of drugs that operate via a novel mechanism of action. We have identified a potential drug target, PptA, in the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus PptA is required to synthesize the immunotoxic compound gliotoxin, DHN-melanin, which A. fumigatus employs to evade detection by host cells, the amino acid lysine, and the siderophores TAFC and FC, which A. fumigatus uses to scavenge iron. We show that strains lacking the PptA enzyme are unable to establish an infection, and we present a method which we use to identify novel antifungal drugs that inactivate PptA.
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Balhara M, Chaudhary R, Ruhil S, Singh B, Dahiya N, Parmar VS, Jaiwal PK, Chhillar AK. Siderophores; iron scavengers: the novel & promising targets for pathogen specific antifungal therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1477-1489. [PMID: 27797604 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1254196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent emergence of resistance, toxicity paradigm and limited efficacy of conventional antifungal drugs necessitate the identification of de novo targets in fungal metabolism. One of the most critical physiological processes during in vivo pathogenesis is maintenance of iron homeostasis. The most life threatening opportunistic human fungal pathogens like Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptococcus exploit the siderophore mediated iron uptake mechanism either for survival, virulence, propagation or resistance to oxidative stress envisaged in vivo during infection. Areas covered: In this review, we will highlight the metabolic pathways; specifically siderophore biosynthesis, uptake and utilisation, triggered in the fungal pathogens in iron starving conditions and the various putative targets viable in these pathways to be recruited as novel therapeutic antidotes either via biosynthetic enzymes catalytic site inhibitors or as drug conjugates through trojan horse approach and further role in the development of fungal specific reliable diagnostic markers. Expert opinion: Siderophores are the weapons released by a pathogen to conquer the battle for iron acquisition. Hence, the fungal siderophore biosynthetic pathways along with their uptake and utilisation mechanisms represent an ideal target for pathogen specific, host friendly therapeutic strategy which would block the proliferation of parasite without causing any harm to the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Balhara
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Renu Chaudhary
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Sonam Ruhil
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Bharat Singh
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Nisha Dahiya
- b Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases , Indian Council of Medical Research , Delhi , India
| | - Virinder S Parmar
- c Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Pawan K Jaiwal
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Anil K Chhillar
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
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9
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Inhibitors of the Hydrolytic Enzyme Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH): Discovery, Synthesis and Development. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050615. [PMID: 27187323 PMCID: PMC6273216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) is a highly conserved hydrolytic enzyme found in numerous species, including bacteria, rodents, and humans. In humans, the DDAH-1 isoform is known to metabolize endogenous asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and monomethyl arginine (l-NMMA), with ADMA proposed to be a putative marker of cardiovascular disease. Current literature reports identify the DDAH family of enzymes as a potential therapeutic target in the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production, mediated via its biochemical interaction with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family of enzymes. Increased DDAH expression and NO production have been linked to multiple pathological conditions, specifically, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and septic shock. As such, the discovery, chemical synthesis, and development of DDAH inhibitors as potential drug candidates represent a growing field of interest. This review article summarizes the current knowledge on DDAH inhibition and the derived pharmacokinetic parameters of the main DDAH inhibitors reported in the literature. Furthermore, current methods of development and chemical synthetic pathways are discussed.
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10
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Dobb KS, Kaye SJ, Beckmann N, Thain JL, Stateva L, Birch M, Oliver JD. Characterisation of the Candida albicans Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase Ppt2 as a Potential Antifungal Drug Target. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143770. [PMID: 26606674 PMCID: PMC4659657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifungal drugs acting via new mechanisms of action are urgently needed to combat the increasing numbers of severe fungal infections caused by pathogens such as Candida albicans. The phosphopantetheinyl transferase of Aspergillus fumigatus, encoded by the essential gene pptB, has previously been identified as a potential antifungal target. This study investigated the function of its orthologue in C. albicans, PPT2/C1_09480W by placing one allele under the control of the regulatable MET3 promoter, and deleting the remaining allele. The phenotypes of this conditional null mutant showed that, as in A. fumigatus, the gene PPT2 is essential for growth in C. albicans, thus fulfilling one aspect of an efficient antifungal target. The catalytic activity of Ppt2 as a phosphopantetheinyl transferase and the acyl carrier protein Acp1 as a substrate were demonstrated in a fluorescence transfer assay, using recombinant Ppt2 and Acp1 produced and purified from E.coli. A fluorescence polarisation assay amenable to high-throughput screening was also developed. Therefore we have identified Ppt2 as a broad-spectrum novel antifungal target and developed tools to identify inhibitors as potentially new antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J. Kaye
- F2G Ltd., Lankro Way, Eccles, Manchester, M30 0LX, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Beckmann
- F2G Ltd., Lankro Way, Eccles, Manchester, M30 0LX, United Kingdom
| | - John L. Thain
- F2G Ltd., Lankro Way, Eccles, Manchester, M30 0LX, United Kingdom
| | - Lubomira Stateva
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Birch
- F2G Ltd., Lankro Way, Eccles, Manchester, M30 0LX, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D. Oliver
- F2G Ltd., Lankro Way, Eccles, Manchester, M30 0LX, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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11
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Lamb AL. Breaking a pathogen's iron will: Inhibiting siderophore production as an antimicrobial strategy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1054-70. [PMID: 25970810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance is a growing public health crisis. Novel antimicrobials are sought, preferably developing nontraditional chemical scaffolds that do not inhibit standard targets such as cell wall synthesis or the ribosome. Iron scavenging has been proposed as a viable target, because bacterial and fungal pathogens must overcome the nutritional immunity of the host to be virulent. This review highlights the recent work toward exploiting the biosynthetic enzymes of siderophore production for the design of next generation antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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12
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Vickery CR, Kosa NM, Casavant EP, Duan S, Noel JP, Burkart MD. Structure, biochemistry, and inhibition of essential 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferases from two species of Mycobacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1939-44. [PMID: 24963544 PMCID: PMC4168790 DOI: 10.1021/cb500263p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
4′-Phosphopantetheinyl
transferases (PPTase) post-translationally
modify carrier proteins with a phosphopantetheine moiety, an essential
reaction in all three domains of life. In the bacterial genus Mycobacteria, the Sfp-type PPTase activates pathways necessary
for the biosynthesis of cell wall components and small molecule virulence
factors. We solved the X-ray crystal structures and biochemically
characterized the Sfp-type PPTases from two of the most prevalent
Mycobacterial pathogens, PptT of M. tuberculosis and
MuPPT of M. ulcerans. Structural analyses reveal
significant differences in cofactor binding and active site composition
when compared to previously characterized Sfp-type PPTases. Functional
analyses including the efficacy of Sfp-type PPTase-specific inhibitors
also suggest that the Mycobacterial Sfp-type PPTases can serve as
therapeutic targets against Mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Vickery
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
- Jack
Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicolas M. Kosa
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Ellen P. Casavant
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Shiteng Duan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Joseph P. Noel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Jack
Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael D. Burkart
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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Johnson MR, Londergan CH, Charkoudian LK. Probing the phosphopantetheine arm conformations of acyl carrier proteins using vibrational spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11240-3. [PMID: 25080832 PMCID: PMC4140477 DOI: 10.1021/ja505442h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) are universal and highly conserved domains central to both fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis. These proteins tether reactive acyl intermediates with a swinging 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) arm and interact with a suite of catalytic partners during chain transport and elongation while stabilizing the growing chain throughout the biosynthetic pathway. The flexible nature of the Ppant arm and the transient nature of ACP-enzyme interactions impose a major obstacle to obtaining structural information relevant to understanding polyketide and fatty acid biosynthesis. To overcome this challenge, we installed a thiocyanate vibrational spectroscopic probe on the terminal thiol of the ACP Ppant arm. This site-specific probe successfully reported on the local environment of the Ppant arm of two ACPs previously characterized by solution NMR, and was used to determine the solution exposure of the Ppant arm of an ACP from 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS). Given the sensitivity of the probe's CN stretching band to conformational distributions resolved on the picosecond time scale, this work lays a foundation for observing the dynamic action-related structural changes of ACPs using vibrational spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
N. R. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041-1392, United States
| | - Casey H. Londergan
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041-1392, United States
| | - Louise K. Charkoudian
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041-1392, United States
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