1
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Dell M, Tran MA, Capper MJ, Sundaram S, Fiedler J, Koehnke J, Hellmich UA, Hertweck C. Trapping of a Polyketide Synthase Module after C-C Bond Formation Reveals Transient Acyl Carrier Domain Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315850. [PMID: 38134222 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are giant assembly lines that produce an impressive range of biologically active compounds. However, our understanding of the structural dynamics of these megasynthases, specifically the delivery of acyl carrier protein (ACP)-bound building blocks to the catalytic site of the ketosynthase (KS) domain, remains severely limited. Using a multipronged structural approach, we report details of the inter-domain interactions after C-C bond formation in a chain-branching module of the rhizoxin PKS. Mechanism-based crosslinking of an engineered module was achieved using a synthetic substrate surrogate that serves as a Michael acceptor. The crosslinked protein allowed us to identify an asymmetric state of the dimeric protein complex upon C-C bond formation by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The possible existence of two ACP binding sites, one of them a potential "parking position" for substrate loading, was also indicated by AlphaFold2 predictions. NMR spectroscopy showed that a transient complex is formed in solution, independent of the linker domains, and photochemical crosslinking/mass spectrometry of the standalone domains allowed us to pinpoint the interdomain interaction sites. The structural insights into a branching PKS module arrested after C-C bond formation allows a better understanding of domain dynamics and provides valuable information for the rational design of modular assembly lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dell
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mai Anh Tran
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael J Capper
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Srividhya Sundaram
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas Fiedler
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jesko Koehnke
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute A Hellmich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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2
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Microbial pathways for advanced biofuel production. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:987-1001. [PMID: 35411379 PMCID: PMC9162456 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Decarbonisation of the transport sector is essential to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. Microbial metabolisms are already integral to the production of renewable, sustainable fuels and, building on that foundation, are being re-engineered to generate the advanced biofuels that will maintain mobility of people and goods during the energy transition. This review surveys the range of natural and engineered microbial systems for advanced biofuels production and summarises some of the techno-economic challenges associated with their implementation at industrial scales.
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3
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Muhammad A, Feng X, Rasool A, Sun W, Li C. Production of plant natural products through engineered Yarrowia lipolytica. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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4
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Hwang S, Lee N, Cho S, Palsson B, Cho BK. Repurposing Modular Polyketide Synthases and Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetases for Novel Chemical Biosynthesis. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:87. [PMID: 32500080 PMCID: PMC7242659 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, various enzymes govern diverse biochemical reactions through their specific three-dimensional structures, which have been harnessed to produce many useful bioactive compounds including clinical agents and commodity chemicals. Polyketide synthases (PKSs) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are particularly unique multifunctional enzymes that display modular organization. Individual modules incorporate their own specific substrates and collaborate to assemble complex polyketides or non-ribosomal polypeptides in a linear fashion. Due to the modular properties of PKSs and NRPSs, they have been attractive rational engineering targets for novel chemical production through the predictable modification of each moiety of the complex chemical through engineering of the cognate module. Thus, individual reactions of each module could be separated as a retro-biosynthetic biopart and repurposed to new biosynthetic pathways for the production of biofuels or commodity chemicals. Despite these potentials, repurposing attempts have often failed owing to impaired catalytic activity or the production of unintended products due to incompatible protein–protein interactions between the modules and structural perturbation of the enzyme. Recent advances in the structural, computational, and synthetic tools provide more opportunities for successful repurposing. In this review, we focused on the representative strategies and examples for the repurposing of modular PKSs and NRPSs, along with their advantages and current limitations. Thereafter, synthetic biology tools and perspectives were suggested for potential further advancement, including the rational and large-scale high-throughput approaches. Ultimately, the potential diverse reactions from modular PKSs and NRPSs would be leveraged to expand the reservoir of useful chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonkyu Hwang
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Namil Lee
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Suhyung Cho
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Bernhard Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Byung-Kwan Cho
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon, South Korea
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5
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Eng CH, Backman TWH, Bailey CB, Magnan C, García Martín H, Katz L, Baldi P, Keasling JD. ClusterCAD: a computational platform for type I modular polyketide synthase design. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:D509-D515. [PMID: 29040649 PMCID: PMC5753242 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ClusterCAD is a web-based toolkit designed to leverage the collinear structure and deterministic logic of type I modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) for synthetic biology applications. The unique organization of these megasynthases, combined with the diversity of their catalytic domain building blocks, has fueled an interest in harnessing the biosynthetic potential of PKSs for the microbial production of both novel natural product analogs and industrially relevant small molecules. However, a limited theoretical understanding of the determinants of PKS fold and function poses a substantial barrier to the design of active variants, and identifying strategies to reliably construct functional PKS chimeras remains an active area of research. In this work, we formalize a paradigm for the design of PKS chimeras and introduce ClusterCAD as a computational platform to streamline and simplify the process of designing experiments to test strategies for engineering PKS variants. ClusterCAD provides chemical structures with stereochemistry for the intermediates generated by each PKS module, as well as sequence- and structure-based search tools that allow users to identify modules based either on amino acid sequence or on the chemical structure of the cognate polyketide intermediate. ClusterCAD can be accessed at https://clustercad.jbei.org and at http://clustercad.igb.uci.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara H Eng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tyler W H Backman
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Energy Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Constance B Bailey
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Héctor García Martín
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Energy Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Leonard Katz
- QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Energy Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.,QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2970 Horsholm, Denmark
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6
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Chen H, Bian Z, Ravichandran V, Li R, Sun Y, Huo L, Fu J, Bian X, Xia L, Tu Q, Zhang Y. Biosynthesis of polyketides by trans-AT polyketide synthases in Burkholderiales. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:162-181. [PMID: 31218924 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1514365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Widely used as drugs and agrochemicals, polyketides are a family of bioactive natural products, with diverse structures and functions. Polyketides are produced by megaenzymes termed as polyketide synthases (PKSs). PKS biosynthetic pathways are divided into the cis-AT PKSs and trans-AT PKSs; a division based mainly on the absence of an acyltransferase (AT) domain in the trans-AT PKS modules. In trans-AT biosynthesis, the AT activity is contributed via one or several independent proteins, and there are few other characteristics that distinguish trans-AT PKSs from cis-AT PKSs, especially in the formation of the β-branch. The trans-AT PKSs constitute a major PKS pathway, and many are found in Burkholderia species, which are prevalent in the environment and prolific sources of polyketides. This review summarizes studies from 1973 to 2017 on the biosynthesis of natural products by trans-AT PKSs from Burkholderia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Chen
- a Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences , Shandong University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China.,b State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science , Hunan Normal University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilong Bian
- a Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences , Shandong University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Vinothkannan Ravichandran
- a Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences , Shandong University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijuan Li
- a Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences , Shandong University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- c Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Liujie Huo
- a Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences , Shandong University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Fu
- a Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences , Shandong University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Bian
- a Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences , Shandong University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiu Xia
- b State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science , Hunan Normal University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Tu
- a Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences , Shandong University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Youming Zhang
- a Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences , Shandong University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China.,b State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science , Hunan Normal University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
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7
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Zhao Y, Guo T, Yang J, Li Y, Yuan X, Zhao Y, Ren L. Alcohols responsive photonic crystals prepared by self-assembly of dendronized block copolymers. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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8
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Zhang S, Gui C, Shao M, Kumar PS, Huang H, Ju J. Antimicrobial tunicamycin derivatives from the deep sea-derived Streptomyces xinghaiensis SCSIO S15077. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:1499-1504. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1493736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanwen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pachaiyappan Saravana Kumar
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Chevrette MG, Currie CR. Emerging evolutionary paradigms in antibiotic discovery. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 46:257-271. [PMID: 30269177 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine and remain its cornerstone. Despite their global importance and the continuous threat of resistant pathogens, few antibiotics have been discovered in recent years. Natural products, especially the secondary metabolites of Actinobacteria, have been the traditional discovery source of antibiotics. In nature, the chemistry of antibiotic natural products is shaped by the unique evolution and ecology of their producing organisms, yet these influences remain largely unknown. Here, we highlight the ecology of antibiotics employed by microbes in defensive symbioses and review the evolutionary processes underlying the chemical diversity and activity of microbe-derived antibiotics, including the dynamics of vertical and lateral transmission of biosynthetic pathways and the evolution of efficacy, targeting specificity, and toxicity. We argue that a deeper understanding of the ecology and evolution of microbial interactions and the metabolites that mediate them will allow for an alternative, rational approach to discover new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Chevrette
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cameron R Currie
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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10
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Roulet J, Taton A, Golden JW, Arabolaza A, Burkart MD, Gramajo H. Development of a cyanobacterial heterologous polyketide production platform. Metab Eng 2018; 49:94-104. [PMID: 30036678 PMCID: PMC6279439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of new heterologous hosts for polyketides production represents an excellent opportunity to expand the genomic, physiological, and biochemical backgrounds that better fit the sustainable production of these valuable molecules. Cyanobacteria are particularly attractive for the production of natural compounds because they have minimal nutritional demands and several strains have well established genetic tools. Using the model strain Synechococcus elongatus, a generic platform was developed for the heterologous production of polyketide synthase (PKS)-derived compounds. The versatility of this system is based on interchangeable modules harboring promiscuous enzymes for PKS activation and the production of PKS extender units, as well as inducible circuits for a regulated expression of the PKS biosynthetic gene cluster. To assess the capability of this platform, we expressed the mycobacterial PKS-based mycocerosic biosynthetic pathway to produce multimethyl-branched esters (MBE). This work is a foundational step forward for the production of high value polyketides in a photosynthetic microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Roulet
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Arnaud Taton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James W Golden
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ana Arabolaza
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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11
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Park SY, Yang D, Ha SH, Lee SY. Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms for the Production of Natural Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seon Young Park
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program); Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsoo Yang
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program); Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hee Ha
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program); Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program); Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center; KAIST; Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- BioInformatics Research Center; KAIST; Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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12
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Cai W, Zhang W. Engineering modular polyketide synthases for production of biofuels and industrial chemicals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 50:32-38. [PMID: 28946011 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are one of the most profound biosynthetic factories for producing polyketides with diverse structures and biological activities. These enzymes have been historically studied and engineered to make un-natural polyketides for drug discovery, and have also recently been explored for synthesizing biofuels and industrial chemicals due to their versatility and customizability. Here, we review recent advances in the mechanistic understanding and engineering of modular PKSs for producing polyketide-derived chemicals, and provide perspectives on this relatively new application of PKSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
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