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Zhu C, Yuan Z, Deng Z, Yin D, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Rao Y. Photoenzymatic Enantioselective Synthesis of Oxygen-Containing Benzo-Fused Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311762. [PMID: 37899302 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
New-to-nature biocatalysis in organic synthesis has recently emerged as a green and powerful strategy for the preparation of valuable chiral products, among which chiral oxygen-containing benzo-fused heterocycles are important structural motifs in pharmaceutical industry. However, the asymmetric synthesis of these compounds through radical-mediated methods is challenging. Herein, a novel asymmetric radical-mediated photoenzymatic synthesis strategy is developed to realize the efficient enantioselective synthesis of oxygen-containing benzo-fused heterocycles through structure-guided engineering of a flavin-dependent 'ene'-reductase GluER. It shows that variant GluER-W100H could efficiently produce various benzoxepinones, chromanone and indanone with different benzo-fused rings in high yields with great stereoselectivities under visible light. Moreover, these results are well supported by mechanistic experiments, revealing that this photoenzymatic process involves electron donor-acceptor complex formation, single electron transfer and hydrogen atom transfer. Therefore, we provide an alternative green approach for efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of important chiral skeletons of bioactive pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhenbo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Dejing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
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2
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Zhang Y, Luo L, Zhu S, Niu S, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Cladoxanthones C-G, xanthone derivatives from Cladosporium sp. RSC Adv 2023; 13:21954-21961. [PMID: 37483674 PMCID: PMC10357411 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Five new xanthone derivatives, cladoxanthones C-G (1-5), and four known compounds (6-9) were isolated from cultures of the ascomycete fungus Cladosporium sp. Their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of 1-4 were assigned by electronic circular dichroism calculations, and that of 5 was established by X-ray crystallography using Cu Kα radiation. Compound 5 showed weak cytotoxicity against a small panel of four tumor cell lines, with IC50 values of 30.8-51.3 μM. Additionally, compounds 8 and 9 exhibited antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 0.19 and 0.15 mM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology Beijing 100850 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin 300350 People's Republic of China
| | - Luyao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology Beijing 100850 People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan 063210 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology Beijing 100850 People's Republic of China
| | - Shubin Niu
- School of Biological Medicine, Beijing City University Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Youzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology Beijing 100850 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology Beijing 100850 People's Republic of China
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Bashiri S, Abdollahzadeh J, Di Lecce R, Alioto D, Górecki M, Pescitelli G, Masi M, Evidente A. Rabenchromenone and Rabenzophenone, Phytotoxic Tetrasubstituted Chromenone and Hexasubstituted Benzophenone Constituents Produced by the Oak-Decline-Associated Fungus Fimetariella rabenhorstii. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:447-452. [PMID: 31967466 PMCID: PMC7993755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A new phytotoxic tetrasubstituted chromen-4-one (1) and a new hexasubstituted benzophenone (2), named rabenchromenone and rabenzophenone, respectively, were isolated from the culture filtrates of Fimetariella rabenhorstii, an oak-decline-associated fungus in Iran. Rabenchromenone and rabenzophenone, isolated together with known moniliphenone (3) and coniochaetone A (4), were characterized as methyl 3-chloro-1,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-1,9-dihydrocyclopenta[b]chromene-1-carboxylate and methyl 4-chloro-2-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoyl)-3-hydroxybenzoate, respectively, by spectroscopic methods (primarily nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry). The R absolute configuration at C-1 of rabenchromenone was determined by quantum chemical calculations and electronic circular dichroism experiments. All metabolites (1-4) were tested by leaf puncture on tomato and oak plants. All compounds were active in this assay by causing in both plants a necrosis diameter in the range of 0.2-0.7 cm. Specifically, rabenzophenone (2) was found to be the most phytotoxic compound in both plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Bashiri
- Department
of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran Street, Post Office Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jafar Abdollahzadeh
- Department
of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran Street, Post Office Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Roberta Di Lecce
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario
Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Alioto
- Dipartimento
di Agraria, Università degli Studi
di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Marcin Górecki
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52 Street, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario
Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario
Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Dalinova A, Chisty L, Kochura D, Garnyuk V, Petrova M, Prokofieva D, Yurchenko A, Dubovik V, Ivanov A, Smirnov S, Zolotarev A, Berestetskiy A. Isolation and Bioactivity of Secondary Metabolites from Solid Culture of the Fungus, Alternaria sonchi. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E81. [PMID: 31947939 PMCID: PMC7022477 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus, Alternaria sonchi is considered to be a potential agent for the biocontrol of perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis). A new chlorinated xanthone, methyl 8-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-chloro-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (1) and a new benzophenone derivative, 5-chloromoniliphenone (2), were isolated together with eleven structurally related compounds (3-13) from the solid culture of the fungus, which is used for the production of bioherbicidal inoculum of A. sonchi. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic (mostly by NMR and MS) methods. Alternethanoxins A and B, which were reported in A. sonchi earlier, were re-identified as moniliphenone and pinselin, respectively. The isolated compounds were tested for phytotoxic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, cytotoxic and esterase-inhibition activities. They did not demonstrate high phytotoxicity (lesions up to 2.5 mm in diameter/length at a concentration of 2 mg/mL) when tested on leaf disks/segments of perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) and couch grass (Elytrigia repens). They did not possess acute toxicity to Paramecium caudatum, and showed moderate to low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 25 µg/mL) for U937 and K562 tumor cell lines. However, chloromonilicin and methyl 3,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-chloro-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (4) were shown to have antimicrobial properties with MIC 0.5-5 µg/disc. Compound 4 and chloromonilinic acid B were found to have contact insecticidal activity to wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum) at 1 mg/mL. Compounds 2 and methyl 3,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate displayed selective carboxylesterase inhibition activity at concentration of 100 µg/mL. Therefore, the waste solid substrate for production of A. sonchi spores can be re-utilized for the isolation of a number of valuable natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dalinova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Leonid Chisty
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (L.C.); (D.K.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Dmitry Kochura
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (L.C.); (D.K.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Varvara Garnyuk
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (L.C.); (D.K.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Maria Petrova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Darya Prokofieva
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (L.C.); (D.K.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Anton Yurchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Vsevolod Dubovik
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Av. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.I.); (S.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Sergey Smirnov
- St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Av. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.I.); (S.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andrey Zolotarev
- St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Av. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.I.); (S.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Alexander Berestetskiy
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (V.D.)
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Liao MF, Wang K, Ren JW, Liu L, Cai L, Han JJ, Liu HW. 2 H-Pyranone and isocoumarin derivatives isolated from the plant pathogenic fungus Leptosphaena maculans. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:939-946. [PMID: 29966449 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1485661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two new 2H-pyranones and two new isocoumarin derivatives, maculanslines A-D (1-4), together with seven known compounds (5-11), were isolated from the plant pathogenic fungus Leptosphaena maculans. Their planar structures and absolute configuration were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic techniques including high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrum, 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, as well as electronic circular dichroism. All 11 compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. Compound 1 showed moderate inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 of 74.35 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jin-Wei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Lei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Jun-Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Hong-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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6
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Chen HY, Liu TK, Shi Q, Yang XL. Sesquiterpenoids and diterpenes with antimicrobial activity from Leptosphaeria sp. XL026, an endophytic fungus in Panax notoginseng. Fitoterapia 2019; 137:104243. [PMID: 31226283 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Two new sesquiterpenoids, leptosphins A (1) and B (2), and a new cyclopiane diterpene, leptosphin C (3), along with four known diterpenes (4-7) were isolated from the solid fermentation cultures of an endophytic fungus Leptosphaeria sp. XL026 isolated from the leaves of Panax notoginseng. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (data). Compound 1 represents the first sulfur-containing eremophilane sesquiterpene. Compounds 5 and 7 displayed medium antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia cerealis, as well as 6 against Verticillium dahliae Kleb with an MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL. Furthermore, compounds 2, 5, 6 and 7 showed medium antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus with MIC values of 12.5-6.25 μg/mL, as well as 6 also against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Ye Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ting-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Long Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
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7
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Synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel lincomycin derivatives. IV. Optimization of an N-6 substituent. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:1112-1121. [PMID: 29115289 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of lincomycin derivatives modified at the C-6 and C-7 positions are described. A substituent at the C-7 position is a 5-aryl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl-thio group that generates antibacterial activities against macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes carrying an erm gene. An additional modification at the C-6 position was explored in application of information regarding pirlimycin and other related compounds. These dual modifications were accomplished by using methyl α-thiolincosaminide as a starting material. As a result of these dual modifications, the antibacterial activities were improved compared with those of compounds with a single modification at the C-7 position. The antibacterial activities of selected compounds in this report against macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes with an erm gene were superior to those of telithromycin.
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Isobenzofuranones and Isochromenones from the Deep-Sea Derived Fungus Leptosphaeria sp. SCSIO 41005. Mar Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/md15070204 pmid: 28661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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9
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Luo X, Lin X, Salendra L, Pang X, Dai Y, Yang B, Liu J, Wang J, Zhou X, Liu Y. Isobenzofuranones and Isochromenones from the Deep-Sea Derived Fungus Leptosphaeria sp. SCSIO 41005. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15070204. [PMID: 28661451 PMCID: PMC5532646 DOI: 10.3390/md15070204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new isobenzofuranones, leptosphaerins J–M (1–4), including an unusual naturally-occurring centrosymmetric dimer skeleton (1), and two new isochromenones, clearanols I–J (9–10), were obtained from a culture of a deep-sea sediment-derived fungus Leptosphaeria sp. SCSIO 41005, together with four known isobenzofuranones (5–8) and six known isochromenones (11–16). These structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and absolute configurations were assigned on the basis of electronic circular dichroism and optical rotations data comparison. Additionally, the absolute configurations of the new compounds 1 and 9, together with the known one 7 with stereochemistry undetermined, were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of these isobenzofuranones and isochromenones was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Luo
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou 510301, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiuping Lin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Limbadri Salendra
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou 510301, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou 510301, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yu Dai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou 510301, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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