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Chen B, Yu X, Horvath-Diano C, Ortuño MJ, Tschöp MH, Jastreboff AM, Schneeberger M. GLP-1 programs the neurovascular landscape. Cell Metab 2024; 36:2173-2189. [PMID: 39357509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Readily available nutrient-rich foods exploit our inherent drive to overconsume, creating an environment of overnutrition. This transformative setting has led to persistent health issues, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. The development of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists reveals our ability to pharmacologically manage weight and address metabolic conditions. Obesity is directly linked to chronic low-grade inflammation, connecting our metabolic environment to neurodegenerative diseases. GLP-1R agonism in curbing obesity, achieved by impacting appetite and addressing associated metabolic defects, is revealing additional benefits extending beyond weight loss. Whether GLP-1R agonism directly impacts brain health or does so indirectly through improved metabolic health remains to be elucidated. In exploring the intricate connection between obesity and neurological conditions, recent literature suggests that GLP-1R agonism may have the capacity to shape the neurovascular landscape. Thus, GLP-1R agonism emerges as a promising strategy for addressing the complex interplay between metabolic health and cognitive well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandy Chen
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Control of Homeostasis, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Xiaofei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Claudia Horvath-Diano
- Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology & Metabolism) and Pediatrics (Pediatric Endocrinology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - María José Ortuño
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Ania M Jastreboff
- Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology & Metabolism) and Pediatrics (Pediatric Endocrinology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc Schneeberger
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Control of Homeostasis, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Wu Tsai Institute for Mind and Brain, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Shankar A, Sharma A, Buch C, Chilton RJ. The evolving role of GLP-1 agonists in ischemic stroke prevention in diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2024; 13:e00308. [PMID: 39148946 PMCID: PMC11326472 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Shankar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chirag Buch
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Robert J Chilton
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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3
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Noguchi T, Katoh H, Nomura S, Okada K, Watanabe M. The GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide improves recovery from spinal cord injury by inducing macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1342944. [PMID: 38426018 PMCID: PMC10902060 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1342944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Although a wide variety of mechanisms take part in the secondary injury phase of spinal cord injury (SCI), inflammation is the most important factor implicated in the sequelae after SCI. Being central to the inflammation reaction, macrophages and their polarization are a topic that has garnered wide interest in the studies of SCI secondary injury. The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist exenatide has been shown to enhance the endoplasmic reticulum stress response and improve motor function recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Since exenatide has also been reported to induce the production of M2 cells in models of cerebral infarction and neurodegenerative diseases, this study was conducted to examine the effects of exenatide administration on the inflammation process that ensues after spinal cord injury. In a rat contusion model of spinal cord injury, the exenatide group received a subcutaneous injection of 10 μg exenatide immediately after injury while those in the control group received 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining were used to evaluate the effects of exenatide administration on the macrophages infiltrating the injured spinal cord, especially with regard to macrophage M1 and M2 profiles. The changes in hind limb motor function were assessed based on Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan locomotor rating scale (BBB scale) scores. The improvement in BBB scale scores was significantly higher in the exenatide group from day 7 after injury and onwards. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed an increase in the expression of M2 markers and anti-inflammatory interleukins in the exenatide group that was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of M1 markers and inflammatory cytokines. Immunohistochemical staining showed no significant difference in M1 macrophage numbers between the two groups, but a significantly higher number of M2 macrophages was observed in the exenatide group on day 3 after injury. Our findings suggest that exenatide administration promoted the number of M2-phenotype macrophages after SCI, which may have led to the observed improvement in hind limb motor function in a rat model of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Katoh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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Cheng X, Wang K, Zhao Y, Wang K. Research progress on post-translational modification of proteins and cardiovascular diseases. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:275. [PMID: 37507372 PMCID: PMC10382489 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as atherosclerosis, myocardial remodeling, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, heart failure, and oxidative stress are among the greatest threats to human health worldwide. Cardiovascular pathogenesis has been studied for decades, and the influence of epigenetic changes on CVDs has been extensively studied. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, glycosylation, methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, ubiquitin-like and nitrification, play important roles in the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system. Over the past decade, with the application of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), an increasing number novel acylation modifications have been discovered, including propionylation, crotonylation, butyrylation, succinylation, lactylation, and isonicotinylation. Each change in protein conformation has the potential to alter protein function and lead to CVDs, and this process is usually reversible. This article summarizes the mechanisms underlying several common PTMs involved in the occurrence and development of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- XueLi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, Shandong, China.
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5
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Zhang L, Zhang W, Tian X. The pleiotropic of GLP-1/GLP-1R axis in central nervous system diseases. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:473-491. [PMID: 33941038 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1924707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) is a multifunctional polypeptide throughout the lifespan via activating Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R).GLP-1 can affect food ingestion, enhance the secretion of insulin from pancreatic islets induced by glucose and be utilized to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).But, accumulating evidences from the decades suggest that activation GLP-1R can not only regulate the blood glucose, but also sustain the homeostasis of intracellular environment and protect neuron from various damaged responses such as oxidative stress, inflammation, excitotoxicity, ischemia and so on. And more and more pre-clinical and clinical studies identified that GLP-1 and its analogues may play a significant role in improving multiple central nervous system (CNS) diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, mental disorders, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, chronic pain, addictive disorders, other diseases neurological complications and so on. In order to better reveal the relationship between GLP-1/GLP-1R axis and the growth, development and survival of neurons, herein, this review is aimed to summarize the multi-function of GLP-1/GLP-1R axis in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- LongQing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - XueBi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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6
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Rawal SU, Patel BM, Patel MM. New Drug Delivery Systems Developed for Brain Targeting. Drugs 2022; 82:749-792. [PMID: 35596879 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSF) are two of the most complex and sophisticated concierges that defend the central nervous system (CNS) by numerous mechanisms. While they maintain the neuro-ecological homeostasis through the regulated entry of essential biomolecules, their conservative nature challenges the entry of most of the drugs intended for CNS delivery. Targeted delivery challenges for a diverse spectrum of therapeutic agents/drugs (non-small molecules, small molecules, gene-based therapeutics, protein and peptides, antibodies) are diverse and demand specialized delivery and disease-targeting strategies. This review aims to capture the trends that have shaped the current brain targeting research scenario. This review discusses the physiological, neuropharmacological, and etiological factors that participate in the transportation of various drug delivery cargoes across the BBB/BCSF and influence their therapeutic intracranial concentrations. Recent research works spanning various invasive, minimally invasive, and non-invasive brain- targeting approaches are discussed. While the pre-clinical outcomes from many of these approaches seem promising, further research is warranted to overcome the translational glitches that prevent their clinical use. Non-invasive approaches like intranasal administration, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition, pro-drugs, and carrier/targeted nanocarrier-aided delivery systems (alone or often in combination) hold positive clinical prospects for brain targeting if explored further in the right direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti U Rawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Sarkhej-Sanand Circle Off. S.G. Road, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382210, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Mayur M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
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7
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Yang X, Qiang Q, Li N, Feng P, Wei W, Hölscher C. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1-Based Therapies in Ischemic Stroke: An Update Based on Preclinical Research. Front Neurol 2022; 13:844697. [PMID: 35370875 PMCID: PMC8964641 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.844697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The public and social health burdens of ischemic stroke have been increasing worldwide. Hyperglycemia leads to a greater risk of stroke. This increased risk is commonly seen among patients with diabetes and is in connection with worsened clinical conditions and higher mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Therapy for stroke focuses mainly on restoring cerebral blood flow (CBF) and ameliorating neurological impairment caused by stroke. Although choices of stroke treatment remain limited, much advance have been achieved in assisting patients in recovering from ischemic stroke, along with progress of recanalization therapy through pharmacological and mechanical thrombolysis. However, it is still necessary to develop neuroprotective therapies for AIS to protect the brain against injury before and during reperfusion, prolong the time window for intervention, and consequently improve neurological prognosis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are broadly regarded as effective drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Preclinical data on GLP-1 and GLP-1 RAs have displayed an impressive neuroprotective efficacy in stroke, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the preclinical studies in the past decade, we review recent progress in the biological roles of GLP-1 and GLP-1 RAs in ischemic stroke. Emphasis will be placed on their neuroprotective effects in experimental models of cerebral ischemia stroke at cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Qiang
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenshi Wei
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhengzhou, China
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8
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Long-Lasting Exendin-4-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Ameliorate Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Damage in Diabetic Rats. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12030390. [PMID: 35330390 PMCID: PMC8951777 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exendin-4 (Ex-4) is an incretin mimetic agent approved for diabetes treatment and neuronal protection. However, the required frequent injections restrict its clinical application. We prepared Ex-4-loaded poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (PEx-4) and investigated their effect on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury associated with micturition center damage-induced cystopathy in diabetic rats. Using ten minutes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion combined with hemorrhage-induced hypotension of the IR model in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic (T1DM) Wistar rats, we compared the effects of Ex-4 and PEx-4 on prefrontal cortex edema, voiding function and oxidative stress including cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) reference H2O2 (RH2O2) and HOCl (RHOCl) levels, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis signaling in brain and bladder by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Single injection of PEx-4 displayed higher CSF antioxidant activity and a long-lasting hypoglycemic effect compared to Ex-4 in rats. T1DM and IR primarily enhanced CSF RH2O2, and pIRE-1/caspase-12/pJNK/CHOP-mediated ER stress, caspase-3/PARP-mediated apoptosis, Beclin-1/LC3B-mediated autophagy and caspase-1/IL-1β-mediated pyroptosis signaling in the damaged brains. Our data further evidenced that PEx-4 were more efficient than Ex-4 in attenuating IR-evoked prefrontal cortex edema, the impairment in micturition center and the enhanced level of CSF RH2O2 and HOCl, ER stress, apoptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis parameters in the damaged brains, but had less of an effect on IR-induced voiding dysfunction in bladders of T1DM rats. In summary, PEx-4 with stronger antioxidant activity and long-lasting bioavailability may efficiently confer therapeutic efficacy to ameliorate IR-evoked brain damage through the inhibitory action on oxidative stress, ER stress, apoptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis signaling in diabetic rats.
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9
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Shi S, Song S, Liu X, Zhao G, Ding F, Zhao W, Zhang S, Song Y, Ma W. Construction and performance of exendin-4-loaded chitosan-PLGA microspheres for enhancing implant osseointegration in type 2 diabetic rats. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:548-560. [PMID: 35156499 PMCID: PMC8856071 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2036873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The updating and optimization of drug delivery systems is critical for better in vivo behaviors of drugs, as well as for improving impaired implant osseointegration in diabetes. Numerous studies have reported the benefits of exendin-4 on diabetic bone, with the potential to enhance osseointegration in diabetes. To construct an appropriate sustained-release system of exendin-4 targeting implant osseointegration in diabetes, this study fabricated exendin-4-loaded microspheres using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan. The morphology, size, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release behavior of microspheres were investigated. The bioactivity of drug-loaded microspheres on cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of diabetic BMSCs was investigated to examine the pharmacologic action of exendin-4 loaded into chitosan-PLGA microspheres. Further, the influence of microspheres on osseointegration was evaluated using type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat implant model. After 4 weeks, the samples were evaluated by radiological and histological analysis. The results of in vitro experiments showed that the prepared exendin-4-loaded chitosan-PLGA microspheres have good properties as a drug delivery system, and the chitosan could improve the encapsulation efficiency and drug release of PLGA microspheres. In addition, exendin-4-loaded microspheres could enhance the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of diabetic BMSCs. The results of in vivo experiments showed the exendin-4-loaded microspheres significantly improved the impaired osseointegration and bone formation around implants in T2DM rats without affecting blood glucose levels. Thus, the local application of exendin-4-loaded chitosan-PLGA microspheres might be a promising therapeutic strategy for improving the efficacy of dental implants in T2DM individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Shi
- Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Oral Surgery, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Kunming, China
| | - Shuang Song
- Department of Implant Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenshuang Zhao
- Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingliang Song
- Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Abdel Mageed SS, Ammar RM, Nassar NN, Moawad H, Kamel AS. Role of PI3K/Akt axis in mitigating hippocampal ischemia-reperfusion injury via CB1 receptor stimulation by paracetamol and FAAH inhibitor in rat. Neuropharmacology 2021; 207:108935. [PMID: 34968475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Acetaminophen or paracetamol (PAR), the recommended antipyretic in COVID-19 and clinically used to alleviate stroke-associated hyperthermia interestingly activates cannabinoid receptor (CB1) through its AM404 metabolite, however, to date, no study reports the in vivo activation of PAR/AM404/CB1 axis in stroke. The current study deciphers the neuroprotective effect of PAR in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) rat model and unmasks its link with AM404/CB1/PI3K/Akt axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals were allocated into 5 groups: (I) sham-operated (SO), (II) IR, (III) IR + PAR (100 mg/kg), (IV) IR + PAR (100 mg/kg) + URB597; anandamide degradation inhibitor (0.3 mg/kg) and (V) IR + PAR (100 mg/kg) + AM4113; CB1 Blocker (5 mg/kg). All drugs were intraperitoneally administered at the inception of the reperfusion period. KEY FINDINGS PAR administration alleviated the cognitive impairment in the Morris Water Maze as well as hippocampal histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of GFAP. The PAR signaling was associated with elevation of anandamide level, CB1 receptor expression and survival proteins as pS473-Akt. P(tyr202/thr204)-ERK1/2 and pS9-GSK3β. Simultaneously, PAR increased hippocampal BDNF and ß-arrestin1 levels and decreased glutamate level. PAR restores the deranged redox milieu induced by IR Injury, by reducing lipid peroxides, myeloperoxidase activity and NF-κB and increasing NPSH, total antioxidant capacity, nitric oxide and Nrf2 levels. The pre-administration of AM4113 reversed PAR effects, while URB597 potentiated them. SIGNIFICANCE PAR poses a significant neuroprotective effect which may be mediated, at least in part, via activation of anandamide/CB1/PI3K/Akt pathway in the IR rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ramy M Ammar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt.
| | - Noha N Nassar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Helmy Moawad
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Kamel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
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11
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Liu L, Zhang Q, Xie HY, Gua WJ, Bao CR, Wang NH, Wu Y. Differences in Post-ischemic Motor Recovery and Angiogenesis of MCAO Rats Following Electroacupuncture at Different Acupoints. Curr Neurovasc Res 2021; 17:71-78. [PMID: 31870267 DOI: 10.2174/1567202617666191223151553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture (EA) can promote nerve and vascular regeneration, confer neuroprotection, inhibit apoptosis and inflammatory reactions, reduce oxidative stress injury, regulate neurochemicals and inhibit the formation of brain oedema in cerebral ischemic. However, the precise site of EA stimulation in the treatment of cerebral ischemic is unclear. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we investigated the effect of EA at the acupoints of different meridians in motor function recovery and the involvement of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), phosphorylated Protein Kinase B (P-Akt), phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS) and Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1(CD31) were examined in the peri-infarction cortex of rats. METHODS The Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model or sham surgery was performed in a total of Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: a sham group, a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group, a Yang meridian group, a Yin meridian group and a combined Yang and Yin meridian group. EA stimulus was given during the middle cerebral artery occlusion. The neurobehavioural function was measured using Modified Neurological Severity Scores (mNSS), the rotarod test and the ladder rung walking test, and the protein expression of VEGF, P-Akt, p-eNOS in the peri-infarction cortex was detected by Western blot. Immunofluorescence was used to measure the vascular density of the peri-infarction cortex. RESULTS EA at different meridian acupoints has no effect on the infarction volume, while EA at Yin meridian acupoints significantly promoted neurobehavioural functional recovery, increased the vascular density and enhanced protein kinase B/Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Akt/eNOS) phosphorylation and VEGF expression. CONCLUSION In the early stage of stroke, EA at Yin meridian acupoints can improve neurobehavioural functional recovery and the mechanism of this effect may be related to the enhanced expression of VEGF, P-Akt and p-eNOS in the peri-infarction cortex of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hong-Yu Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wei-Jia Gua
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chun-Rong Bao
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Nian-Hong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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12
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Gao JQ, Wang P, Yan JW, Ba LN, Shi PL, Wu HM, Guan XY, Cao YG, Sun HL, Mao XY. Shear Stress Rescued the Neuronal Impairment Induced by Global Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion via Activating PECAM-1-eNOS-NO Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:631286. [PMID: 33553171 PMCID: PMC7859356 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.631286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvessel hypoperfusion following ischemic stress resulted in a decreased shear stress of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and contributed to abnormal expression of PECAM-1 after global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here, we identified novel pathophysiologic and rehabilitative procedures specific to shear stress in microvascular endothelial cells in response to global cerebral I/R injury. We found that the decrease in cerebral blood flow of gerbils after global cerebral I/R injury reduces shear stress, and the abnormal change in shear stress leads to microvascular endothelial cell and neuron damage. Nevertheless, suitable high levels of shear stress contribute to rescuing the dysfunction and malformation of BMECs via regulating the PECAM-1-eNOS-NO pathway to enhance nitric oxide release, decrease the expression of caspase-3 to reduce apoptosis, and improve the shear-adaptability of endothelial cells, thereby playing a protective role in the gerbil brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Quan Gao
- Department of Nursing, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Jun-Wei Yan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li-Na Ba
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Pi-Long Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Wu
- Department of Nursing, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Xue-Ying Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Yong-Gang Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Hong-Li Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Mao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Maskery MP, Holscher C, Jones SP, Price CI, Strain WD, Watkins CL, Werring DJ, Emsley HCA. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as neuroprotective agents for ischemic stroke: a systematic scoping review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:14-30. [PMID: 32954901 PMCID: PMC7747170 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20952011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke mortality and morbidity is expected to rise. Despite considerable recent advances within acute ischemic stroke treatment, scope remains for development of widely applicable neuroprotective agents. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), originally licensed for the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, have demonstrated pre-clinical neuroprotective efficacy in a range of neurodegenerative conditions. This systematic scoping review reports the pre-clinical basis of GLP-1RAs as neuroprotective agents in acute ischemic stroke and their translation into clinical trials. We included 35 pre-clinical studies, 11 retrospective database studies, 7 cardiovascular outcome trials and 4 prospective clinical studies. Pre-clinical neuroprotection was demonstrated in normoglycemic models when administration was delayed by up to 24 h following stroke induction. Outcomes included reduced infarct volume, apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation alongside increased neurogenesis, angiogenesis and cerebral blood flow. Improved neurological function and a trend towards increased survival were also reported. Cardiovascular outcomes trials reported a significant reduction in stroke incidence with semaglutide and dulaglutide. Retrospective database studies show a trend towards neuroprotection. Prospective interventional clinical trials are on-going, but initial indicators of safety and tolerability are favourable. Ultimately, we propose that repurposing GLP-1RAs is potentially advantageous but appropriately designed trials are needed to determine clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Maskery
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK
| | - Christian Holscher
- Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Stephanie P Jones
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Christopher I Price
- Institute of Neuroscience, Stroke Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - W David Strain
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Caroline L Watkins
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Hedley CA Emsley
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK
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14
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Chen X, Deng S, Lei Q, He Q, Ren Y, Zhang Y, Nie J, Lu W. miR-7-5p Affects Brain Edema After Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Its Possible Mechanism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:598020. [PMID: 33392188 PMCID: PMC7772315 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the relationship between miR-7-5p and brain edema after intracerebral hemorrhage and the role of butylphthalide (NBP) in brain edema after intracerebral hemorrhage. Method: Routine blood testing, C-reactive protein results, and computed tomography data were collected 1, 7, and 14 days after intracerebral hemorrhage in six patients. Levels of MMP-9, ZO-1, occludin, IL-6, TNF-α, and miR-7-5p were detected in each patient's serum. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation, intracerebral hemorrhage, and NBP treatment groups. Dry-wet weight was used to assess brain edema, and Evans blue staining was used to assess the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, ZO-1 and occludin, PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, AQP4, and miR-7-5p were analyzed in the rat brains. Result: The blood neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on day 1 was associated with the area of brain edema on day 7. The expression of miR-7-5p decreased after intracerebral hemorrhage, and as a result, the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway was weakened. The decreased inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway resulted in an increase in AQP4 expression, which further aggravated brain edema. NBP can upregulate the expression of miR-7-5p, affecting these pathways to reduce brain edema. Conclusion: After intracerebral hemorrhage, miR-7-5p expression in brain tissue is reduced, which may increase the expression of AQP4 by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. NBP can inhibit this process and reduce brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqian Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiang Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yijun Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiliu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingjing Nie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Grigolon RB, Brietzke E, Mansur RB, Idzikowski MA, Gerchman F, De Felice FG, McIntyre RS. Association between diabetes and mood disorders and the potential use of anti-hyperglycemic agents as antidepressants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109720. [PMID: 31352032 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and mechanistic studies support the association between Diabetes Mellitus and mood disorders, such as Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder. This association is especially relevant in specific domains of depressive psychopathology, such as disturbances in reward systems and cognitive functions. Several anti-hyperglycemic agents have demonstrated effects on depressive symptoms and cognitive decline and this efficacy is probably the result of an action in shared brain targets between these two groups of conditions. These medications include subcutaneous insulin, intranasal insulin, metformin, and liraglutide. The study of the mechanisms involved in the relationship between Diabetes Mellitus and mood disorders offers a new avenue of investigation, and this understanding can be applied when examining whether antidiabetic agents can be repurposed as antidepressants and mood stabilizers. The objective of this narrative review is to critically appraise the literature surrounding drugs commonly used as anti-hyperglycemic agents and their effects on the brain, while discussing their potential as a new treatment for mental illnesses, and specifically, mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B Grigolon
- Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Research Group in Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience of Mood Disorders, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Research Group in Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience of Mood Disorders, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maia A Idzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Fernando Gerchman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation (BCDF), Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Protective Role of mTOR in Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Involvement of Inflammation and Autophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7861290. [PMID: 31827701 PMCID: PMC6885218 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7861290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is a common phenomenon after liver resection and transplantation, which often results in liver graft dysfunction such as delayed graft function and primary nonfunction. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, which coordinates cell growth and metabolism through sensing environmental inputs under physiological or pathological conditions, involved in the pathophysiological process of IR injury. In this review, we mainly present current evidence of the beneficial role of mTOR in modulating inflammation and autophagy under liver IR to provide some evidence for the potential therapies for liver IR injury.
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17
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Exenatide Reduces Graft Injury in a Rat Transplantation Model Using Kidneys Donated after Cardiac Death. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:2116-2123. [PMID: 31303407 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Besides being used in the therapy of type 2 diabetes, exenatide reduces cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We evaluated the potential effects of exenatide on inhibition of apoptosis in kidney grafts donated after cardiac death and on reduction of I/R injury after kidney transplantation (KTx) in a rat model. We used a rat syngeneic KTx model with kidney grafts obtained after cardiac death, and apoptosis was detected in the graft before KTx. Graft function, rat survival, morphologic examination, and activation of inflammatory molecules were analyzed after KTx. By the end of the cold storage, exenatide pretreatment donors had significantly reduced caspase pathway activation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling--positive cells, release of mitochondrial porin proteins into the cytosol, and expression of cleaved caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in kidney grafts. Exenatide pretreatment improved renal function survival rate with lower scores of acute tubular necrosis, infiltrating macrophages, and interstitial fibrosis as well as reduced messenger RNA expression of inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1) after KTx. Our study showed that exenatide reduced I/R injury in kidneys donated after cardiac death in a rat transplantation model and improved recipient survival and graft function.
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18
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Kaya-Sezginer E, Yilmaz-Oral D, Gur S. Administration of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells restores bladder dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2019; 11:232-240. [PMID: 31207098 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (HUCB-MNCs) on bladder dysfunction in streptozotocin (STZ; 35 mg/kg, i.v.)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30) were equally divided into three groups: control group, STZ-diabetic group, and HUCB-MNC-treated group (1 × 106 cells). HUCB-MNCs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation from eight healthy donors and injected into the corpus cavenosum in STZ-diabetic rats 4 weeks after the induction of diabetes. Studies were performed 4 weeks after HUCB-MNC or vehicle injection. In vitro organ bath studies were performed on bladder strips, whereas protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in the bladder and the ratio of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to collagen were determined using western blotting and Masson trichrome staining. RESULTS Neurogenic contractions of detrusor smooth muscle strips were 55% smaller in the diabetic group than control group (P < 0.05); these contractions were normalized by HUCB-MNC treatment. In addition, HUCB-MNC treatment restored the impaired maximal carbachol-induced contractile response in detrusor strips in the diabetic group (29%; P < 0.05). HUCB-MNC treatment improved the KCl-induced contractile response in the diabetic bladder (68%; P < 0.05), but had no effect on ATP-induced contractile responses. Increased expression of HIF-1α and VEGF protein and decreased expression of α-SMA protein and the SMC/collagen ratio in diabetic rats were reversed by HUCB-MNC. CONCLUSION Administration of HUCB-MNCs facilitates bladder function recovery, which is likely related to downregulation of HIF-1α expression and attenuation of fibrosis in STZ-diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Kaya-Sezginer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Yilmaz-Oral
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Serap Gur
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Erbil D, Eren CY, Demirel C, Küçüker MU, Solaroğlu I, Eser HY. GLP-1's role in neuroprotection: a systematic review. Brain Inj 2019; 33:734-819. [PMID: 30938196 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1587000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a target for treatment of diabetes; however, its function in the brain is not well studied. In this systematic review, we aimed to analyze the neuroprotective role of GLP-1 and its defined mechanisms. Methods: We searched 'Web of Science' and 'Pubmed' to identify relevant studies using GLP-1 as the keyword. Two hundred and eighty-nine clinical and preclinical studies have been included. Data have been presented by grouping neurodegenerative, neurovascular and specific cell culture models. Results: Recent literature shows that GLP-1 and its agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and combined GLP-1/GIP molecules are effective in partially or fully reversing the effects of neurotoxic compounds, neurovascular complications of diabetes, neuropathological changes related with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or vascular occlusion. Possible mechanisms that provide neuroprotection are enhancing the viability of the neurons and restoring neurite outgrowth by increased neurotrophic factors, increasing subventricular zone progenitor cells, decreasing apoptosis, decreasing the level of pro-inflammatory factors, and strengthening blood-brain barrier. Conclusion: Based on the preclinical studies, GLP-1 modifying agents are promising targets for neuroprotection. On the other hand, the number of clinical studies that investigate GLP-1 as a treatment is low and further clinical trials are needed for a benchside to bedside translation of recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Erbil
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Candan Yasemin Eren
- b Research Center for Translational Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Cağrı Demirel
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | | | - Ihsan Solaroğlu
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey.,b Research Center for Translational Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Hale Yapıcı Eser
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey.,b Research Center for Translational Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
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20
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Sun J, Zhang Y, Lu J, Zhang W, Yan J, Yang L, Zhou C, Liu R, Chen C. Salvinorin A ameliorates cerebral vasospasm through activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Microcirculation 2019; 25:e12442. [PMID: 29377443 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to demonstrate the potential of salvinorin A (SA) for cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and investigate mechanisms of therapeutic effect using rat SAH model. METHODS Salvinorin A was injected intraperitoneally, and the neurobehavioral changes were observed at 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after SAH. Basilar artery was observed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The inner diameter and thickness of basilar artery were measured. The morphological changes and the apoptosis in CA1 area of hippocampus were detected. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were detected by ELISA kit. The protein expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) was determined by Western blot for potential mechanism exploration. RESULTS Salvinorin A administration could relieve neurological deficits, decrease the neuronal apoptosis, and alleviate the morphological changes in CA1 area of hippocampus. SA alleviated CVS by increasing diameter and decreasing thickness of basilar artery, and such changes were accompanied by the decreased concentration of ET-1 and increased level of NO. Meanwhile, SA increased the expression of eNOS and decreased the expression of AQP-4 protein in the basilar artery and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Salvinorin A attenuated CVS and alleviated brain injury after SAH via increasing expression of eNOS and NO content, and decreasing ET-1 concentration and AQP-4 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfei Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Junhao Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Changman Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Renyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chunhua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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21
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Huang Q, Lan T, Lu J, Zhang H, Zhang D, Lou T, Xu P, Ren J, Zhao D, Sun L, Li X, Wang J. DiDang Tang Inhibits Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis Induced by Oxygen Glucose Deprivation and Intracerebral Hemorrhage Through Blockade of the GRP78-IRE1/PERK Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1423. [PMID: 30564125 PMCID: PMC6288198 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DiDang Tang (DDT), a Chinese traditional medicine formula, contains 4 Chinese traditional medicine substances, has been widely used to treat intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients. However, the molecular mechanisms of DDT for protecting neurons from oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis after ICH still remains elusive. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint analysis was performed to learn the features of the chemical compositions of DDT. OGD-induced ER stress, Ca2+ overload, and mitochondrial apoptosis were investigated in nerve growth factor -induced PC12, primary neuronal cells, and ICH rats to evaluate the protective effect of DDT. We found that DDT treatment protected neurons against OGD-induced damage and apoptosis by increasing cell viability and reducing the release of lactate dehydrogenase. DDT decreased OGD-induced Ca2+ overload and ER stress through the blockade of the glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78)- inositol-requiring protein 1α (IRE1)/ protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) pathways and also inhibited apoptosis by decreasing mitochondrial damage. Moreover, we observed similar findings when we studied DDT for inhibition of ER stress in a rat model of ICH. In addition, our experiments further confirmed the neuroprotective potential of DDT against tunicamycin (TM)-induced neural damage. Our in vitro and in vivo results indicated that the neuroprotective effect of DDT against ER stress damage and apoptosis occurred mainly by blocking the GPR78-IRE1/PERK pathways. Taken together, it provides reliable experimental evidence and explains the molecular mechanism of DDT for the treatment of patients with ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Huang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tianye Lan
- Department of Encephalopathy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Scientific Research Office, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Lou
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Encephalopathy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jixiang Ren
- Department of Encephalopathy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Encephalopathy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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22
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Candeias E, Sebastião I, Cardoso S, Carvalho C, Santos MS, Oliveira CR, Moreira PI, Duarte AI. Brain GLP-1/IGF-1 Signaling and Autophagy Mediate Exendin-4 Protection Against Apoptosis in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:4030-4050. [PMID: 28573460 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a modern socioeconomic burden, mostly due to its long-term complications affecting nearly all tissues. One of them is the brain, whose dysfunctional intracellular quality control mechanisms (namely autophagy) may upregulate apoptosis, leading to cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer disease (AD). Since impaired brain insulin signaling may constitute the crosslink between T2D and AD, its restoration may be potentially therapeutic herein. Accordingly, the insulinotropic anti-T2D drugs from glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics, namely, exendin-4 (Ex-4), could be a promising therapy. In line with this, we hypothesized that peripherally administered Ex-4 rescues brain intracellular signaling pathways, promoting autophagy and ultimately protecting against chronic T2D-induced apoptosis. Thus, we aimed to explore the effects of chronic, continuous, subcutaneous (s.c.) exposure to Ex-4 in brain cortical GLP-1/insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling, and in autophagic and cell death mechanisms in middle-aged (8 months old), male T2D Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats. Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h). Peripheral characterization of the animal models was given by the standard biochemical analyses of blood or plasma, the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, and the heart rate. GLP-1, insulin, and IGF-1, their downstream signaling and autophagic markers were evaluated by specific ELISA kits and Western blotting. Caspase-like activities and other apoptotic markers were given by colorimetric methods and Western blotting. Chronic Ex-4 treatment attenuated peripheral features of T2D in GK rats, including hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Furthermore, s.c. Ex-4 enhanced their brain cortical GLP-1 and IGF-1 levels, and subsequent signaling pathways. Specifically, Ex-4 stimulated protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, increasing cGMP and AMPK levels, and decreasing GSK3β and JNK activation in T2D rat brains. Moreover, Ex-4 regulated several markers for autophagy in GK rat brains (as mTOR, PI3K class III, LC3 II, Atg7, p62, LAMP-1, and Parkin), ultimately protecting against apoptosis (by decreasing several caspase-like activities and mitochondrial cytochrome c, and increasing Bcl2 levels upon T2D). Altogether, this study demonstrates that peripheral Ex-4 administration may constitute a promising therapy against the chronic complications of T2D affecting the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Candeias
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão - Pólo II, Rua D. Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Sebastião
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão - Pólo II, Rua D. Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão - Pólo II, Rua D. Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Sancha Santos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Life Sciences Department, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Resende Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana I Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão - Pólo II, Rua D. Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Sun M, Izumi H, Shinoda Y, Fukunaga K. Neuroprotective effects of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in mice. Brain Res 2018; 1694:1-12. [PMID: 29705606 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Akt (Protein kinase B, PKB), a serine/threonine kinase, plays a critical role in cell development, growth, and survival. Akt phosphorylation mediates a neuroprotective effect against ischemic injury. Recently, a protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) inhibitor (KY-226) was developed to elicit anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects via enhancement of insulin signaling. Previously, we reported that the nonselective PTP1B inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate, rescued neurons from delayed neuronal death during brain ischemia. In this study, we confirmed the ameliorative effects of KY-226 on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using a murine model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). ICR mice were subjected to MCAO for 2 h followed by reperfusion. Although KY-226 permeability was poor through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of normal mice, it could penetrate through the BBB of mice after I/R insult. Intraperitoneal KY-226 administration elicited dose-dependent reductions in infarcted brain areas and improved neurological deficits. The neuroprotective effects of KY-266 were obtained when administered within 0.5 h after reperfusion. KY-226 (10 mg/kg) also restored reduced Akt phosphorylation and eNOS phosphorylation (Ser-1177) levels following I/R insult. Moreover, 10 mg/kg of KY-226 improved I/R-induced decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, KY-226 attenuated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mouse cortex. These results suggest that KY-226 may act as a novel therapeutic candidate for ischemic stroke. Activation of Akt and ERK possibly underlie the neuroprotective mechanism of KY-226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai Japan
| | - Hisanao Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai Japan
| | - Yasuharu Shinoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai Japan.
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24
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Marlet IR, Ölmestig JNE, Vilsbøll T, Rungby J, Kruuse C. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Glucagon-like Peptide-1-based Therapies in Ischaemic Stroke: A Systematic Review based on Pre-Clinical Studies. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 122:559-569. [PMID: 29411931 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4Is) are widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Increasing evidence suggests that they may provide neuroprotection. The aim of this MiniReview was to systematically evaluate the proposed mechanism of action for GLP-1-based therapies in ischaemic brain damage in animals. We performed a literature search using MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library. GLP-1-based therapies administered before, during or after experimental stroke in diabetic and non-diabetic animals were evaluated. We reviewed 27 studies comprised of 20 involving GLP-1RAs and seven involving DPP-4Is. Both GLP-1RAs and DPP-4Is affected the acute inflammatory response secondary to ischaemia by reducing inflammation, endothelial leakage and excitotoxicity. Both treatments also reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis. GLP-1RAs significantly reduced infarct volume when administered acutely, but not later after stroke. The reported effects of DPP-4Is on infarct volume were inconsistent. GLP-1-RAs reliably improved functional outcome, but the effects on cerebral blood flow were inconclusive. These neuroprotective effects were often attributed to activation of the GLP-1 receptor, but non-GLP-1R-mediated effects have also been suggested. Both GLP-1RAs and DPP-4Is significantly affected inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in animal stroke models; however, data from clinical trials only report therapeutic efficacy for GLP-1RAs. Thus, GLP-1RA administration is the most promising treatment to pursue for patients at risk of stroke or immediately after stroke. Future studies should address acute and prophylactic treatments in stroke patients with and without diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida R Marlet
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Dept. of Neurology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Joakim N E Ölmestig
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Dept. of Neurology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Centre for Diabetes Research, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Department of Endocrinology IC, Bispebjerg University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - Christina Kruuse
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Dept. of Neurology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sun ZL, Jiang XF, Cheng YC, Liu YF, Yang K, Zhu SL, Kong XB, Tu Y, Bian KF, Liu ZL, Chen XY. Exendin-4 inhibits high-altitude cerebral edema by protecting against neurobiological dysfunction. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:653-663. [PMID: 29722317 PMCID: PMC5950675 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.230291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of exendin-4 (Ex-4) have been reported previously. However, whether (Ex-4) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) remains poorly understood. In this study, two rat models of HACE were established by placing rats in a hypoxic environment with a simulated altitude of either 6000- or 7000-m above sea level (MASL) for 72 hours. An altitude of 7000 MASL with 72-hours of hypoxia was found to be the optimized experimental paradigm for establishing HACE models. Then, in rats where a model of HACE was established by introducing them to a 7000 MASL environment with 72-hours of hypoxia treatment, 2, 10 and, 100 μg of Ex-4 was intraperitoneally administrated. The open field test and tail suspension test were used to test animal behavior. Routine methods were used to detect change in inflammatory cells. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to determine pathological changes to brain tissue. Wet/dry weight ratios were used to measure brain water content. Evans blue leakage was used to determine blood-brain barrier integrity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure markers of inflammation and oxidative stress including superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and malonaldehyde values, as well as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in the brain tissue. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the levels of occludin, ZO-1, SOCS-3, vascular endothelial growth factor, EPAC1, nuclear factor-kappa B, and aquaporin-4. Our results demonstrate that Ex-4 preconditioning decreased brain water content, inhibited inflammation and oxidative stress, alleviated brain tissue injury, maintain blood-brain barrier integrity, and effectively improved motor function in rat models of HACE. These findings suggest that Ex-4 exhibits therapeutic potential in the treatment of HACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Lei Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Institute of Traumatic Brain Trauma and Neurological of CAPF, Neurotrauma Repair Key Laboratory of Tianjin, Tianjin; Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xian-Feng Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Institute of Traumatic Brain Trauma and Neurological of CAPF, Neurotrauma Repair Key Laboratory of Tianjin; Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan-Chi Cheng
- Central Hospital of Fengxian District of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Fu Liu
- Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Yang
- The No. 2 Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Xian-Bin Kong
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Tu
- Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Institute of Traumatic Brain Trauma and Neurological of CAPF, Neurotrauma Repair Key Laboratory of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke-Feng Bian
- Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Institute of Traumatic Brain Trauma and Neurological of CAPF, Neurotrauma Repair Key Laboratory of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu-Yi Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Institute of Traumatic Brain Trauma and Neurological of CAPF, Neurotrauma Repair Key Laboratory of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
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Oh YS, Jun HS. Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on Oxidative Stress and Nrf2 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010026. [PMID: 29271910 PMCID: PMC5795977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative cellular damage caused by free radicals is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as to aging. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein1 (Keap1) signaling pathways play an important role in preventing stresses including oxidative and inflammatory stresses. Nrf2 is a master regulator of cellular stress responses, induces the expression of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes, and protects against oxidative stress-induced cell damage. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone, which was originally found to increase insulin synthesis and secretion. It is now widely accepted that GLP-1 has multiple functions beyond glucose control in various tissues and organs including brain, kidney, and heart. GLP-1 and GLP-1 receptor agonists are known to be effective in many chronic diseases, including diabetes, via antioxidative mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of GLP-1 in the protection against oxidative damage and the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Sin Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea.
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea.
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon 21565, Korea.
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27
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Chiang BJ, Chen TW, Chung SD, Lee WZ, Chien CT. Synthetic nickel-containing superoxide dismutase attenuates para-phenylenediamine-induced bladder dysfunction in rats. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105735-105748. [PMID: 29285288 PMCID: PMC5739675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Para (p)-phenylenediamine and its toxic metabolites induce excess reactive oxygen species formation that results in bladder voiding dysfunction. We determined the effects of synthetic Ni-containing superoxide dismutase mimics and the role of oxidative stress in p-phenylenediamine-induced urinary bladder dysfunction. P-phenylenediamine (60 μg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally administered for 4 weeks to induce bladder injury in female Wistar rats. Synthetic Ni-containing superoxide dismutase mimics, WCT003 (1.5 mg/kg) and WCT006 (1.5 mg/kg), were then intraperitoneally administered for 2 weeks. Transcystometrograms were performed in urethane-anesthetized rats. The in vitro and in vivo reactive oxygen species levels and pathological changes in formalin-fixed bladder sections were evaluated. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry elucidated the pathophysiological mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis. P-phenylenediamine increased voiding frequency, blood and urinary bladder levels of reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil and mast cell infiltration. It also upregulated biomarkers of autophagy (LC3 II), apoptosis (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase), and pyroptosis (Caspase 1). WCT003 and WCT006 ameliorated reactive oxygen species production, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and bladder hyperactivity. P-phenylenediamine increased oxidative stress, inflammatory leukocytosis, autophagy, apoptosis, and pyroptosis formation within the urinary bladder. Novel synthetic nickel-containing superoxide dismutase mimics relieved p-phenylenediamine-induced bladder inflammation and voiding dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Juin Chiang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City 11677, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Wen Chen
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City 11677, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Dong Chung
- Department of Urology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics, College of Informatics, Yuan-Ze University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Way-Zen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Ting Chien
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City 11677, Taiwan
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28
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Yang JL, Chen WY, Chen SD. The Emerging Role of GLP-1 Receptors in DNA Repair: Implications in Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091861. [PMID: 28846606 PMCID: PMC5618510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is originally found as a metabolic hormone (incretin) that is able to regulate blood-glucose levels via promoting synthesis and secretion of insulin. GLP-1 and many analogues are approved for treatment of type II diabetes. Accumulating results imply that GLP-1 performs multiple functions in various tissues and organs beyond regulation of blood-glucose. The neuroprotective function of GLP-1 has been extensively explored during the past two decades. Three of our previous studies have shown that apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is the only protein of the base excision repair (BER) pathway able to be regulated by oxidative stress or exogenous stimulations in rat primary cortical neurons. In this article, we review the role of APE1 in neurodegenerative diseases and its relationship to neuroprotective mechanisms of the activated GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in neurodegenerative disorders. The purpose of this article is to provide new insight, from the aspect of DNA damage and repair, for studying potential treatments in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenq-Lin Yang
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wenhua 1st Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
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29
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Wu D, Wang J, Wang H, Ji A, Li Y. Protective roles of bioactive peptides during ischemia-reperfusion injury: From bench to bedside. Life Sci 2017; 180:83-92. [PMID: 28527782 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a well-known pathological condition which may lead to disability and mortality. I/R injury remains an unresolved and complicated situation in a number of clinical conditions, such as cardiac arrest with successful reanimation, as well as ischemic events in brain and heart. Peptides have many attractive advantages which make them suitable candidate drugs in treating I/R injury, such as low toxicity and immunogenicity, good solubility property, distinct tissue distribution pattern, and favorable pharmacokinetic profile. An increasing number of studies indicate that peptides could protect against I/R injury in many different organs and tissues. Peptides also face several therapeutic challenges that limit their clinical application. In this review, we present the mechanisms of action of peptides in reducing I/R injury, as well as further discuss modification strategies to improve the functional properties of bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wu
- Henan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Henan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Honggang Wang
- Henan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Ailing Ji
- Henan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Yanzhang Li
- Henan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China.
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30
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Chu H, Yang X, Huang C, Gao Z, Tang Y, Dong Q. Apelin-13 Protects against Ischemic Blood-Brain Barrier Damage through the Effects of Aquaporin-4. Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 44:10-25. [PMID: 28402976 DOI: 10.1159/000460261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin-13 has been found to have protective effects on many neurological diseases, including cerebral ischemia. However, whether Apelin-13 acts on blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption following cerebral ischemia is largely unknown. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has a close link with BBB due to the high concentration in astrocyte foot processes and regulation of astrocytes function. Here, we aimed to test Apelin-13's effects on ischemic BBB injury and examine whether the effects were dependent on AQP4. METHODS We detected the expression of AQP4 induced by Apelin-13 injection at 1, 3, and 7 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Meanwhile, we examined the effects of Apelin-13 on neurological function, infarct volume, and BBB disruption owing to cerebral ischemia in wild type mice, and tested whether such effects were AQP4 dependent by using AQP4 knock-out mice. Furthermore, we assessed the possible signal transduction pathways activated by Apelin-13 to regulate AQP4 expression via astrocyte cultures. RESULTS It was found that Apelin-13 highly increased AQP4 expression as well as reduced neurological scores and infarct volume. Importantly, Apelin-13 played a role of BBB protection in both types of mice by reducing BBB permeability, increased vascular endothelial growth factor, upregulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and downregulated inducible NOS. In morphology, we demonstrated Apelin-13 suppressed tight junction opening and endothelial cell swelling via electron microscopy detection. Meanwhile, Apelin-13 also alleviated apoptosis of astrocytes and promoted angiogenesis. Interestingly, effects of AQP4 on neurological function and infarct volume varied with time course, while AQP4 elicited protective effects on BBB at all time points. Statistical analysis of 2-way analysis of variance with replication indicated that AQP4 was required for these effects. In addition, Apelin-13 upregulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt as well as AQP4 protein in cultured astrocytes. The latter was inhibited by ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that Apelin-13 protects BBB from disruption after cerebral ischemia both morphologically and functionally, which is highly associated with the increased levels of AQP4, possibly through the activation of ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. This study provides double targets to protection of ischemic BBB damage, which can present new insights to drugs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heling Chu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai, China
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Li Y, Liu S. The Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Oxidative Stress Response Following Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats and the Expression of Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and S100B. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:867-873. [PMID: 28212354 PMCID: PMC5328199 DOI: 10.12659/msm.899855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemia-reperfusion injury of whole brain involves a complicated pathophysiology mechanism. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has been shown to have neuro protective functions. This study observed the effect of Dex on serum S100B and cerebral intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Material/Methods Healthy Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (males, 7 weeks old) were randomly divided into sham, model, and Dex groups (n=20 each). A cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was prepared by clipping of the bilateral common carotid artery combined with hypotension. Dex (9 μg/kg) was infused intravenously immediately after reperfusion in the Dex group, while the other two groups received an equal volume of saline. Neural defect score (NDS) was measured at 6 hours, 24 hours, and 72 hours after surgery, with pathological observation of brain tissues. ELISA was then used to test serum S100B protein level. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assayed by spectrometry. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and ICAM-1 levels were determined by real-time (RT)-PCR. Results Model rats had significant injury in the hippocampal CA1 region as shown by elevated NDS, S100B, and MDA levels, higher NF-κB and ICAM-1 mRNA expression, and lower SOD levels (p<0.05). Dex treatment improved pathological injury, decreased NDS, S100B, and MDA levels, decreased expression of mRNA of NF-κB and ICAM-1, and increased SOD levels. Conclusions Dex alleviated ischemia-reperfusion damage to rat brains, and inhibited NF-κB and ICAM-1 expression in brain tissues, possibly via inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Shikun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital of the Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
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Abstract
CNS disorders are on the rise despite advancements in our understanding of their pathophysiological mechanisms. A major hurdle to the treatment of these disorders is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which serves as an arduous janitor to protect the brain. Many drugs are being discovered for CNS disorders, which, however fail to enter the market because of their inability to cross the BBB. This is a pronounced challenge for the pharmaceutical fraternity. Hence, in addition to the discovery of novel entities and drug candidates, scientists are also developing new formulations of existing drugs for brain targeting. Several approaches have been investigated to allow therapeutics to cross the BBB. As the molecular structure of the BBB is better elucidated, several key approaches for brain targeting include physiological transport mechanisms such as adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, inhibition of active efflux pumps, receptor-mediated transport, cell-mediated endocytosis, and the use of peptide vectors. Drug-delivery approaches comprise delivery from microspheres, biodegradable wafers, and colloidal drug-carrier systems (e.g., liposomes, nanoparticles, nanogels, dendrimers, micelles, nanoemulsions, polymersomes, exosomes, and quantum dots). The current review discusses the latest advancements in these approaches, with a major focus on articles published in 2015 and 2016. In addition, we also cover the alternative delivery routes, such as intranasal and convection-enhanced diffusion methods, and disruption of the BBB for brain targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur M Patel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
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Farkas I, Vastagh C, Farkas E, Bálint F, Skrapits K, Hrabovszky E, Fekete C, Liposits Z. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Excites Firing and Increases GABAergic Miniature Postsynaptic Currents (mPSCs) in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons of the Male Mice via Activation of Nitric Oxide (NO) and Suppression of Endocannabinoid Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:214. [PMID: 27672360 PMCID: PMC5018486 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a metabolic signal molecule, regulates reproduction, although, the involved molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated, yet. Therefore, responsiveness of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons to the GLP-1 analog Exendin-4 and elucidation of molecular pathways acting downstream to the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) have been challenged. Loose patch-clamp recordings revealed that Exendin-4 (100 nM-5 μM) elevated firing rate in hypothalamic GnRH-GFP neurons of male mice via activation of GLP-1R. Whole-cell patch-clamp measurements demonstrated increased excitatory GABAergic miniature postsynaptic currents (mPSCs) frequency after Exendin-4 administration, which was eliminated by the GLP-1R antagonist Exendin-3(9-39) (1 μM). Intracellular application of the G-protein inhibitor GDP-β-S (2 mM) impeded action of Exendin-4 on mPSCs, suggesting direct excitatory action of GLP-1 on GnRH neurons. Blockade of nitric-oxide (NO) synthesis by Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME; 100 μM) or N(5)-[Imino(propylamino)methyl]-L-ornithine hydrochloride (NPLA; 1 μM) or intracellular scavenging of NO by 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (CPTIO; 1 mM) partially attenuated the excitatory effect of Exendin-4. Similar partial inhibition was achieved by hindering endocannabinoid pathway using cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1) inverse-agonist 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-N-(1-piperidyl) pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM251; 1 μM). Simultaneous blockade of NO and endocannabinoid signaling mechanisms eliminated action of Exendin-4 suggesting involvement of both retrograde machineries. Intracellular application of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-antagonist 2E-N-(2, 3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-3-[4-(1, 1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]-2-Propenamide (AMG9810; 10 μM) or the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)-inhibitor PF3845 (5 μM) impeded the GLP-1-triggered endocannabinoid pathway indicating an anandamide-TRPV1-sensitive control of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) production. Furthermore, GLP-1 immunoreactive (IR) axons innervated GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus suggesting that GLP-1 of both peripheral and neuronal sources can modulate GnRH neurons. RT-qPCR study confirmed the expression of GLP-1R and neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) mRNAs in GnRH-GFP neurons. Immuno-electron microscopic analysis revealed the presence of nNOS protein in GnRH neurons. These results indicate that GLP-1 exerts direct facilitatory actions via GLP-1R on GnRH neurons and modulates NO and 2-AG retrograde signaling mechanisms that control the presynaptic excitatory GABAergic inputs to GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vastagh
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Farkas
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Roska Tamás Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Flóra Bálint
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Roska Tamás Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Skrapits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical CenterBoston, MA, USA
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary
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Li PC, Liu LF, Jou MJ, Wang HK. The GLP-1 receptor agonists exendin-4 and liraglutide alleviate oxidative stress and cognitive and micturition deficits induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in diabetic mice. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:37. [PMID: 27296974 PMCID: PMC4907076 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs protect a variety of cell types against oxidative damage and vascular and neuronal injury via binding to GLP-1 receptors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the GLP-1 analogs exendin-4 and liraglutide on cerebral blood flow, reactive oxygen species production, expression of oxidative stress-related proteins, cognition, and pelvic sympathetic nerve-mediated bladder contraction after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) injury in the db/db mouse model of diabetes. Results Sixty minutes of MCAO increased blood and brain reactive oxygen species counts in male db/db mice, as revealed by dihydroethidium staining. MCAO also increased nuclear factor-κB and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and decreased cerebral microcirculation. These effects were attenuated by treatment with exendin-4 or liraglutide. MCAO did not affect basal levels of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS); however, exendin-4 and liraglutide treatments significantly enhanced p-Akt and p-eNOS levels, indicating activation of the p-Akt/p-eNOS signaling pathway. MCAO-induced motor and cognitive deficits and micturition dysfunction, indicated by reduced pelvic nerve-mediated voiding contractions and increased nonvoiding contractions, were also partially attenuated by exendin-4 treatment. Conclusions The above data indicate that treatment with GLP-1 agonists exerts protective effects against oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic damage in brain areas that control parasympathetic/pelvic nerve-mediated voiding contractions and cognitive and motor behaviors in a diabetic mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chia Li
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University (Yanchao Campus), Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, I-Shou University (Yanchao Campus), Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Fen Liu
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University (Yanchao Campus), Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jia Jou
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University (Yanchao Campus), Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Kuang Wang
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University (Yanchao Campus), Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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