1
|
Motevasselian F, Abdi K, Ghodarati H, Shamshiri AR, Lippert F, Hessari H. The role of lead and cadmium in deciduous teeth and saliva on dental caries in children residing in Tehran, Iran. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127209. [PMID: 37210890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) are important environmental contaminants. There is no biological monitoring of exposure to these heavy metals and their potential effect on dental caries in children in Tehran, Iran, a polluted megacity. Therefore, the present study investigated the potential association between Pb and Cd levels in primary teeth and saliva and dental caries. METHODS In a cross-sectional design, 211 children aged 6-11 years referred to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry and residing in Tehran were examined. Pb and Cd levels of exfoliated primary teeth and stimulated saliva were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Dental caries prevalence was evaluated according to WHO criteria. Socioeconomic status, oral hygiene behavior, snacking frequency and salivary pH data were acquired as confounding factors. Frequency and percentages were reported for categorical variables, mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables, and geometric mean for skewed continuous variables. A simple linear regression and Pearson correlation tests were used for statistical analyses. P-values < 0.05 were considered as significant. RESULT The mean (95 % confidence interval) Pb and Cd levels in teeth were 213.26 ppb (164.29-274.84) and 23.75 ppb (20.86-27.05), respectively. The mean Pb and Cd levels in saliva were 11.83 ppb (10.71-13.06) and 3.18 ppb (2.69-3.75), respectively. Furthermore, Pb and Cd in primary teeth and saliva were not associated (p > 0.05) with socioeconomic status, oral hygiene behavior and snacking frequency CONCLUSION: This study showed no association between Pb and Cd concentrations in primary teeth and in saliva with dental caries prevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Motevasselian
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khosro Abdi
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Ghodarati
- School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Shamshiri
- Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Frank Lippert
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hossein Hessari
- Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lupolt SN, Newmeyer MN, Lyu Q, Prasse C, Nachman KE. Optimization of a method for collecting infant and toddler urine for non-target analysis using cotton pads and commercially available disposable diapers. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41370-023-00553-x. [PMID: 37149702 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine is an abundant and useful medium for measuring biomarkers related to chemical exposures in infants and children. Identification of novel biomarkers is greatly enhanced with non-targeted analysis (NTA), a powerful methodology for broad chemical analysis of environmental and biological specimens. However, collecting urine in non-toilet trained children presents many challenges, and contamination from specimen collection can impact NTA results. OBJECTIVES We optimized a caregiver-driven method for collecting urine from infants and children using cotton pads and commercially available disposable diapers for NTA and demonstrate its applicability to various children biomonitoring studies. METHODS Experiments were first performed to evaluate the effects of processing method (i.e., centrifuge vs. syringe), storage temperature, and diaper brand on recovery of urine absorbed to cotton pads. Caregivers of 11 children (<2 years) used and retained diapers (with cotton pads) to collect their child's urine for 24 h. Specimens were analyzed via a NTA method implementing an exclusion list of ions related to contamination from collection materials. RESULTS Centrifuging cotton pads through a small-pore membrane, compared to a manual syringe method, and storing diapers at 4 °C, compared to room temperature, resulted in larger volumes of recovered sample. This method was successfully implemented to recover urine from cotton pads collected in the field; between 5-9 diapers were collected per child in 24 h, and the total mean volume of urine recovered was 44.7 (range 26.7-71.1) mL. NTA yielded a list of compounds present in urine and/or stool that may hold promise as biomarkers of chemical exposures from a variety of sources. IMPACT STATEMENT Infant and children urine is a valuable matrix for studies of the early life exposome, in that numerous biological markers of exposure and outcome can be derived from a single analysis. Depending on the nature of the exposure study, it may be the case that a simple collection method that can be facilitated by caregivers of young children is desirable, especially when time-integrated samples or large volumes of urine are needed. We describe the process for development and results of an optimized method for urine collection and analysis using commercially available diapers and non-target analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Lupolt
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew N Newmeyer
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qinfan Lyu
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Keeve E Nachman
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ficicioglu C, Liu N, Sun Q, Burdett A, Hata A, Porter M, Sutton VR. Perceptions and use of phenylbutyrate metabolite testing in urea cycle disorders: Results of a clinician survey and analysis of a centralized testing database. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 135:35-41. [PMID: 34980542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nitrogen scavengers sodium and glycerol phenylbutyrate (PB), approved for chronic treatment of urea cycle disorders (UCDs), undergo hepatic conversion to phenylacetate (PAA), which conjugates glutamine to form phenylacetylglutamine for urinary nitrogen excretion. Elevated PAA has been associated with reversible neurological toxicity, with symptoms similar to hyperammonemia. Plasma PB metabolite analysis can assess for toxicity and therapeutic drug levels. An online survey was undertaken to assess US clinician perceptions and use of the test in addition to an analysis of centralized US laboratory records. Survey responses from 52 clinicians were analyzed, including 58% who reported using plasma PB metabolite testing. Test users reported managing more UCD patients than nonusers. Users rated the test as "often helpful" for ruling out PAA toxicity (44%), informing PB dosing decisions (42%), and assessing adherence (28%). Test results were reported as most often unremarkable (61%) or suggestive of poor adherence (13%); 46% of users had never encountered results indicative of PAA toxicity. Analyses of laboratory records for 1668 plasma metabolite tests determined that only 5% of samples had plasma PAA-to-phenylacetylglutamine ratios associated with increased risk of PAA toxicity. Nearly half of surveyed clinicians were unsure of metabolite targets; those conducting ad hoc (versus regular) testing were significantly more likely to be unsure of targets. One-fifth of test users identified uncertainties, including questions about test validation, timing, and interpretation. Increased awareness of published PB metabolite data and further clinician education on test interpretation may help to inform the use of metabolite testing to optimize UCD care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Ficicioglu
- Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qin Sun
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - V Reid Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, USA; Inborn Errors of Metabolism Service, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ito N, Nakamura T, Sakamoto N, Hayashi A, Murata T. Extraction and measurement of urinary tetranor-PGDM in disposable diapers. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 147:208-210. [PMID: 34384569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tetranor-PGDM is a useful diagnostic biomarker for food allergy which often affects infants. We attempted to extract and measure urinary tetranor-PGDM absorbed in polymer of diapers. We applied CaCl2 to the collected polymer, determined the adequate time length of shaking the polymer to release urine, and measured tetranor-PGDM in the extracted urine. This procedure provided high linearity and recovery rate in tetranor-PGDM measurement. We also found that urinary tetranor-PGDM was stable for 24 h at 4°C in diapers. This method can be useful to monitor the food allergic condition of non-toilet trained children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Ito
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Nakamura
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoaki Sakamoto
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akane Hayashi
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takahisa Murata
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ritchie D, Broadbent R, Medlicott N, Reith DM. In vitro validation of a method for neonatal urine collection and analysis. BMJ Paediatr Open 2019; 3:e000482. [PMID: 31321322 PMCID: PMC6598550 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urine collection and analysis is important for diagnosis, monitoring of clinical progress, and research in neonates. This study aims to validate a novel methodology for neonatal urine collection, which combines the convenience of cotton ball collection with accurate timing via a urine continence monitor. DESIGN Laboratory model using a combined cotton ball and urinary incontinence monitor method with and without the presence of an impermeable membrane to prevent desiccation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Accuracy, bias and precision in measurement of urine volume, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride), creatinine and gentamicin. Changes in analyte concentration over time, and evaporative loss of water, were tested using analysis of variance. The effects of time, temperature and humidity were explored using multivariate analysis of variance. RESULTS With the use of an impermeable membrane, sodium concentration increased from a mean (SD) of 3.57% (0.68) at 1 min to 5.03% (0.74) at 120 min. There was no significant change in potassium, chloride or creatinine concentrations. Gentamicin concentration decreased by a mean (SD) of 9.05% (1.37) by 30 min. Multivariate analysis found that absolute change in weight, sodium and chloride were only dependent on duration. Gentamicin concentration was affected by duration, humidity and temperature. Relative evaporative loss was minimal at -0.58% (0.31), and the urinary continence monitor was 100% successful at detecting urination for all time points. CONCLUSIONS This novel methodology provides a standardisable and practical method to collect small volumes of neonatal urine for accurate measurement of both urine output and analyte concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Ritchie
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Roland Broadbent
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - David M Reith
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oerlemans A, van Dael MFP, Vermeulen RCH, Russel FGM, Scheepers PTJ. Urine collection methods for non-toilet-trained children in biological monitoring studies: Validation of a disposable diaper for characterization of tebuconazole exposure. Toxicol Lett 2018; 298:201-206. [PMID: 30292883 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Young children differ from adults in their exposure and susceptibility to environmental chemicals (e.g. pesticides) because of various factors such as behavior, diet and physiology. Their heightened vulnerability to environmental stressors makes it important to obtain appropriate urine samples for exposure characterization. However, collecting urine from non-toilet-trained children has been shown to be methodologically and practically challenging. Four urine collection approaches were tested: a disposable diaper, a urine bag, a collection pad and the clean catch. The success rate and the user rating of each method was evaluated. The success rates were 67%, 21%, 17% and 4% for the disposable diaper, urine bag, collection pad and clean catch, respectively. The average user ratings on a 0-10 (0 = inconvenient, 10 = convenient) scale were 9.0, 4.7, 7.3 and 2.5, respectively. Subsequently, the best rated method, the disposable polyacrylate diaper was tested with hydroxy-tebuconazole as an exposure biomarker for the fungicide tebuconazole and creatinine for urine density adjustment. After LC-MS/MS analysis, the recoveries of hydroxy-tebuconazole in the range of 0.05-25 ng/mL were on average 106%, and for creatinine 87%. Precisions (relative standard deviation) were for both 3%. The overall procedure including collection and extraction was assessed, resulting in three out of seven positive samples. Based on this study, the disposable diaper is a suitable method for urine collection of non-toilet-trained children for biomonitoring of tebuconazole. This method can serve as a basis for extension to other substances of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Oerlemans
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - M F P van Dael
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - R C H Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F G M Russel
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - P T J Scheepers
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Paternal smoking and maternal protective behaviors at home on infant's saliva cotinine levels. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:936-942. [PMID: 29236092 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundWe investigated the association between paternal smoking, avoidance behaviors and maternal protective actions and smoke-free home rules with infant's saliva cotinine in Hong Kong.MethodsSix hundred and seventy-five non-smoking mothers (mean age 32.6 years) who attended the maternal-child health clinics with their newborns aged ≤18 months completed a questionnaire about paternal smoking and avoidance behaviors, maternal protective actions, smoke-free rules at home, and infant's second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure. Three hundred and eighty-nine infants provided saliva sample and its cotinine was tested.ResultsThe geometric mean of infant's saliva cotinine was 1.07 ng/ml (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98, 1.16). Infants living in smoking families with SHS exposure had significantly higher cotinine level than in non-smoking families (adjusted β=0.25, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.33). Paternal smoking near infants (within 1.5 m) was associated with higher cotinine level (adjusted β=0.60, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.98), which was not reduced by avoidance behaviors (e.g., smoking in kitchen or balcony). Even fathers smoking ≥3 m away from infants was associated with higher cotinine level than non-smoking families (adjusted β=0. 09, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.16). Maternal protective actions and smoke-free home rules were not significantly associated with reduced cotinine level.ConclusionPaternal smoking avoidance, maternal protective actions, and smoke-free policy at home did not reduce infant's saliva cotinine.
Collapse
|
8
|
Calafat AM, Ye X, Valentin-Blasini L, Li Z, Mortensen ME, Wong LY. Co-exposure to non-persistent organic chemicals among American pre-school aged children: A pilot study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 220:55-63. [PMID: 27789189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND General population human biomonitoring programs such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the United States suggest that chemical exposures are common. Exposures during childhood may affect health later in life, but biomonitoring data in NHANES among pre-school aged children are limited. METHODS A convenience group of 122 3-5year old American boys and girls were recruited in 2013 for a pilot study to assess the feasibility of collecting urine from young children and analyzing it for select chemical exposure biomarkers for future NHANES. Children were primarily Hispanic (64.8%); the remainder was divided between non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white and "other." We measured 52 urinary biomarkers: 13 phthalates and one non-phthalate plasticizer, five phenols and four parabens, 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and 19 pesticides. For each biomarker, we calculated descriptive statistics. We also calculated the number of biomarkers detected within each child, and performed principal components analysis (PCA). RESULTS NHANES staff obtained permission to attempt collection of 60mL urine from 3 to 5year olds who participated in the 2013 NHANES health examination; 83% of children successfully provided the target volume. We detected 24 individual biomarkers of pesticides, phenols and parabens, phthalates/non-phthalate plasticizers, and PAHs in 95-100% of children. The median number of biomarkers detected was 37: nine pesticides, five phenols and parabens, 13 phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers, and 10 PAHs. Biomarkers concentrations appear to be similar to national estimates among 6-11year old children from previous NHANES. PCA suggested high within-class correlations among biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS These young children successfully adhered to the collection protocol and produced enough urine for the quantification of environmental biomarkers currently being measured in NHANES participants 6 years of age and older. Using the same analytical methods employed for the analysis of samples collected from older NHANES participants, in this sample of pre-school aged children we detected multiple chemicals including plasticizers, combustion products, personal-care product chemicals, and pesticides. Starting with NHANES 2015-2016, the NHANES biomonitoring program will include urinary biomarkers for 3-5year old children to provide exposure data to select chemicals at the national level among this age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Mary E Mortensen
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Lee-Yang Wong
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jackson F, Georgakopoulou N, Kaluarachchi M, Kyriakides M, Andreas N, Przysiezna N, Hyde MJ, Modi N, Nicholson JK, Wijeyesekera A, Holmes E. Development of a Pipeline for Exploratory Metabolic Profiling of Infant Urine. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3432-40. [PMID: 27476583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous metabolic profiling pipelines have been developed to characterize the composition of human biofluids and tissues, the vast majority of these being for studies in adults. To accommodate limited sample volume and to take into account the compositional differences between adult and infant biofluids, we developed and optimized sample handling and analytical procedures for studying urine from newborns. A robust pipeline for metabolic profiling using NMR spectroscopy was established, encompassing sample collection, preparation, spectroscopic measurement, and computational analysis. Longitudinal samples were collected from five infants from birth until 14 months of age. Methods of extraction and effects of freezing and sample dilution were assessed, and urinary contaminants from breakdown of polymers in a range of diapers and cotton wool balls were identified and compared, including propylene glycol, acrylic acid, and tert-butanol. Finally, assessment of urinary profiles obtained over the first few weeks of life revealed a dramatic change in composition, with concentrations of phenols, amino acids, and betaine altering systematically over the first few months of life. Therefore, neonatal samples require more stringent standardization of experimental design, sample handling, and analysis compared to that of adult samples to accommodate the variability and limited sample volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Jackson
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Georgakopoulou
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Manuja Kaluarachchi
- Metabometrix Ltd, Bioincubator, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kyriakides
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Andreas
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Przysiezna
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Hyde
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Neena Modi
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Anisha Wijeyesekera
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Roelofs-Thijssen MA, Schreuder MF, Hogeveen M, van Herwaarden AE. Reliable laboratory urinalysis results using a new standardised urine collection device. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1252-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
11
|
Bisphenol A concentrations in maternal breast milk and infant urine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012; 87:13-20. [PMID: 23212895 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-012-0834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present report describes the distribution of breast milk and urinary free and total bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations, from 27 postpartum women and their 31 infants, and explores the influence of age, sex, and nutritional source on infant BPA urinary concentration. METHODS Both free (unconjugated) and total (free plus conjugated) BPA concentrations from women's breast milk samples and infants' urine samples were measured by online solid-phase extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests of group comparisons were conducted. RESULTS Total BPA was detected in 93 % of urine samples in this healthy infant population aged 3-15 months who were without known environmental exposure to BPA [interquartile range (IQR) = 1.2-4.4 μg/L)]. Similarly, 75 % of the mothers' breast milk samples had detectable concentrations of total BPA (IQR = 0.4-1.4 μg/L). The magnitude and frequency of detection of free BPA in the children's urine and the mothers' breast milk were much lower than the total concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Total BPA was detected in 93 % of this healthy infant population aged 3-15 months who are without known environmental exposure to BPA. Neither free nor total BPA urinary concentrations differed significantly by infant's sex or by nutritional source (breast milk and/or formula) while age group was of borderline significance. There were no significant correlations between free or total BPA concentrations in mothers' breast milk and their infants' urine.
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu L, Xia T, Guo L, Cao L, Zhao B, Zhang J, Dong S, Shen H. Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2012; 22:625-631. [PMID: 22643239 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The urinary metabolites of phthalates are well-accepted exposure biomarkers for adults and children older than 6 years but are not commonly used for infants owing to non-convenient sampling. In the light of this situation, a novel sampling method based on monitoring the urine expressed from the gel diaper was developed. The urine was expressed from the gel absorbent after mixing the absorbent with CaCl(2) and then collected by a laboratory-made device; the urinary phthalate metabolites were extracted and cleaned using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) column and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry / mass spectrometry. To evaluate the method's feasibility, the following factors were investigated: the proportion of CaCl(2) to gel absorbent, the urination volume variation and the target compounds' deposition bias in the diaper, the matrix blank of the different diaper brands, the storage stabilities and the recoveries of creatinine and phthalate metabolites in the expressed urine. Mono-methyl phthalate, mono-ethyl phthalate, mono-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate were involved. 70-80% of the urine can be expressed from the diaper, and the expressed spiking recoveries and the limit of detection of mono-phthalates ranged from 88.5-115% and 0.21-0.50 ng/ml. The method was applied to measure phthalate metabolites in 65 gel diaper samples from 15 infants, and the pilot data suggests the infants are commonly exposed to phthalates. In summary, the method for monitoring of infant exposure to phthalates is sound and validated, and the potential health effects from the vulnerable infants' exposure to phthalates should be concerned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangpo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ye X, Zhou X, Bishop AM, Needham LL, Calafat AM. Does the composition of urine change when collected from disposable diapers and other absorbent materials? JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2010; 20:644-649. [PMID: 20336050 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2010.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The free and conjugated urinary species of non-persistent environmental chemicals or their breakdown products are valid human exposure biomarkers. For convenience, disposable diapers and other absorbent materials are widely used to collect urine specimens from infants and young toddlers. However, the extent to which the different urinary species of the target analytes and other components are recovered after the urine is extracted from these absorbent materials is unknown. In this proof-of-concept study, we investigated the extraction recovery from disposable diapers, cotton pads, and gauzes of the free versus glucuronidated urinary species of three example chemicals: bisphenol A, triclosan, and 4-methylumbelliferone. Although the glucuronides were almost fully recovered, the free species were not. Our results suggest that, in addition to other sampling considerations, the binding affinity and extraction recovery of the target biomarkers to the material used to collect the urine should be considered. Alternative collection approaches that do not require such an extraction (e.g., urine bags routinely used in hospitals) may be worth exploring. Despite its shortcomings, having urinary concentrations for biomonitoring considerably strengthens the exposure assessment, particularly for infants and young toddlers, and the benefits of including biomonitoring data outweigh their potential limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arbuckle TE. Maternal-infant biomonitoring of environmental chemicals: The epidemiologic challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:931-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Calafat AM, Needham LL. What additional factors beyond state-of-the-art analytical methods are needed for optimal generation and interpretation of biomonitoring data? ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1481-5. [PMID: 20019895 PMCID: PMC2790499 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The routine use of biomonitoring (i.e., measurement of environmental chemicals, their metabolites, or specific reaction products in human biological specimens) to assess internal exposure (i.e., body burden) has gained importance in exposure assessment. OBJECTIVES Selection and validation of biomarkers of exposure are critical factors in interpreting biomonitoring data. Moreover, the strong relation between quality of the analytical methods used for biomonitoring and quality of the resulting data is well understood. However, the relevance of collecting, storing, processing, and transporting the samples to the laboratory to the overall biomonitoring process has received limited attention, especially for organic chemicals. DISCUSSION We present examples to illustrate potential sources of unintended contamination of the biological specimen during collection or processing procedures. The examples also highlight the importance of ensuring that the biological specimen analyzed both represents the sample collected for biomonitoring purposes and reflects the exposure of interest. CONCLUSIONS Besides using high-quality analytical methods and good laboratory practices for biomonitoring, evaluation of the collection and handling of biological samples should be emphasized, because these procedures can affect the samples integrity and representativeness. Biomonitoring programs would be strengthened with the inclusion of field blanks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|