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Faÿs F, Palazzi P, Zeman F, Hardy EM, Schaeffer C, Rousselle C, Beausoleil C, Appenzeller BMR. Incorporation of Fast-Elimination Chemicals in Hair Is Governed by Pharmacokinetics-Implications for Exposure Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7336-7345. [PMID: 37146304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms governing chemicals' incorporation in hair are incompletely understood, and gaps remain to link the concentration of chemicals in hair to level of exposure and internal dose present in the body. This study assesses the relevance of hair analysis for the biomonitoring of exposure to fast-elimination compounds and investigates the role of pharmacokinetics (PK) in their incorporation in hair. Rats were administered with pesticides, bisphenols, phthalates, and DINCH over 2 months. Hairs were analyzed for 28 chemicals/metabolites to investigate correlations between their concentration in hair and the dose administered to the animals. Urine collected over 24 h after gavage was used to determine chemicals' PK and to investigate their influence on incorporation into hair by means of linear mixed models (LMMs). Eighteen chemicals presented a significant correlation between concentration in hair and level of exposure. In models combining all chemicals, agreement between concentration in hair predicted by LMM and experimental values was moderate (R2 = 0.19) but significantly increased when PK were included in the models (R2 = 0.37), and even more when chemical families were considered separately (e.g., R2 = 0.98 for pesticides). This study shows that pharmacokinetics mediate incorporation of chemicals in hair and suggests the relevance of hair for assessing exposure to fast-elimination chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Faÿs
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg, 2, avenue de l'Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Palazzi
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Florence Zeman
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Direction des Risques Chroniques, Pôle Dangers et Impact sur le Vivant, Unité Modèle pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc Technologique Alata, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Emilie M Hardy
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Charline Schaeffer
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claire Beausoleil
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
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Long E, Schwartz C, Carlsten C. Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust: a method for understanding health effects of traffic-related air pollution. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:15. [PMID: 35216599 PMCID: PMC8876178 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) is a major component of air pollution in urban centers. Controlled human exposure (CHE) experiments are commonly used to investigate the acute effects of DE inhalation specifically and also as a paradigm for investigating responses to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) more generally. Given the critical role this model plays in our understanding of TRAP’s health effects mechanistically and in support of associated policy and regulation, we review the methodology of CHE to DE (CHE–DE) in detail to distill critical elements so that the results of these studies can be understood in context. From 104 eligible publications, we identified 79 CHE–DE studies and extracted information on DE generation, exposure session characteristics, pollutant and particulate composition of exposures, and participant demographics. Virtually all studies had a crossover design, and most studies involved a single DE exposure per participant. Exposure sessions were typically 1 or 2 h in duration, with participants alternating between exercise and rest. Most CHE–DE targeted a PM concentration of 300 μg/m3. There was a wide range in commonly measured co-pollutants including nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and total organic compounds. Reporting of detailed parameters of aerosol composition, including particle diameter, was inconsistent between studies, and older studies from a given lab were often cited in lieu of repeating measurements for new experiments. There was a male predominance in participants, and over half of studies involved healthy participants only. Other populations studied include those with asthma, atopy, or metabolic syndrome. Standardization in reporting exposure conditions, potentially using current versions of engines with modern emissions control technology, will allow for more valid comparisons between studies of CHE–DE, while recognizing that diesel engines in much of the world remain old and heterogeneous. Inclusion of female participants as well as populations more susceptible to TRAP will broaden the applicability of results from CHE–DE studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Long
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Carley Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Long E, Carlsten C. Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust: results illuminate health effects of traffic-related air pollution and inform future directions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:11. [PMID: 35139881 PMCID: PMC8827176 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is an issue of increasing interest due to its globally relevant impacts on morbidity and mortality. Controlled human exposure (CHE) studies are often employed to investigate the impacts of pollution on human health, with diesel exhaust (DE) commonly used as a surrogate of traffic related air pollution (TRAP). This paper will review the results derived from 104 publications of CHE to DE (CHE-DE) with respect to health outcomes. CHE-DE studies have provided mechanistic evidence supporting TRAP’s detrimental effects on related to the cardiovascular system (e.g., vasomotor dysfunction, inhibition of fibrinolysis, and impaired cardiac function) and respiratory system (e.g., airway inflammation, increased airway responsiveness, and clinical symptoms of asthma). Oxidative stress is thought to be the primary mechanism of TRAP-induced effects and has been supported by several CHE-DE studies. A historical limitation of some air pollution research is consideration of TRAP (or its components) in isolation, limiting insight into the interactions between TRAP and other environmental factors often encountered in tandem. CHE-DE studies can help to shed light on complex conditions, and several have included co-exposure to common elements such as allergens, ozone, and activity level. The ability of filters to mitigate the adverse effects of DE, by limiting exposure to the particulate fraction of polluted aerosols, has also been examined. While various biomarkers of DE exposure have been evaluated in CHE-DE studies, a definitive such endpoint has yet to be identified. In spite of the above advantages, this paradigm for TRAP is constrained to acute exposures and can only be indirectly applied to chronic exposures, despite the critical real-world impact of living long-term with TRAP. Those with significant medical conditions are often excluded from CHE-DE studies and so results derived from healthy individuals may not apply to more susceptible populations whose further study is needed to avoid potentially misleading conclusions. In spite of limitations, the contributions of CHE-DE studies have greatly advanced current understanding of the health impacts associated with TRAP exposure, especially regarding mechanisms therein, with important implications for regulation and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Long
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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4
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Wadikar DL, Farooqui MO, Middey A, Bafana A, Pakade Y, Naoghare P, Vanisree AJ, Kannan K, Sivanesan S. Assessment of occupational exposure to diesel particulate matter through evaluation of 1-nitropyrene and 1-aminopyrene in surface coal miners, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:342. [PMID: 34002328 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
DPM (diesel particulate matter) is ubiquitously present in the mining environment and is known for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity to humans. However, its health effects in surface coal mines are not well studied, particularly in India. In this study, DPM exposure and corresponding exposure biomarkers were investigated in four different surface coal mines in Central India. To document and evaluate the DPM exposure in surface coal miners, we characterized 1-NP (1-nitropyrene) in the mining environment as surrogate for DPM using Sioutas Cascade Impactor. Exposure biomarkers were analyzed by collecting post work shift (8-h work shift) urine samples and determining the concentrations of 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) as a metabolite of 1-NP and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG) as DNA damage marker. We observed high concentration of 1-NP (7.13-52.46 ng/m3) in all the mines compared with the earlier reported values. The average creatinine corrected 1-AP and 8OHdG levels ranged 0.07-0.43 [Formula: see text]g/g and 32.47-64.16 [Formula: see text]g/g, respectively, in different mines. We found 1-AP in majority of the mine workers' urine (55.53%) and its level was higher than that reported for general environmental exposure in earlier studies. Thus, the study finding indicates occupational exposure to DPM in all the four mines. However, the association between 1-NP level and exposure biomarkers (1-AP and 8OHdG) was inconsistent, which may be due to individual physiological variations. The data on exposure levels in this study will help to understand the epidemiological risk assessment of DPM in surface coal miners. Further biomonitoring and cohort study are needed to exactly quantify the occupational health impacts caused by DPM among coal miners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh L Wadikar
- Health and Toxicity Cell, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India
- Department of Plant Biology & Biotechnology, Presidency College, Chennai, India
| | - M O Farooqui
- Health and Toxicity Cell, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India
| | - Anirban Middey
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Amit Bafana
- Director's Research Cell, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Yogesh Pakade
- Cleaner Technology and Modelling Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Pravin Naoghare
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - A J Vanisree
- Department of Biochemistry, Guindy Campus University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnamurthi Kannan
- Health and Toxicity Cell, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India
| | - Saravanadevi Sivanesan
- Health and Toxicity Cell, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India.
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Du M, Mullins BJ, Franklin P, Musk AW, Elliot NSJ, Sodhi-Berry N, Junaldi E, de Klerk N, Reid A. Measurement of urinary 1-aminopyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarkers of exposure to diesel particulate matter in gold miners. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:723-728. [PMID: 31234134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured in human samples are often used as biomarkers of exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE). The aim of this study was to assess the changes in urinary levels of 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and their relationship with Elemental Carbon (EC), as a component of diesel engine exhaust exposure, among a hard-rock gold-mining population. Urine samples were collected at the beginning and end of a 12-hour work shift from 100 underground and above ground gold miners. Miners were fitted with personal exposure monitoring equipment to quantify exposure to DEE, measured as Elemental Carbon (EC), across their 12-hour work shift. General linear regression assessed associations of the post-shift urinary 1-AP and 1-OHP concentrations with EC, controlling for age, gender, the pre-shift biomarker level, Body Mass Index (BMI), days on current shift, time in mining, smoking status and second-hand smoke exposure. The concentrations of 1-AP and 1-OHP increased significantly across a 12-hour mining work shift. Moreover, consistent with the sensitivity analysis, the concentration of 1-AP was significantly associated with EC after adjustments. Urinary 1-OHP, but not 1-AP was significantly associated with current smoking. Urinary 1-AP may be a more robust and specific biomarker of DEE than 1-OHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Du
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Franklin
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A W Musk
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Novak S J Elliot
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nita Sodhi-Berry
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Edwin Junaldi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas de Klerk
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Western Australia, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alison Reid
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia.
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Ahmed HG, Alshmmari FD, Ginawi IA, Alshammari NG, Alshammari AMA, Alshuqayr MA, Alkhariji MT. Assessment of urothelial cells atypical changes among petroleum station workers in Saudi Arabia. EUR J INFLAMM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x16689272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess atypical changes in urothelial cells among petroleum station workers. This is a case control study, investigating 300 participants by cytological methods. Of the 300 participants, 150 were cases (exposed to petroleum products) and 150 were controls (non-exposed). Full voided urine was obtained and was cytologically assessed. Cytological atypia was identified in nine (6%) out of the 150 cases and could not be identified in 141/150 (94%) of the cases, whereas, in the control group, cytological atypia was recognized in four (2.7%) of the 150 controls and could not be identified in 146/150 (97.3%). The risk associated with petroleum product exposure, the odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 2.33 (0.7015–7.7378), P = 0.1673. Exposure of petroleum station workers to petroleum products increases the risk of urothelial atypical changes, which may progress to precancerous and cancerous changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fawaz D Alshmmari
- College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hail, Kingdome of Saudi Arabia
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7
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Galaviz VE, Quintana PJE, Yost MG, Sheppard L, Paulsen MH, Camp JE, Simpson CD. Urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene in US-Mexico border residents who frequently cross the San Ysidro Port of Entry. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:84-89. [PMID: 26669848 PMCID: PMC7051192 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust presents a community exposure hazard, but methods to measure internal exposure are lacking. We report results from a community-based study using 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and its urinary metabolites as markers of exposure to traffic-related diesel particulate matter (DPM). The study participants were Tijuana, Mexico residents who commuted on foot into San Diego, California for work or school using the International San Ysidro Port of Entry, placing them within feet of idling traffic (referred to as border commuters). The comparison group (non-border commuters) was comprised of residents of south San Diego who did not commute into Mexico. Air concentration of 1-NP in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was measured in personal samples from participants. Spot urine samples were analyzed for 1-NP urinary metabolites 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene (8-OHNP) and 8-hydroxy-N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (8-OHNAAP). Compared with non-border commuters, border commuters had two- to threefold higher mean urinary concentrations for unadjusted and creatinine-adjusted 8-OHNP and 8-OHNAAP. Urinary 8-OHNAAP and the sum of 8-OHNP and 8-OHNAAP were both associated with personal exposure to 1-NP in the prior 24 h. These results suggest that 1-NP urinary metabolites reflect recent exposure to DPM-derived 1-NP in community settings and can be useful for exposure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Eileen Galaviz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Michael George Yost
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Henry Paulsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janice Ellouise Camp
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher David Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Miller-Schulze JP, Paulsen M, Kameda T, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Cassidy B, Naeher L, Villalobos MA, Simpson CD. Nitro-PAH exposures of occupationally-exposed traffic workers and associated urinary 1-nitropyrene metabolite concentrations. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:213-221. [PMID: 28007177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of occupational exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) is important from an epidemiological perspective. Urinary biomarkers of exposure have been proposed as a novel approach for measuring exposure to DE. In this study, we measured the concentrations of two urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene (1NP), a nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that has been suggested as a molecular marker of diesel particulate matter. These two metabolites, 6-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene and 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene, were determined in urine samples (10mL) from a small group of workers who were occupationally-exposed to vehicle exhaust in Trujillo, Peru, before and after their workshifts. Workshift exposures to 1NP, as well as PM2.5, 2-nitropyrene and 2-nitrofluoranthene, were also measured. Exposures to 1NP were similar in all studied workers, averaging 105±57.9pg/m3 (±standard deviation). Median urinary concentrations of the average of the pre- and post-exposure samples for 6-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene and 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene, were found to be 3.9 and 2.3pgmetabolite/mg creatinine, respectively in the group of occupationally-exposed subjects (n=17) studied. A direct relationship between workshift exposure to 1NP and urinary 1NP metabolites concentrations was not observed. However, the 1NP exposures and the creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of the hydroxynitropyrene metabolites in these Peruvian traffic workers were similar to occupationally-exposed taxi drivers in Shenyang, China, and were higher than biomarker levels in office workers from Trujillo without occupational exposure to vehicle exhaust. This study provides further evidence that urinary metabolites of 1NP are associated with exposure to DE and may serve as a useful exposure biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Paulsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, WA 98195, Seattle, USA
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Brandon Cassidy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2102, USA
| | - Luke Naeher
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2102, USA
| | | | - Christopher D Simpson
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, WA 98195, Seattle, USA.
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9
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Gong J, Zhu T, Kipen H, Rich DQ, Huang W, Lin WT, Hu M, Zhang JJ. Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites as biomarkers of exposure to traffic-emitted pollutants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:104-10. [PMID: 26382649 PMCID: PMC4765327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
1-Nitro-pyrene has been considered a compound specific to diesel combustion emission, while 1- and 2-nitro-napthalene are mainly produced through photochemical conversion of naphthalene released to the atmosphere. Metabolites of these compounds may serve as biomarkers of exposure to traffic related pollutants. We collected urine samples from 111 healthy and non-smoking subjects within (i.e., during the Beijing Olympics) and outside (i.e., before and after the Olympics) a traffic control regime to improve Beijing's air quality. Urines were analyzed for the sum of 1&2-amino-naphthalene (metabolites of 1- and 2-nitro-naphthalene) and 1-amino-pyrene (a metabolite of 1-nitro-pyrene), using an HPLC-fluorescence method. Within the same time periods, PM2.5 mass and constituents were measured, including elemental carbon, sulfate, nitrate, PAHs, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particle number concentrations. The associations between the urinary metabolites and air pollutants were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. From the pre- to during-Olympic period, 1&2-amino-naphthalene and 1-hydroxy-pyrene decreased by 23% (p=0.066) and 16% (p=0.049), respectively, while there was no change in 1-amino-pyrene (2% increase, p=0.892). From during- to post-Olympic period, 1&2-amino-naphthalene, 1-amino-pyrene and 1-hydroxy-pyrene concentrations increased by 26% (p=0.441), 37% (p=0.355), and 3% (p=0.868), respectively. Furthermore, 1&2-amino-naphthalene and 1-hydroxy-pyrene were associated with traffic related pollutants in a similar lag pattern. 1-amino-pyrene was associated more strongly with diesel combustion products (e.g. PN and elemental carbon) and not affected by season. Time-lag analyses indicate strongest/largest associations occurred 24-72h following exposure. 1&2-amino-naphthalene and 1-hydroxy-pyrene can be used as a biomarker of exposure to general vehicle-emitted pollutants. More data are needed to confirm 1-amino-pyrene as a biomarker of exposure to diesel combustion emissions. Controlling creatinine as an independent variable in the models will provide a moderate adjusting effect on the biomarker analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Gong
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA; University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- Peking University, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and the Center for Environmental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Howard Kipen
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David Q Rich
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Peking University, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Ting Lin
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min Hu
- Peking University, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and the Center for Environmental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA; University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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10
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Latifovic L, Villeneuve PJ, Parent MÉ, Johnson KC, Kachuri L, Harris SA. Bladder cancer and occupational exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions among Canadian men. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1948-62. [PMID: 26511593 PMCID: PMC5123782 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified diesel exhaust as a carcinogen based on lung cancer evidence; however, few studies have investigated the effect of engine emissions on bladder cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between occupational exposure to diesel and gasoline emissions and bladder cancer in men using data from the Canadian National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System; a population‐based case–control study. This analysis included 658 bladder cancer cases and 1360 controls with information on lifetime occupational histories and a large number of possible cancer risk factors. A job‐exposure matrix for engine emissions was supplemented by expert review to assign values for each job across three dimensions of exposure: concentration, frequency, and reliability. Odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals were estimated using logistic regression. Relative to unexposed, men ever exposed to high concentrations of diesel emissions were at an increased risk of bladder cancer (OR = 1.64, 0.87–3.08), but this result was not significant, and those with >10 years of exposure to diesel emissions at high concentrations had a greater than twofold increase in risk (OR = 2.45, 1.04–5.74). Increased risk of bladder cancer was also observed with >30% of work time exposed to gasoline engine emissions (OR = 1.59, 1.04–2.43) relative to the unexposed, but only among men that had never been exposed to diesel emissions. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that exposure to high concentrations of diesel engine emissions may increase the risk of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Latifovic
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul J Villeneuve
- CHAIM Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Occupational Cancer Research Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Élise Parent
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, University of Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kenneth C Johnson
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Kachuri
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Occupational Cancer Research Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Shelley A Harris
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Occupational Cancer Research Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Rudel RA, Ackerman JM, Attfield KR, Brody JG. New exposure biomarkers as tools for breast cancer epidemiology, biomonitoring, and prevention: a systematic approach based on animal evidence. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:881-95. [PMID: 24818537 PMCID: PMC4154213 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to chemicals that cause rodent mammary gland tumors is common, but few studies have evaluated potential breast cancer risks of these chemicals in humans. OBJECTIVE The goal of this review was to identify and bring together the needed tools to facilitate the measurement of biomarkers of exposure to potential breast carcinogens in breast cancer studies and biomonitoring. METHODS We conducted a structured literature search to identify measurement methods for exposure biomarkers for 102 chemicals that cause rodent mammary tumors. To evaluate concordance, we compared human and animal evidence for agents identified as plausibly linked to breast cancer in major reviews. To facilitate future application of exposure biomarkers, we compiled information about relevant cohort studies. RESULTS Exposure biomarkers have been developed for nearly three-quarters of these rodent mammary carcinogens. Analytical methods have been published for 73 of the chemicals. Some of the remaining chemicals could be measured using modified versions of existing methods for related chemicals. In humans, biomarkers of exposure have been measured for 62 chemicals, and for 45 in a nonoccupationally exposed population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has measured 23 in the U.S. population. Seventy-five of the rodent mammary carcinogens fall into 17 groups, based on exposure potential, carcinogenicity, and structural similarity. Carcinogenicity in humans and rodents is generally consistent, although comparisons are limited because few agents have been studied in humans. We identified 44 cohort studies, with a total of > 3.5 million women enrolled, that have recorded breast cancer incidence and stored biological samples. CONCLUSIONS Exposure measurement methods and cohort study resources are available to expand biomonitoring and epidemiology related to breast cancer etiology and prevention.
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Morgott DA. Factors and Trends Affecting the Identification of a Reliable Biomarker for Diesel Exhaust Exposure. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:1795-1864. [PMID: 25170242 PMCID: PMC4118891 DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2013.790748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of human exposures to diesel exhaust continues to be a vexing problem for specialists seeking information on the potential health effects of this ubiquitous combustion product. Exposure biomarkers have yielded a potential solution to this problem by providing a direct measure of an individual's contact with key components in the exhaust stream. Spurred by the advent of new, highly sensitive, analytical methods capable of detecting substances at very low levels, there have been numerous attempts at identifying a stable and specific biomarker. Despite these new techniques, there is currently no foolproof method for unambiguously separating diesel exhaust exposures from those arising from other combustion sources. Diesel exhaust is a highly complex mixture of solid, liquid, and gaseous components whose exact composition can be affected by many variables, including engine technology, fuel composition, operating conditions, and photochemical aging. These factors together with those related to exposure methodology, epidemiological necessity, and regulatory reform can have a decided impact on the success or failure of future research aimed at identifying a suitable biomarker of exposure. The objective of this review is to examine existing information on exposure biomarkers for diesel exhaust and to identify those factors and trends that have had an impact on the successful identification of metrics for both occupational and community settings. The information will provide interested parties with a template for more thoroughly understanding those factors affecting diesel exhaust emissions and for identifying those substances and research approaches holding the greatest promise for future success.
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Neophytou AM, Hart JE, Chang Y, Zhang JJ, Smith TJ, Garshick E, Laden F. Short-term traffic related exposures and biomarkers of nitro-PAH exposure and oxidative DNA damage. TOXICS 2014; 2:377-390. [PMID: 25254201 DOI: 10.3390/toxics2030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to vehicle exhaust has been associated with cardiac and respiratory disease, lung cancer, and greater overall mortality. We investigated whether amino- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (amino-PAH) metabolites of nitro-PAHs could be used as biomarkers of these exposures. Pre- and post-shift urine samples were collected at the beginning and end of a work week from 82 male U.S trucking industry workers. We used repeated-measures analysis to examine associations of total 1- and 2-aminonaphthalene (1 & 2-AN) and 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) urinary concentrations with microenvironment exposures to particulate matter (PM2.5), elemental and organic carbon, and between 1&2-AN and 1-AP with urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). There was an association between work week mean PM2.5 levels and post-shift 1 & 2-AN, [141.8 pg/ml increase (95% CI:53.3, 230.2) for each IQR increase (5.54 µg/m3) in PM2.5,] but no associations with other exposure measures. There was a statistically significant increase in 8-OHdG concentrations with 1 & 2-AN (2.38 µg/mg creatinine (95%CI: 0.19, 4.58) per 242.85 pg/mg creatinine increase in 1 & 2-AN), and suggestive associations with all other exposure measures. Our findings suggest associations between urinary amino-PAHs with vehicle exhaust related PM2.5 as well as with a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Neophytou
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA ; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, UC Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jaime E Hart
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA ; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's and Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Chang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, & Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Garshick
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francine Laden
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA ; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's and Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Lu SS, Sobus JR, Sallsten G, Albin M, Pleil JD, Gudmundsson A, Madden MC, Strandberg B, Wierzbicka A, Rappaport SM. Are urinary PAHs biomarkers of controlled exposure to diesel exhaust? Biomarkers 2014; 19:332-9. [PMID: 24754404 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.910553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated as possible biomarkers of exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) in two controlled-chamber studies. We report levels of 14 PAHs from 28 subjects in urine that were collected before, immediately after and the morning after exposure. Using linear mixed-effects models, we tested for effects of DE exposure and several covariates (time, age, gender and urinary creatinine) on urinary PAH levels. DE exposures did not significantly alter urinary PAH levels. We conclude that urinary PAHs are not promising biomarkers of short-term exposures to DE in the range of 106-276 µg/m(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixin S Lu
- College of Natural Resources, University of California , Berkeley, CA , USA
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Miller-Schulze JP, Paulsen M, Kameda T, Toriba A, Tang N, Tamura K, Dong L, Zhang X, Hayakawa K, Yost MG, Simpson CD. Evaluation of urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene as biomarkers for exposure to diesel exhaust in taxi drivers of Shenyang, China. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:170-175. [PMID: 22588216 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) is a significant contributor to the toxicity associated with particulate matter (PM). 1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) has been used as a molecular marker for DE, and the urinary metabolites of 1-NP have been proposed as biomarkers for exposure to DE. In this study, several urinary 1-NP metabolites were evaluated for their utility as markers of short-term exposures to DE. The study population was a cohort of 24 taxi drivers from Shenyang, China, who submitted urine samples collected before, after, and the next morning following their workshifts. The urinary metabolites studied were isomers of hydroxy-1-nitropyrene (3-, 6-, 8- OHNPs) and hydroxy-N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (3-,6-, 8-OHNAAPs). Exposure to DE was estimated based on exposure to 1-NP in air samples collected during and after the driver's workshift; 6- and 8-OHNP, and 8-OHNAAP were consistently detected in the drivers' urine. Concentrations of the metabolites in the taxi drivers' urine were greater than metabolite levels previously reported in non-occupationally exposed subjects; however no associations were observed between subject-specific exposures to 1-NP and urinary metabolites measured at the end of the workshift or in the next morning void. Significant autocorrelation was observed in metabolite levels in successive urine samples, from which half-lives for urinary elimination of ~10-12 h were estimated. These observations suggest that, in an occupational setting, urinary 1-NP metabolites may be more suitable as markers of ongoing exposure (timescales of several days) rather than indicators of acute exposure associated with single workshifts.
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Urinary Pharmacokinetics of Queen Garnet Plum Anthocyanins in Healthy Human Subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1093.ch021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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