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Do NT, Kim S, Kwak M, Lee TG, Jo DG, Lee SW, Kim SH. Length difference of multi-walled carbon nanotubes generates differential cytotoxic responses. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1414-1424. [PMID: 33398895 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes have recently been rated as an effective biomaterial owing to their functionalization ability. However, the safety of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has yet to be clearly understood. To investigate how cells differentially react to minor geometric differences, we prepared well-dispersed and stable long and short MWCNTs showing an approximately 100-nm length difference in an in vitro system. Through an optimal combination of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) biosurfactants and ultrasonication, we first confirmed that the MWCNTs were maintained without aggregation throughout the experiments. Internalized MWCNTs in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells were then quantified in a label-free manner using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, followed by an analysis of their localization via two-photon excitation fluorescence. Intracellular MWCNTs were found to primarily localize in mitochondria with abnormal morphologies. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which was found to result from early stages of oxidative stress that consequently lead to cell death, was then proved via decreasing mitochondrial membrane potentials, with short MWCNTs showing significantly greater cytotoxicity than long MWCNTs. Our results suggest that even small length differences of MWCNTs may lead to differential responses in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhuan Thi Do
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Physics, Univsersity of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Suho Kim
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea.,School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Minjeong Kwak
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Physics, Univsersity of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Se-Hwa Kim
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Physics, Univsersity of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Shen Z, Wu J, Yu Y, Liu S, Jiang W, Nurmamat H, Wu B. Comparison of cytotoxicity and membrane efflux pump inhibition in HepG2 cells induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes with different length and functional groups. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7557. [PMID: 31101842 PMCID: PMC6525162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental risk of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is receiving increasing attentions owing to their wide study and application. However, little is known on the influence of length and functional groups on SWCNT cytotoxicity. In this study, six types of SWCNTs with different functional groups (pristine, carboxyl group and hydroxyl group) and lengths (1-3 μm and 5-30 μm) were chosen. Cytotoxicities in human hepatoma HepG2 cells induced by these SWCNTs were compared based on cell viability, oxidative stress, plasma membrane fluidity and ABC transporter activity assays. Results showed that all the SWCNTs decreased cell viability of HepG2, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and damaged plasma membrane in a concentration-dependent manner. Long SWCNTs had stronger cytotoxic effects than short SWCNTs, which might be due to weaker aggregation for the long SWCNTs. Functionalization changed the toxic effects of the SWCNTs, and different influence was found between long SWCNTs and short SWCNTs. Moreover, the six types of SWCNTs at low concentrations changed plasma membrane fluidity, inhibited transmembrane ABC transporter (efflux pump) activity, and acted as chemosensitizer to improve the sensitivity of cells to arsenic, indicating the chemosensitive effect should be considered as toxic endpoint of SWCNTs. Comparison of different toxic endpoints among the six types of SWCNTs showed that short hydroxyl-SWCNT might be safer than other SWCNTs. This study provides insights into toxicities of SWCNTs, which is of great value for the risk assessment and application of SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jialu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Su Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Habiba Nurmamat
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China.
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Boonruksa P, Bello D, Zhang J, Isaacs JA, Mead JL, Woskie SR. Exposures to nanoparticles and fibers during injection molding and recycling of carbon nanotube reinforced polycarbonate composites. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:379-390. [PMID: 27189256 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the characteristics of airborne particles generated during injection molding and grinding processes of carbon nanotube reinforced polycarbonate composites (CNT-PC) were investigated. Particle number concentration, size distribution, and morphology of particles emitted from the processes were determined using real-time particle sizers and transmission electron microscopy. The air samples near the operator's breathing zone were collected on filters and analyzed using scanning electron microscope for particle morphology and respirable fiber count. Processing and grinding during recycling of CNT-PC released airborne nanoparticles (NPs) with a geometric mean (GM) particle concentration from 4.7 × 103 to 1.7 × 106 particles/cm3. The ratios of the GM particle concentration measured during the injection molding process with exhaust ventilation relative to background were up to 1.3 (loading), 1.9 (melting), and 1.4 (molding), and 101.4 for grinding process without exhaust ventilation, suggesting substantial NP exposures during these processes. The estimated mass concentration was in the range of 1.6-95.2 μg/m3. Diverse particle morphologies, including NPs, NP agglomerates, particles with embedded or protruding CNTs and fibers, were observed. No free CNTs were found during any of the investigated processes. The breathing zone respirable fiber concentration during the grinding process ranged from non-detectable to 0.13 fiber/cm3. No evidence was found that the emissions were affected by the number of recycling cycles. Institution of exposure controls is recommended during these processes to limit exposures to airborne NPs and CNT-containing fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongsit Boonruksa
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Occupational Health and Safety, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinde Zhang
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Isaacs
- Department of Mechanical &Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joey L Mead
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan R Woskie
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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Costa PM, Bourgognon M, Wang JTW, Al-Jamal KT. Functionalised carbon nanotubes: From intracellular uptake and cell-related toxicity to systemic brain delivery. J Control Release 2016; 241:200-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Vietti G, Lison D, van den Brule S. Mechanisms of lung fibrosis induced by carbon nanotubes: towards an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP). Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:11. [PMID: 26926090 PMCID: PMC4772332 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several experimental studies have shown that carbon nanotubes (CNT) can induce respiratory effects, including lung fibrosis. The cellular and molecular events through which these effects develop are, however, not clearly elucidated. The purpose of the present review was to analyze the key events involved in the lung fibrotic reaction induced by CNT and to assess their relationships. We thus address current knowledge and gaps with a view to draft an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concerning the fibrotic potential of CNT. As for many inhaled particles, CNT can indirectly activate fibroblasts through the release of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β) and pro-fibrotic (PDGF and TGF-β) mediators by inflammatory cells (macrophages and epithelial cells) via the induction of oxidative stress, inflammasome or NF-kB. We also highlight here direct effects of CNT on fibroblasts, which appear as a new mode of toxicity relatively specific for CNT. Direct effects of CNT on fibroblasts include the induction of fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and collagen production via ERK 1/2 or Smad signaling. We also point out the physico-chemical properties of CNT important for their toxicity and the relationship between in vitro and in vivo effects. This knowledge provides evidence to draft an AOP for the fibrogenic activity of CNT, which allows developing simple in vitro models contributing to predict the CNT effects in lung fibrosis, and risk assessment tools for regulatory decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vietti
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 52 - bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 52 - bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sybille van den Brule
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 52 - bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Flaherty NL, Chandrasekaran A, Peña MDPS, Roth GA, Brenner SA, Begley TJ, Melendez JA. Comparative analysis of redox and inflammatory properties of pristine nanomaterials and commonly used semiconductor manufacturing nano-abrasives. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:205-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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