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Kang J, Huang G, Ma L, Tong Y, Shahapal A, Chen P, Shen J. Cell-autonomous role of leucine-rich repeat kinase in the protection of dopaminergic neuron survival. eLife 2024; 12:RP92673. [PMID: 38856715 PMCID: PMC11164531 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether LRRK2 mutations cause PD and degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons via a toxic gain-of-function or a loss-of-function mechanism is unresolved and has pivotal implications for LRRK2-based PD therapies. In this study, we investigate whether Lrrk2 and its functional homolog Lrrk1 play a cell-intrinsic role in DA neuron survival through the development of DA neuron-specific Lrrk conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice. Unlike Lrrk germline DKO mice, DA neuron-restricted Lrrk cDKO mice exhibit normal mortality but develop age-dependent loss of DA neurons, as shown by the progressive reduction of DA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) at the ages of 20 and 24 months. Moreover, DA neurodegeneration is accompanied with increases in apoptosis and elevated microgliosis in the SNpc as well as decreases in DA terminals in the striatum, and is preceded by impaired motor coordination. Taken together, these findings provide the unequivocal evidence for the cell-intrinsic requirement of LRRK in DA neurons and raise the possibility that LRRK2 mutations may impair its protection of DA neurons, leading to DA neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkyun Kang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Guodong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Youren Tong
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Anu Shahapal
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Phoenix Chen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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Kang J, Huang G, Ma L, Tong Y, Shahapal A, Chen P, Shen J. Cell autonomous role of leucine-rich repeat kinase in protection of dopaminergic neuron survival. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.06.561293. [PMID: 37873418 PMCID: PMC10592668 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is the leading neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). However, whether LRRK2 mutations cause PD and degeneration of DA neurons via a toxic gain-of-function or a loss-of-function mechanism is unresolved and has pivotal implications for LRRK2-based PD therapies. In this study, we investigate whether LRRK2 and its functional homologue LRRK1 play an essential, intrinsic role in DA neuron survival through the development of DA neuron-specific LRRK conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice. We first generated and characterized floxed LRRK1 and LRRK2 mice and then confirmed that germline deletions of the floxed LRRK1 and LRRK2 alleles result in null mutations, as evidenced by the absence of LRRK1 and LRRK2 mRNA and protein in the respective homozygous deleted mutant mice. We further examined the specificity of Cre-mediated recombination driven by the dopamine transporter-Cre (DAT-Cre) knockin (KI) allele using a GFP reporter line and confirmed that DAT-Cre-mediated recombination is restricted to DA neurons in the SNpc. Crossing these validated floxed LRRK1 and LRRK2 mice with DAT-Cre KI mice, we then generated DA neuron-restricted LRRK cDKO mice and further showed that levels of LRRK1 and LRRK2 are reduced in dissected ventral midbrains of LRRK cDKO mice. While DA neuron-restricted LRRK cDKO mice of both sexes exhibit normal mortality and body weight, they develop age-dependent loss of DA neurons in the SNpc, as demonstrated by the progressive reduction of DA neurons in the SNpc of LRRK cDKO mice at the ages of 20 and 24 months but the unaffected number of DA neurons at the age of 15 months. Moreover, DA neurodegeneration is accompanied with increases of apoptosis and elevated microgliosis in the SNpc as well as decreases of DA terminals in the striatum, and is preceded by impaired motor coordination. Taken together, these findings provide the unequivocal evidence for the importance of LRRK in DA neurons and raise the possibility that LRRK2 mutations may impair its protection of DA neurons, leading to DA neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkyun Kang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Guodong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Youren Tong
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Anu Shahapal
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Phoenix Chen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
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Pieridou C, Sabir A, Lancashire J, Liang Y, McMillan K, Shaw N, Uday S. Case Report: Osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia with optic nerve involvement and progressive osteonecrosis of the jaw due to a novel LRRK1 mutation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1258340. [PMID: 37920250 PMCID: PMC10619726 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1258340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia (OSMD, OMIM 615198) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive osteopetrosis disorder resulting in a distinctive pattern of osteosclerosis of the metaphyseal margins of long tubular bones. To date, only thirteen cases have been reported (eight molecularly confirmed). Five homozygous sequence variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 1 (LRRK1) gene have been identified to cause OSMD. We present two male siblings with OSMD with a novel LRRK1 variant. Cases The index case, now aged 6 years, was referred aged 9 months when diffuse sclerosis of the ribs and vertebral bodies, suggestive of osteopetrosis, was incidentally identified on a chest radiograph for suspected lower respiratory tract infection. Parents were consanguineous and of Pakistani origin. Further evaluation revealed developmental delay, nystagmus with bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia and severe visual impairment. Skeletal survey confirmed typical changes of OSMD, with widespread diffuse sclerosis and Erlenmeyer flask deformity of long bones. His older sibling, now aged 12 years, was 7 years at the time of referral and had similar clinical course and skeletal findings. Additionally, he had a chronic progressive osteonecrosis of the left mandible that required debridement, debulking and long-term antibiotics. Skeletal survey revealed findings similar to his sibling. Neither sibling had significant skeletal fractures or seizures. Unlike most previous reports suggesting sparing of the skull and lack of visual impairment, our patients had evidence of osteosclerosis of the cranium. Genetic screening for the common autosomal recessive and dominant pathogenic variants of osteopetrosis was negative. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) followed by Sanger sequencing, identified a novel homozygous LRRK1 c.2506C>T p. (Gln836Ter) nonsense variant predicted to result in premature truncation of LRRK1 transcript. Conclusion Our cases confirm the autosomal recessive inheritance and expand the spectrum of genotype and phenotype of OSMD reported in the literature. Increasing reports of LRRK1 variants in this phenotype raise the question of whether LRRK1 should be included in targeted osteopetrosis panels. Bone histology in previous cases has shown this to be an osteoclast rich form of osteopetrosis raising the possibility that haematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be an appropriate treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chariklia Pieridou
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ataf Sabir
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Lancashire
- Department of Hematology, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yifan Liang
- Department of Paediatric Palliative Medicine, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s and Community Healthcare Trusts, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin McMillan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Shaw
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Suma Uday
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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van Velsen EF, Demirdas S, Hanff D, Zillikens MC. Osteosclerotic Metaphyseal Dysplasia Due to a Likely Pathogenic LRRK1 Variant as a Cause of Recurrent Long Bone Fractures. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10755. [PMID: 37614307 PMCID: PMC10443074 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia (OSMD) is a very rare autosomal-recessive disease caused by mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 1 (LRRK1) gene. It is a sclerosing skeletal dysplasia characterized by osteosclerosis of the long bones, predominantly at the metaphyses and vertebrae. Phenotypic features can be short stature, pathological fractures, delayed development, and hypotonia, but they are not uniformly present, and relatively few cases are known from the literature. A 40-year-old man was seen at our bone center because of nonspontaneous multiple peripheral low-energy trauma fractures since puberty. He had no other complaints and his family history was negative. Except for a relatively short stature (167 cm; -1.5 SD), there were no abnormalities on examination, including laboratory tests. Initially, a suspicion was raised of osteogenesis imperfecta, but bone mineral density was high and X-rays of the whole skeleton showed osteosclerosis of the metaphyses of long bones and vertebrae. Whole-exome sequencing showed a homozygous, likely pathogenic, variant (American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics criteria class 4) in the LRRK1 gene, fitting the diagnosis of OSMD. In conclusion, we described a 40-year-old patient with osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia caused by a homozygous variant in the LRRK1 gene, resulting in multiple fractures of the long bones without other features of the disease, adding to the phenotypic variation of OSMD. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert F.S. van Velsen
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Bone CenterErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Serwet Demirdas
- Erasmus MC Bone CenterErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - David Hanff
- Erasmus MC Bone CenterErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Bone CenterErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
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5
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Turan S. Osteopetrosis: Gene-based nosology and significance Dysosteosclerosis. Bone 2023; 167:116615. [PMID: 36402365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysosteosclerosis (DSS) refers to skeletal dysplasias that radiographically feature focal appendicular osteosclerosis with variable platyspondyly. Genetic heterogeneity is increasingly reported for the DSS phenotype and now involves mutations of SLC29A3, TNFRSF11A, TCIRG1, LRRK1, and CSF1R. Typical radiological findings are widened radiolucent long bones with thin cortices yet dense irregular metaphyses, flattened vertebral bodies, dense ribs, and multiple fractures. However, the radiographic features of DSS evolve, and the metaphyseal and/or appendicular osteosclerosis variably fades with increasing patient age, likely due to some residual osteoclast function. Fractures are the principal presentation of DSS, and may even occur in infancy with SLC29A3-associated DSS. Cranial base sclerosis can lead to cranial nerve palsies such as optic atrophy, and may be the initial presentation, though not observed with SLC29A3-associated DSS. Gene-specific extra-skeletal features can be the main complication in some forms of DSS such as CSF1R- associated DSS. Further genetic heterogeneity is likely, especially for X-linked recessive DSS and cases currently with an unknown genetic defect. Distinguishing DSS can be challenging due to variable clinical and radiological features and an evolving phenotype. However, defining the DSS phenotype is important for predicting complications, prognosis, and instituting appropriate health surveillance and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Turan
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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6
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Snead DM, Matyszewski M, Dickey AM, Lin YX, Leschziner AE, Reck-Peterson SL. Structural basis for Parkinson's disease-linked LRRK2's binding to microtubules. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:1196-1207. [PMID: 36510024 PMCID: PMC9758056 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is one of the most commonly mutated genes in familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Under some circumstances, LRRK2 co-localizes with microtubules in cells, an association enhanced by PD mutations. We report a cryo-EM structure of the catalytic half of LRRK2, containing its kinase, in a closed conformation, and GTPase domains, bound to microtubules. We also report a structure of the catalytic half of LRRK1, which is closely related to LRRK2 but is not linked to PD. Although LRRK1's structure is similar to that of LRRK2, we find that LRRK1 does not interact with microtubules. Guided by these structures, we identify amino acids in LRRK2's GTPase that mediate microtubule binding; mutating them disrupts microtubule binding in vitro and in cells, without affecting LRRK2's kinase activity. Our results have implications for the design of therapeutic LRRK2 kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Snead
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mariusz Matyszewski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, MD, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrea M Dickey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, MD, USA
| | - Yu Xuan Lin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, MD, USA
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, MD, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, MD, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, MD, USA.
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7
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Malik AU, Karapetsas A, Nirujogi RS, Chatterjee D, Phung TK, Wightman M, Gourlay R, Morrice N, Mathea S, Knapp S, Alessi DR. PKC isoforms activate LRRK1 kinase by phosphorylating conserved residues (Ser1064, Ser1074 and Thr1075) within the CORB GTPase domain. Biochem J 2022; 479:1941-1965. [PMID: 36040231 PMCID: PMC9555798 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich-repeat-kinase 1 (LRRK1) and its homolog LRRK2 are multidomain kinases possessing a ROC-CORA-CORB containing GTPase domain and phosphorylate distinct Rab proteins. LRRK1 loss of function mutations cause the bone disorder osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia, whereas LRRK2 missense mutations that enhance kinase activity cause Parkinson's disease. Previous work suggested that LRRK1 but not LRRK2, is activated via a Protein Kinase C (PKC)-dependent mechanism. Here we demonstrate that phosphorylation and activation of LRRK1 in HEK293 cells is blocked by PKC inhibitors including LXS-196 (Darovasertib), a compound that has entered clinical trials. We show multiple PKC isoforms phosphorylate and activate recombinant LRRK1 in a manner reversed by phosphatase treatment. PKCα unexpectedly does not activate LRRK1 by phosphorylating the kinase domain, but instead phosphorylates a cluster of conserved residues (Ser1064, Ser1074 and Thr1075) located within a region of the CORB domain of the GTPase domain. These residues are positioned at the equivalent region of the LRRK2 DK helix reported to stabilize the kinase domain αC-helix in the active conformation. Thr1075 represents an optimal PKC site phosphorylation motif and its mutation to Ala, blocked PKC-mediated activation of LRRK1. A triple Glu mutation of Ser1064/Ser1074/Thr1075 to mimic phosphorylation, enhanced LRRK1 kinase activity ∼3-fold. From analysis of available structures, we postulate that phosphorylation of Ser1064, Ser1074 and Thr1075 activates LRRK1 by promoting interaction and stabilization of the αC-helix on the kinase domain. This study provides new fundamental insights into the mechanism controlling LRRK1 activity and reveals a novel unexpected activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad U Malik
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
| | - Athanasios Karapetsas
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Raja S Nirujogi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
| | - Deep Chatterjee
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Toan K Phung
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
| | - Melanie Wightman
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Robert Gourlay
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Nick Morrice
- AB Sciex, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Sebastian Mathea
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dario R Alessi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A
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8
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Turan S, Mumm S, Alavanda C, Kaygusuz BS, Gurpinar Tosun B, Arman A, Huskey M, Guran T, Duan S, Bereket A, Whyte MP. Dysosteosclerosis: Clinical and Radiological Evolution Reflecting Genetic Heterogeneity. JBMR Plus 2022; 6:e10663. [PMID: 35991533 PMCID: PMC9382861 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Serap Turan
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - Steven Mumm
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis Missouri USA
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research Shriners Hospitals for Children – St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Ceren Alavanda
- Medical Genetics Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - Betul Sare Kaygusuz
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - Busra Gurpinar Tosun
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ahmet Arman
- Medical Genetics Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - Margaret Huskey
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis Missouri USA
| | - Tulay Guran
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - Shenghui Duan
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis Missouri USA
| | - Abdullah Bereket
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
| | - Michael P. Whyte
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis Missouri USA
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research Shriners Hospitals for Children – St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
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9
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Chundoo S, McGoldrick DM, Williams R, McMillan K. Osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia, dysosteosclerosis or osteomyelitis? Paediatric case presentation with associated mandibular swelling and a review of the literature. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e246789. [PMID: 35550322 PMCID: PMC9109017 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia (OMD) is an extremely rare form of osteopetrosis, which bears significant clinical similarities to dysosteosclerosis (DSS). We aim to present a rare case of OMD with mandibular swelling and osteomyelitis infection including diagnosis journey as well as management in 7-year-old patient. Literature review completed for OMD cases. Case report investigative methods include genetic testing, CT facial bones and MRI scan, orthopantogram and bone biopsies. An initial suspected diagnosis of DSS with chronic osteomyelitis was made. However, following genetic testing, a diagnosis of OMD was confirmed. Our patient underwent a surgical debulking procedure and antibiotic treatment. Less than 10 patients with this condition have been reported within the international literature. There is a wide range of presentation. OMD, DSS and osteomyelitis are all within a similar spectrum of bone conditions. Our understanding, regarding OMD, remains limited and, hence, further research is required to elucidate a thorough clinical picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Chundoo
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - David M McGoldrick
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rhodri Williams
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kevin McMillan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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10
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Chorin O, Chowers G, Agbariah R, Karklinsky S, Barel O, Bar-Joseph I, Reznik-Wolf H, Shamash J, Pode-Shakked B, Jacobson JM, Huna-Baron R, Redler Y, Tirosh I, Vivante A, Raas-Rothschild A. Broadening the phenotype of LRRK1 mutations - Features of malignant osteopetrosis and optic nerve atrophy with intrafamilial variable expressivity. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 65:104383. [PMID: 34798323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia is a rare disorder which features osteosclerosis involving long bones, vertebrae, ribs, clavicles and the iliac crests. Additional features which have variably been reported include developmental delay, short stature, hypotonia and seizures. The disease is caused by pathogenic variants in the LRRK1 gene, and inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. We report three siblings (ages 14 years, 11.5 years and 0.9 years), born to consanguineous parents of Arab-Muslim descent, harboring a homozygous pathogenic variant in the LRRK1 gene (Chr15:101068759 AGGGGCT>A, c.5965_5970del TGGGGC, p.Trp1989Gly1990del). The patients displayed variable degrees of skeletal dysplasia, with the oldest sibling most severely affected, and the youngest infant with minor skeletal involvement. Two of the siblings exhibited normal neurological development, while the youngest sibling exhibited global developmental delay. None of the siblings had seizures; however, two of them exhibited nystagmus. Optic nerve involvement has not previously been reported to be part of the clinical spectrum of this disease. The degree of optic nerve involvement did not correlate with the degree of skeletal involvement. This indicates both intra-familial variable expressivity along with a broadening of the spectrum of LRRK1-associated disease. These findings warrant reconsideration of therapeutic strategies, including the possibility of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) as is performed in cases of malignant and intermediate forms of osteopetrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelia Chorin
- Institute of Rare Diseases, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Guy Chowers
- Department of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Rawan Agbariah
- Department of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shani Karklinsky
- Department of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ortal Barel
- The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; The Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ifat Bar-Joseph
- The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; The Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Haike Reznik-Wolf
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jana Shamash
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ben Pode-Shakked
- Institute of Rare Diseases, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Department of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeffrey M Jacobson
- Pediatric Imaging Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ruth Huna-Baron
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yael Redler
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Irit Tirosh
- Department of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Asaf Vivante
- Department of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Annick Raas-Rothschild
- Institute of Rare Diseases, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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11
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Magalhães BM, Catarino L, Carreiro I, Gomes RAMP, Gaspar RR, Matos VMJ, Santos AL. Differential diagnosis of a diffuse sclerosis in an identified male skull (early 20th century Coimbra, Portugal): A multimethodological approach for the identification of osteosclerotic dysplasias in skeletonized individuals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 34:134-141. [PMID: 34243133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aims to discuss the difficulties in diagnosing osteosclerotic changes in skeletonized individuals and to raise awareness of osteosclerotic dysplasias as a group of rare ancient diseases. MATERIALS The skull of a 62-year-old male individual from the International Exchange Skull Collection, curated by the University of Coimbra, who died in 1928 presenting albuminous nephritis (Bright disease)/uraemia as the registered cause of death. METHODS The skull was macroscopically and radiologically examined and bone elemental analysis was investigated. The genealogy and medical records of the individual were also searched. RESULTS The lesions are in accordance with an osteosclerotic process possibly pointing to osteosclerosis, osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia, or dysosteosclerosis, but osteoclasia with hyperphosphatasia, endosteal hyperostosis, sclerosteosis, or osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis cannot be ruled out. CONCLUSIONS Representativeness of the skeleton is a crucial feature in diagnosing rare diseases and, to avoid a misdiagnosis, the final diagnosis should include a group of diseases rather than a definite disease. SIGNIFICANCE Difficulties in diagnosing rare diseases are discussed and best approaches in the study osteosclerotic dysplasias in skeletonized individuals are offered in the light of current clinical knowledge. LIMITATIONS The absence of the postcranial skeleton and of pathognomonic lesions associated with osteosclerotic dysplasias limits diagnosis. Although rare diseases often have a genetic basis, specific genetic testing for the diagnosis of rare diseases in paleopathological cases are not yet available. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Future genetic studies might help narrow down the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Magalhães
- University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal.
| | - Lidia Catarino
- University of Coimbra, Geosciences Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, Portugal
| | - Inês Carreiro
- Medical Imaging Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A M P Gomes
- University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Rosa Ramos Gaspar
- University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal; Medical Imaging Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vitor M J Matos
- University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Ana Luisa Santos
- University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
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12
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Shao HY, Wang HL, Wu H, Liu XY, Miao ZY. Clinical, cytogenetic and molecular analyses of a rare case with ring chromosome 15 and review of the literature. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 59:980-984. [PMID: 33218427 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ring chromosome 15 [r (15)], accompanied by a series of clinical symptoms, is a rare genetic disease. The genotype and phenotypic diversity of patients with r (15) still needed further enrichment. In this study we present a rare case of mosaic ring chromosome 15 with facial anomalies and extremities slenderness. CASE REPORT This case involves a 30-year-old woman, unpregnancy within 6 years. Clinical examination of the patient only revealed facial anomalies and extremities slenderness. The result of routine G-band karyotyping was 46,XX,r(15)(p12q26.3)[53]/46,XX,r(15;15)(p11.2q26.3;p11.2q11.2)[28]/45,XX, -15[10]/46,XX,r(15;15)(p11q26.3;p11q26.3)[4]. SNP array was employed to investigate the genome copy number variations (CNVs). The result revealed that there was a micro-duplication of 2.0 Mb at 15q26.3(arr[ph19]15q26.3 (100,400,214- 102,429,112)×3). The duplicated chromosomal section encompassed genes including CHSY1, ALDHIA3, LRRK1, and INS1. We further compared to the cytogenetic characteristics and clinical symptoms of the patient with those already reported by reviewing the literature. CONCLUSION This report is especially helpful to supplement the phenotypic diversity of patients with r (15).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yuan Shao
- Medical Laboratory Center, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Ling Wang
- Medical Laboratory Center, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Medical Laboratory Center, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Medical Laboratory Center, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Zong-Yu Miao
- Medical Laboratory Center, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Shandong, China.
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13
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Malik AU, Karapetsas A, Nirujogi RS, Mathea S, Chatterjee D, Pal P, Lis P, Taylor M, Purlyte E, Gourlay R, Dorward M, Weidlich S, Toth R, Polinski NK, Knapp S, Tonelli F, Alessi DR. Deciphering the LRRK code: LRRK1 and LRRK2 phosphorylate distinct Rab proteins and are regulated by diverse mechanisms. Biochem J 2021; 478:553-578. [PMID: 33459343 PMCID: PMC7886321 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in LRRK2 that enhance kinase activity cause Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases including Rab8A and Rab10 within its effector binding motif. Here, we explore whether LRRK1, a less studied homolog of LRRK2 that regulates growth factor receptor trafficking and osteoclast biology might also phosphorylate Rab proteins. Using mass spectrometry, we found that in LRRK1 knock-out cells, phosphorylation of Rab7A at Ser72 was most impacted. This residue lies at the equivalent site targeted by LRRK2 on Rab8A and Rab10. Accordingly, recombinant LRRK1 efficiently phosphorylated Rab7A at Ser72, but not Rab8A or Rab10. Employing a novel phospho-specific antibody, we found that phorbol ester stimulation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts markedly enhanced phosphorylation of Rab7A at Ser72 via LRRK1. We identify two LRRK1 mutations (K746G and I1412T), equivalent to the LRRK2 R1441G and I2020T Parkinson's mutations, that enhance LRRK1 mediated phosphorylation of Rab7A. We demonstrate that two regulators of LRRK2 namely Rab29 and VPS35[D620N], do not influence LRRK1. Widely used LRRK2 inhibitors do not inhibit LRRK1, but we identify a promiscuous inhibitor termed GZD-824 that inhibits both LRRK1 and LRRK2. The PPM1H Rab phosphatase when overexpressed dephosphorylates Rab7A. Finally, the interaction of Rab7A with its effector RILP is not affected by LRRK1 phosphorylation and we observe that maximal stimulation of the TBK1 or PINK1 pathway does not elevate Rab7A phosphorylation. Altogether, these findings reinforce the idea that the LRRK enzymes have evolved as major regulators of Rab biology with distinct substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad U. Malik
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Athanasios Karapetsas
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Raja S. Nirujogi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Sebastian Mathea
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Deep Chatterjee
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Prosenjit Pal
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Pawel Lis
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Matthew Taylor
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Elena Purlyte
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Robert Gourlay
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Mark Dorward
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Simone Weidlich
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Rachel Toth
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Nicole K. Polinski
- Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, PO Box 4777, New York, NY 10163, U.S.A
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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14
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Allosteric modulation of the GTPase activity of a bacterial LRRK2 homolog by conformation-specific Nanobodies. Biochem J 2020; 477:1203-1218. [PMID: 32167135 PMCID: PMC7135905 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated protein leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) commonly lead to a reduction of GTPase activity and increase in kinase activity. Therefore, strategies for drug development have mainly been focusing on the design of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. We recently showed that the central RocCOR domains (Roc: Ras of complex proteins; COR: C-terminal of Roc) of a bacterial LRRK2 homolog cycle between a dimeric and monomeric form concomitant with GTP binding and hydrolysis. PD-associated mutations can slow down GTP hydrolysis by stabilizing the protein in its dimeric form. Here, we report the identification of two Nanobodies (NbRoco1 and NbRoco2) that bind the bacterial Roco protein (CtRoco) in a conformation-specific way, with a preference for the GTP-bound state. NbRoco1 considerably increases the GTP turnover rate of CtRoco and reverts the decrease in GTPase activity caused by a PD-analogous mutation. We show that NbRoco1 exerts its effect by allosterically interfering with the CtRoco dimer–monomer cycle through the destabilization of the dimeric form. Hence, we provide the first proof of principle that allosteric modulation of the RocCOR dimer–monomer cycle can alter its GTPase activity, which might present a potential novel strategy to overcome the effect of LRRK2 PD mutations.
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15
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Al-Mubarak BR, Omar A, Baz B, Al-Abdulaziz B, Magrashi AI, Al-Yemni E, Jabaan A, Monies D, Abouelhoda M, Abebe D, Ghaziuddin M, Al-Tassan NA. Whole exome sequencing in ADHD trios from single and multi-incident families implicates new candidate genes and highlights polygenic transmission. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:1098-1110. [PMID: 32238911 PMCID: PMC7382449 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of genetic alterations occurring at numerous loci have been described in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the role of rare single nucleotide variants (SNVs) remains under investigated. Here, we sought to identify rare SNVs with predicted deleterious effect that may contribute to ADHD risk. We chose to study ADHD families (including multi-incident) from a population with a high rate of consanguinity in which genetic risk factors tend to accumulate and therefore increasing the chance of detecting risk alleles. We employed whole exome sequencing (WES) to interrogate the entire coding region of 16 trios with ADHD. We also performed enrichment analysis on our final list of genes to identify the overrepresented biological processes. A total of 32 rare variants with predicted damaging effect were identified in 31 genes. At least two variants were detected per proband, most of which were not exclusive to the affected individuals. In addition, the majority of our candidate genes have not been previously described in ADHD including five genes (NEK4, NLE1, PSRC1, PTP4A3, and TMEM183A) that were not previously described in any human condition. Moreover, enrichment analysis highlighted brain-relevant biological themes such as "Glutamatergic synapse", "Cytoskeleton organization", and "Ca2+ pathway". In conclusion, our findings are in keeping with prior studies demonstrating the highly challenging genetic architecture of ADHD involving low penetrance, variable expressivity and locus heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashayer R Al-Mubarak
- Behavioral Genetics unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
- Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Aisha Omar
- Behavioral Genetics unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batoul Baz
- Behavioral Genetics unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma Al-Abdulaziz
- Behavioral Genetics unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
- National center for genomics technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amna I Magrashi
- Behavioral Genetics unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Al-Yemni
- Behavioral Genetics unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Jabaan
- Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dorota Monies
- Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abouelhoda
- Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Systems and Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dejene Abebe
- Psychiatry Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nada A Al-Tassan
- Behavioral Genetics unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
- Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Howaldt A, Hennig AF, Rolvien T, Rössler U, Stelzer N, Knaus A, Böttger S, Zustin J, Geißler S, Oheim R, Amling M, Howaldt HP, Kornak U. Adult Osteosclerotic Metaphyseal Dysplasia With Progressive Osteonecrosis of the Jaws and Abnormal Bone Resorption Pattern Due to a LRRK1 Splice Site Mutation. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1322-1332. [PMID: 32119750 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia (OSMD) is a rare autosomal recessive sclerosing skeletal dysplasia. We report on a 34-year-old patient with sandwich vertebrae, platyspondyly, osteosclerosis of the tubular bones, pathologic fractures, and anemia. In the third decade, he developed osteonecrosis of the jaws, which was progressive in spite of repeated surgical treatment over a period of 11 years. An iliac crest bone biopsy revealed the presence of hypermineralized cartilage remnants, large multinucleated osteoclasts with abnormal morphology, and inadequate bone resorption typical for osteoclast-rich osteopetrosis. After exclusion of mutations in TCIRG1 and CLCN7 we performed trio-based exome sequencing. The novel homozygous splice-site mutation c.261G>A in the gene LRRK1 was found and co-segregated with the phenotype in the family. cDNA sequencing showed nearly complete skipping of exon 3 leading to a frameshift (p.Ala34Profs*33). Osteoclasts differentiated from the patient's peripheral blood monocytes were extremely large. Instead of resorption pits these cells were only capable of superficial erosion. Phosphorylation of L-plastin at position Ser5 was strongly reduced in patient-derived osteoclasts showing a loss of function of the mutated LRRK1 kinase protein. Our analysis indicates a strong overlap of LRRK1-related OSMD with other forms of intermediate osteopetrosis, but an exceptional abnormality of osteoclast resorption. Like in other osteoclast pathologies an increased risk for progressive osteonecrosis of the jaws should be considered in OSMD, an intermediate form of osteopetrosis. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Howaldt
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Floriane Hennig
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Rolvien
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uta Rössler
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Stelzer
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexej Knaus
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Böttger
- Department for Maxillo Facial Surgery, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jozef Zustin
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Geißler
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Oheim
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Howaldt
- Department for Maxillo Facial Surgery, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Matsuda M, Yamanaka Y, Uemura M, Osawa M, Saito MK, Nagahashi A, Nishio M, Guo L, Ikegawa S, Sakurai S, Kihara S, Maurissen TL, Nakamura M, Matsumoto T, Yoshitomi H, Ikeya M, Kawakami N, Yamamoto T, Woltjen K, Ebisuya M, Toguchida J, Alev C. Recapitulating the human segmentation clock with pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2020; 580:124-129. [PMID: 32238941 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are increasingly used to model different aspects of embryogenesis and organ formation1. Despite recent advances in in vitro induction of major mesodermal lineages and cell types2,3, experimental model systems that can recapitulate more complex features of human mesoderm development and patterning are largely missing. Here we used induced pluripotent stem cells for the stepwise in vitro induction of presomitic mesoderm and its derivatives to model distinct aspects of human somitogenesis. We focused initially on modelling the human segmentation clock, a major biological concept believed to underlie the rhythmic and controlled emergence of somites, which give rise to the segmental pattern of the vertebrate axial skeleton. We observed oscillatory expression of core segmentation clock genes, including HES7 and DKK1, determined the period of the human segmentation clock to be around five hours, and demonstrated the presence of dynamic travelling-wave-like gene expression in in vitro-induced human presomitic mesoderm. Furthermore, we identified and compared oscillatory genes in human and mouse presomitic mesoderm derived from pluripotent stem cells, which revealed species-specific and shared molecular components and pathways associated with the putative mouse and human segmentation clocks. Using CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing technology, we then targeted genes for which mutations in patients with segmentation defects of the vertebrae, such as spondylocostal dysostosis, have been reported (HES7, LFNG, DLL3 and MESP2). Subsequent analysis of patient-like and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells revealed gene-specific alterations in oscillation, synchronization or differentiation properties. Our findings provide insights into the human segmentation clock as well as diseases associated with human axial skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Matsuda
- Laboratory for Reconstitutive Developmental Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), Kobe, Japan.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yoshihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maya Uemura
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsujiro Osawa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumu K Saito
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayako Nagahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumi Nishio
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Long Guo
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN IMS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN IMS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Sakurai
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kihara
- Department of Fundamental Cell Technology, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Thomas L Maurissen
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakamura
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Matsumoto
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kawakami
- Department of Orthopedics and Spine Surgery, Meijo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Knut Woltjen
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Ebisuya
- Laboratory for Reconstitutive Developmental Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), Kobe, Japan. .,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Junya Toguchida
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Cantas Alev
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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18
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Uttarilli A, Shah H, Shukla A, Girisha KM. A review of skeletal dysplasia research in India. J Postgrad Med 2019; 64:98-103. [PMID: 29692401 PMCID: PMC5954821 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_527_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to review the contributions by Indian researchers to the subspecialty of skeletal dysplasias (SDs). Literature search using specific keywords in PubMed was performed to retrieve all the published literature on SDs as on July 6, 2017. All published literature on SDs wherein at least one author was from an Indian institute was included. Publications were grouped into different categories based on the major emphasis of the research paper. Five hundred and forty publications in English language were retrieved and categorized into five different groups. The publications were categorized as reports based on: (i) phenotypes (n = 437), (ii) mutations (n = 51), (iii) novel genes (n = 9), (iv) therapeutic interventions (n = 31), and (v) reviews (n = 12). Most of the publications were single-patient case reports describing the clinical and radiological features of the patients affected with SDs (n = 352). We enlisted all the significant Indian contributions. We have also highlighted the reports in which Indians have contributed to discovery of new genes and phenotypes. This review highlights the substantial Indian contributions to SD research, which is poised to reach even greater heights given the size and structure of our population, technological advances, and expanding national and international collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uttarilli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - H Shah
- Department of Orthopedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - A Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - K M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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19
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Miryounesi M, Nikfar A, Changi‐Ashtiani M, Shahrooei M, Dinmohammadi H, Shahani T, Zarvandi S, Bahrami T, Momenilandi M, Rokni‐Zadeh H. A novel homozygous
LRRK1
stop gain mutation in a patient suspected with osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia. Ann Hum Genet 2019; 84:102-106. [DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miryounesi
- Genomic Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Nikfar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS) Zanjan Iran
| | - Majid Changi‐Ashtiani
- School of Mathematics Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM) Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Specialized Immunology Laboratory of Dr. Shahrooei Ahvaz Iran
| | - Hossein Dinmohammadi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS) Zanjan Iran
| | - Tina Shahani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS) Zanjan Iran
| | - Samira Zarvandi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS) Zanjan Iran
| | - Tahereh Bahrami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS) Zanjan Iran
| | | | - Hassan Rokni‐Zadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS) Zanjan Iran
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20
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Brommage R, Powell DR, Vogel P. Predicting human disease mutations and identifying drug targets from mouse gene knockout phenotyping campaigns. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm038224. [PMID: 31064765 PMCID: PMC6550044 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two large-scale mouse gene knockout phenotyping campaigns have provided extensive data on the functions of thousands of mammalian genes. The ongoing International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC), with the goal of examining all ∼20,000 mouse genes, has examined 5115 genes since 2011, and phenotypic data from several analyses are available on the IMPC website (www.mousephenotype.org). Mutant mice having at least one human genetic disease-associated phenotype are available for 185 IMPC genes. Lexicon Pharmaceuticals' Genome5000™ campaign performed similar analyses between 2000 and the end of 2008 focusing on the druggable genome, including enzymes, receptors, transporters, channels and secreted proteins. Mutants (4654 genes, with 3762 viable adult homozygous lines) with therapeutically interesting phenotypes were studied extensively. Importantly, phenotypes for 29 Lexicon mouse gene knockouts were published prior to observations of similar phenotypes resulting from homologous mutations in human genetic disorders. Knockout mouse phenotypes for an additional 30 genes mimicked previously published human genetic disorders. Several of these models have helped develop effective treatments for human diseases. For example, studying Tph1 knockout mice (lacking peripheral serotonin) aided the development of telotristat ethyl, an approved treatment for carcinoid syndrome. Sglt1 (also known as Slc5a1) and Sglt2 (also known as Slc5a2) knockout mice were employed to develop sotagliflozin, a dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor having success in clinical trials for diabetes. Clinical trials evaluating inhibitors of AAK1 (neuropathic pain) and SGLT1 (diabetes) are underway. The research community can take advantage of these unbiased analyses of gene function in mice, including the minimally studied 'ignorome' genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brommage
- Department of Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | - David R Powell
- Department of Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Pathology, MS 250, Room C5036A, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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21
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Uttarilli A, Shah H, Bhavani GS, Upadhyai P, Shukla A, Girisha KM. Phenotyping and genotyping of skeletal dysplasias: Evolution of a center and a decade of experience in India. Bone 2019; 120:204-211. [PMID: 30408610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic heterogeneity, high burden and the paucity of genetic testing for rare diseases challenge genomic healthcare for these disorders in India. Here we report our experience over the past decade, of establishing the genomic evaluation of skeletal dysplasia at a tertiary university hospital in India. Research or clinical genomic testing was carried out by Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing. Close national and international collaborations aided phenotyping and genotyping. We report 508 families (557 affected individuals) with the definitive molecular diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia. Dysostoses multiplex (n = 196), genetic inflammatory/rheumatoid-like osteoarthropathies (n = 114) and osteogenesis imperfecta and decreased bone density (n = 58) were the most common diagnoses. We enumerate the processes, clinical diagnoses and causal variants in the cohort with 48 novel variants in 21 genes. We summarize scientific contributions of the center to the description of clinical and mutation profiles and discovery of new phenotypes and genetic etiology. Our study illustrates the establishment and application of genomic testing tools for genetic disorders of skeleton in a large cohort. We believe this could be a model to emulate for other developing genetic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Uttarilli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Hitesh Shah
- Pediatric Orthopedics Services, Department of Orthopedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Gandham SriLakshmi Bhavani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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22
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Roco Proteins and the Parkinson's Disease-Associated LRRK2. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124074. [PMID: 30562929 PMCID: PMC6320773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Small G-proteins are structurally-conserved modules that function as molecular on-off switches. They function in many different cellular processes with differential specificity determined by the unique effector-binding surfaces, which undergo conformational changes during the switching action. These switches are typically standalone monomeric modules that form transient heterodimers with specific effector proteins in the 'on' state, and cycle to back to the monomeric conformation in the 'off' state. A new class of small G-proteins called "Roco" was discovered about a decade ago; this class is distinct from the typical G-proteins in several intriguing ways. Their switch module resides within a polypeptide chain of a large multi-domain protein, always adjacent to a unique domain called COR, and its effector kinase often resides within the same polypeptide. As such, the mechanisms of action of the Roco G-proteins are likely to differ from those of the typical G-proteins. Understanding these mechanisms is important because aberrant activity in the human Roco protein LRRK2 is associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. This review provides an update on the current state of our understanding of the Roco G-proteins and the prospects of targeting them for therapeutic purposes.
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23
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Further expansion of the mutational spectrum of spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia with abnormal calcification. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:1003-1007. [PMID: 29884795 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia, short limb-abnormal calcification type, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the skeleton characterized by disproportionate short stature with narrow chest and dysmorphic facial features. The skeletal manifestations include platyspondyly, short flared ribs, short tubular bones with abnormal metaphyses and epiphyses, severe brachydactyly, and premature stippled calcifications in the cartilage. The abnormal calcifications are so distinctive as to point to the definitive diagnosis. However, they may be too subtle to attract diagnostic attention in infancy. Homozygous variants in DDR2 cause this disorder. We report on a 5-year-old girl with the classic phenotype of SMED, SL-AC in whom a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in DDR2 was detected using exome sequencing.
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24
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Dysosteosclerosis is also caused by TNFRSF11A mutation. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:769-774. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Guo L, Elcioglu NH, Wang Z, Demirkol YK, Isguven P, Matsumoto N, Nishimura G, Miyake N, Ikegawa S. Novel and recurrent COL11A1 and COL2A1 mutations in the Marshall-Stickler syndrome spectrum. Hum Genome Var 2017; 4:17040. [PMID: 28983407 PMCID: PMC5628180 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Marshall–Stickler syndrome represents a spectrum of inherited connective tissue disorders affecting the ocular, auditory, and skeletal systems. The syndrome is caused by mutations in the COL2A1, COL11A1, COL11A2, COL9A1, and COL9A2 genes. In this study, we examined four Turkish families with Marshall–Stickler syndrome using whole-exome sequencing and identified one COL2A1 mutation and three COL11A1 mutations. Two of the COL11A1 mutations were novel. Our findings expand our knowledge of the COL11A1 mutational spectrum that causes Marshall–Stickler syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nursel H Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey.,Eastern Mediterranean University Medical School, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Zheng Wang
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yasemin K Demirkol
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Isguven
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sakarya University Medical School, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Imaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Guo L, Elcioglu NH, Mizumoto S, Wang Z, Noyan B, Albayrak HM, Yamada S, Matsumoto N, Miyake N, Nishimura G, Ikegawa S. Identification of biallelic EXTL3 mutations in a novel type of spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:797-801. [PMID: 28331220 PMCID: PMC5537416 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD) is a group of inherited skeletal diseases characterized by the anomalies in spine, epiphyses and metaphyses. SEMD is highly heterogeneous and >20 distinct entities have been identified. Here we describe a novel type of SEMD in two unrelated Turkish patients who presented with severe platyspondyly, kyphoscoliosis, pelvic distortion, constriction of the proximal femora and brachydactyly. Although these phenotypes overlap considerably with some known SEMDs, they had a novel causal gene, exostosin-like glycosyltransferase 3 (EXTL3), that encodes a glycosyltransferase involved in the synthesis of heparin and heparan sulfate. The EXTL3 mutation identified in the patients was a homozygous missense mutation (c.953C>T) that caused a substitution in a highly conserved amino acid (p.P318L). The enzyme activity of the mutant EXTL3 protein was significantly decreased compared to the wild-type protein. Both patients had spinal cord compression at the cranio-vertebral junction and multiple liver cysts since early infancy. One of the patients showed severe immunodeficiency, which is considered non-fortuitous association. Our findings would help define a novel type of SEMD caused by EXTL3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nursel H Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey.,Eastern Mediterranean University Medical School, Cyprus, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zheng Wang
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bilge Noyan
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice M Albayrak
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Ondokuz Mayis University Medical School, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Imaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Wang Z, Horemuzova E, Iida A, Guo L, Liu Y, Matsumoto N, Nishimura G, Nordgren A, Miyake N, Tham E, Grigelioniene G, Ikegawa S. Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia is also caused by NEK1 mutations. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:503-506. [PMID: 28123176 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (axial SMD) is a unique form of SMD characterized by dysplasia of axial skeleton and retinal dystrophy. Recently, C21orf2 has been identified as the first disease gene for axial SMD; however, the presence of genetic heterogeneity is known. In this study, we identified NEK1 as the second disease gene for axial SMD. By whole-exome sequencing in a patient with axial SMD, we identified compound heterozygous mutations of NEK1, c.3107C>G (p.S1036*) and c.3830A>C (p.D1277A), which co-segregated in the family. NEK1 mutations have previously been found in three types of short rib thoracic dystrophy, which have no retinal dystrophy. The skeletal phenotype of our patient was milder than those of previously reported cases with NEK1 mutations and those with axial SMD harboring C21orf2 mutations. Phenotypes associated with NEK1 mutations are variable and the phenotype-genotype corelation in skeletal ciliopathies is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Eva Horemuzova
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aritoshi Iida
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Long Guo
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Department of Ophthalmology, The South Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Department of Pediatric Imaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Emma Tham
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giedre Grigelioniene
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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