1
|
Kim JH, Thiruvengadam R. Hypertension in an ageing population: Diagnosis, mechanisms, collateral health risks, treatments, and clinical challenges. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102344. [PMID: 38768716 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Ageing population is considerably increasing worldwide, which is considered to reflect an improved quality of life. However, longevity in the human lifespan has increased the burden of late-life illnesses including cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular dysfunction. Of these, hypertension is the most common condition with huge health risks, with an increased prevalence among the elderly. In this review, we outline the current guidelines for defining hypertension and examine the detailed mechanisms underlying the relationship between hypertension and ageing-related outcomes, including sodium sensitivity, arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, isolated systolic hypertension, white coat effect, and orthostatic hypertension. As hypertension-related collateral health risk increases among the elderly, the available management strategies are necessary to overcome the clinical treatment challenges faced among elderly population. To improve longevity and reduce adverse health effects, potential approaches producing crucial information into new era of medicine should be considered in the prevention and treatment of hypertension among elderly population. This review provides an overview of mechanisms underlying hypertension and its related collateral health risk in elderly population, along with multiple approaches and management strategies to improve the clinical challenges among elderly population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, the Republic of Korea.
| | - Rekha Thiruvengadam
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, the Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Labban M, Itani MM, Maaliki D, Nasreddine L, Itani HA. The Sweet and Salty Dietary Face of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease in Lebanon. Front Physiol 2022; 12:802132. [PMID: 35153813 PMCID: PMC8835350 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.802132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years worldwide have hypertension; and every year, hypertension takes 7.6 million lives. High intakes of salt and sugar (mainly fructose from added sugars) have been linked to the etiology of hypertension, and this may be particularly true for countries undergoing the nutrition transition, such as Lebanon. Salt-induced hypertension and fructose-induced hypertension are manifested in different mechanisms, including Inflammation, aldosterone-mineralocorticoid receptor pathway, aldosterone independent mineralocorticoid receptor pathway, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, and genetic mechanisms. This review describes the evolution of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Lebanon and aims to elucidate potential mechanisms where salt and fructose work together to induce hypertension. These mechanisms increase salt absorption, decrease salt excretion, induce endogenous fructose production, activate fructose-insulin-salt interaction, and trigger oxidative stress, thus leading to hypertension. The review also provides an up-to-date appraisal of current intake levels of salt and fructose in Lebanon and their main food contributors. It identifies ongoing salt and sugar intake reduction strategies in Lebanon while acknowledging the country’s limited scope of regulation and legislation. Finally, the review concludes with proposed public health strategies and suggestions for future research, which can reduce the intake levels of salt and fructose levels and contribute to curbing the CVD epidemic in the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maha M Itani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dina Maaliki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lara Nasreddine
- Vascular Medicine Program, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hana A Itani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Vascular Medicine Program, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Adjunct Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Galaviz-Hernández C, Lazalde-Ramos BP, Lares-Assef I, Macías-Salas A, Ortega-Chavez MA, Rangel-Villalobos H, Sosa-Macías M. Influence of Genetic Admixture Components on CYP3A5*3 Allele-Associated Hypertension in Amerindian Populations From Northwest Mexico. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:638. [PMID: 32477124 PMCID: PMC7232668 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP3A5 metabolizes endogenous substrates and ~30% of prescription drugs. The CYP3A5 gene contains an active CYP3A5*1 allele, and a non-functional version, the CYP3A5*3 (rs776746), with consequences for drug therapeutic responses and side effects. Both CYP3A5*1 and *3 have been associated with hypertension. The frequency of CYP3A5*3 varies between populations of different ancestries, with Europeans having the highest allele frequency (> 90%). Given the importance of CYP3A5*3 in drug response and hypertension development, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of this polymorphism and its association with hypertension in vulnerable indigenous populations in Mexico. A total of 372 subjects were recruited from eight ethnic groups in Northwest Mexico. Systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and median (MBP) blood pressures as well as body mass index (BMI) were measured. Ancestry was evaluated through STR analysis, and the CYP3A5*1/*3 polymorphisms were identified using real-time PCR with TaqMan® probes. Higher frequencies of CYP3A5*1 and *3 were observed in groups with higher (>90%) and lower (<90%) Amerindian ancestry, respectively. The CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype was more frequent in indigenous women with higher SBP and DBP values. On the other hand, the *1 allele showed a protective effect against both high SBP (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.17-0.83, p = 0.001) and DBP (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18-0.81, p = 0.007) in women. This association remained significant after adjusting for BMI and age for diastolic (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.17-0.84, p = 0.011) and systolic BP (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.15-0.76, p = 0.005) BP levels in women. Thus, the frequency of CYP3A5*3 varies between groups and seems to depend on ancestry, and CYP3A5*1 decreases the risk of hypertension in Mexican indigenous women. This population analysis of CYP3A5*1/*3 has profound implications not only for the susceptibility to diseases, such as hypertension, but also for safer drug administration regimens, assuring better therapeutic responses and fewer side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Blanca P Lazalde-Ramos
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - Ismael Lares-Assef
- Academia de Genómica, CIIDIR-Durango, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Durango, México
| | - Alejo Macías-Salas
- Patología, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Durango, México
| | | | - Héctor Rangel-Villalobos
- Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, (CUCiénega-UdeG), Ocotlán, México
| | - Martha Sosa-Macías
- Academia de Genómica, CIIDIR-Durango, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Durango, México
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kokubo Y, Padmanabhan S, Iwashima Y, Yamagishi K, Goto A. Gene and environmental interactions according to the components of lifestyle modifications in hypertension guidelines. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:19. [PMID: 30857519 PMCID: PMC6410507 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk factors for hypertension consist of lifestyle and genetic factors. Family history and twin studies have yielded heritability estimates of BP in the range of 34–67%. The most recent paper of BP GWAS has explained about 20% of the population variation of BP. An overestimation of heritability may have occurred in twin studies due to violations of shared environment assumptions, poor phenotyping practices in control cohorts, failure to account for epistasis, gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, and other non-genetic sources of phenotype modulation that are suspected to lead to underestimations of heritability in GWAS. The recommendations of hypertension guidelines in major countries consist of the following elements: weight reduction, a healthy diet, dietary sodium reduction, increasing physical activity, quitting smoking, and moderate alcohol consumption. The hypertension guidelines are mostly the same for each country or region, beyond race and culture. In this review, we summarize gene-environmental interactions associated with hypertension by describing lifestyle modifications according to the hypertension guidelines. In the era of precision medicine, clinicians who are responsible for hypertension management should consider the gene-environment interactions along with the appropriate lifestyle components toward the prevention and treatment of hypertension. We briefly reviewed the interaction of genetic and environmental factors along the constituent elements of hypertension guidelines, but a sufficient amount of evidence has not yet accumulated, and the results of genetic factors often differed in each study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kokubo
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1, Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan. .,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yoshio Iwashima
- Division of Hypertension and Nephrology, Department of Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yamagishi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Health Services Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cuevas S, Villar VAM, Jose PA. Genetic polymorphisms associated with reactive oxygen species and blood pressure regulation. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2019; 19:315-336. [PMID: 30723314 PMCID: PMC6650341 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-019-0082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent cause of cardiovascular disease and kidney failure, but only about 50% of patients achieve adequate blood pressure control, in part, due to inter-individual genetic variations in the response to antihypertensive medication. Significant strides have been made toward the understanding of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. However, the role of ROS in human hypertension is still unclear. Polymorphisms of some genes involved in the regulation of ROS production are associated with hypertension, suggesting their potential influence on blood pressure control and response to antihypertensive medication. This review provides an update on the genes associated with the regulation of ROS production in hypertension and discusses the controversies on the use of antioxidants in the treatment of hypertension, including the antioxidant effects of antihypertensive drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cuevas
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| | - Van Anthony M Villar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Walter G. Ross Hall, Suite 738, 2300 I Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Walter G. Ross Hall, Suite 738, 2300 I Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hachiya T, Narita A, Ohmomo H, Sutoh Y, Komaki S, Tanno K, Satoh M, Sakata K, Hitomi J, Nakamura M, Ogasawara K, Yamamoto M, Sasaki M, Hozawa A, Shimizu A. Genome-wide analysis of polymorphism × sodium interaction effect on blood pressure identifies a novel 3'-BCL11B gene desert locus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14162. [PMID: 30242241 PMCID: PMC6155053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive sodium intake is a global risk factor for hypertension. Sodium effects on blood pressure vary from person to person; hence, high-risk group targeting based on personal genetic information can play a complementary role to ongoing population preventive approaches to reduce sodium consumption. To identify genetic factors that modulate sodium effects on blood pressure, we conducted a population-based genome-wide interaction analysis in 8,768 Japanese subjects, which was >3 times larger than a similar previous study. We tested 7,135,436 polymorphisms in the discovery cohort, and loci that met suggestive significance were further examined in an independent replication cohort. We found that an interaction between a novel 3'-BCL11B gene desert locus and daily sodium consumption was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure in both discovery and replication cohorts under the recessive model. Further statistical analysis of rs8022678, the sentinel variant of the 3'-BCL11B gene desert locus, showed that differences in mean systolic blood pressure between high and low sodium consumption subgroups were 5.9 mm Hg (P = 8.8 × 10-12) in rs8022678 A carriers and -0.3 mm Hg (P = 0.27) in rs8022678 A non-carriers, suggesting that the rs8022678 genotype can classify persons into sodium-sensitive (A carriers) and sodium-insensitive (A non-carriers) subgroups. Our results implied that rs8022678 A carriers may receive a greater benefit from sodium-lowering interventions than non-carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hachiya
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Akira Narita
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohmomo
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sutoh
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Shohei Komaki
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanno
- Division of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Satoh
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Sakata
- Division of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Jiro Hitomi
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Nakamura
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Ogasawara
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hozawa
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Chen P, Zhou T, Chen X, Chen L. Association between CYP3A5 genotypes with hypertension in Chinese Han population: A case-control study. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:235-240. [PMID: 28448186 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2016.1246559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms with hypertension in the Chinese population is unknown. We explored the association between the CYP3A5 (rs776746) gene and hypertension in the Chinese Han population. METHODS Using a case-control design, 340 cases and 254 controls were enrolled from the Third Affiliated Hospital of South Medical University between July and December of 2015. We used a standardized questionnaire to collect data regarding age, sex, smoking, drinking, family history of hypertension, and physical exercise. Height and weight were measured, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated by weight/height2. Blood pressure was measured three times after 5 min of rest with at least 15 s between measurements, and the mean was considered the final BP. A Clinical examination was conducted. RESULTS A total of 594 participants, including 340 cases and 254 controls, were entered into the analyses. The genotype frequencies of the CYP3A5 G>A polymorphism did not deviate from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genotype frequencies among the cases were 38.8% (GA, 132 individuals), 42.9% (GG, 146 individuals), and 18.2% (AA, 62 individuals). The differences in genotype between the cases and the controls were statistically significant. The AA genotype was associated with an elevated risk of hypertension after adjusting for potential confounders in Model 2. There was no interaction between smoking and the CYP3A5 genotype, while the interaction between drinking and the CYP3A5 genotype was significant. CONCLUSION The CYP3A5 gene may be associated with the risk of hypertension in the Chinese Han population, and this effect may be exacerbated by drinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanzhan Li
- a Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan Province , China
| | - Peng Chen
- b Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan Province , China
| | - Tao Zhou
- c Department of Cardiology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , Guandong Province , China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- d Department of Nursing , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , Guandong Province , China
| | - Lizhang Chen
- e Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan Province , China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu Y, Zhong H, Tang Q, Huang Z, Jing N, Smith J, Miao R, Li Y, Yuan H. Construction and verification of CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system to predict drug metabolism. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1593-1600. [PMID: 28259948 PMCID: PMC5364972 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the ability of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system to predict the pharmacokinetic (PK) activity of a calcium channel blocker in patients with distinct cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) polymorphisms. The blood pressure lowering activity of amlodipine in 57 hypertensive patients with CYP3A5*1/*1, CYP3A5*1/*3, CYP3A5*4 and CYP3A5*6 polymorphisms was evaluated by the current study. Subsequently, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system for CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms was constructed to examine the PK activity of CYP3A5*1/*1, CYP3A5*4 and CYP3A5*6 polymorphisms. This system was used to predict the PK of amlodipine and was compared with the in vivo data from different gene polymorphism groups. The blood pressure lowering activity of amlodipine in hypertensive patients varied among CYP3A5 polymorphisms. The in vivo results demonstrated that CYP3A5*6 exhibited the highest metabolic rate, followed by CYP3A5*1/*1, CYP3A5*4 and CYP3A5*1/*3. The difference between CYP3A5*6 and CYP3A5*1/*1 was not statistically significant (P=0.5). In accordance with in vivo data, CYP3A5*1/*1 exhibited the highest in vitro metabolic rate, followed by CYP3A5*6 and CYP3A5*4. With the exception of the comparison between CYP3A5*6 and CYP3A5*1/*1, polymorphisms exhibited statistically significant differences compared with CYP3A5*1/*1 (P<0.05). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system may be a cost effective and potentially useful tool for assessing the PK activity of drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Qing Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Ningning Jing
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Julie Smith
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Rujia Miao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yapei Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fisher DL, Plange-Rhule J, Moreton M, Eastwood JB, Kerry SM, Micah F, Johnston A, Cappuccio FP, MacPhee IAM. CYP3A5 as a candidate gene for hypertension: no support from an unselected indigenous West African population. J Hum Hypertens 2016; 30:778-782. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
10
|
Baldo MP, Rodrigues SL, Mill JG. High salt intake as a multifaceted cardiovascular disease: new support from cellular and molecular evidence. Heart Fail Rev 2016; 20:461-74. [PMID: 25725616 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-015-9478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Scientists worldwide have disseminated the idea that increased dietary salt increases blood pressure. Currently, salt intake in the general population is ten times higher than that consumed in the past and at least two times higher than the current recommendation. Indeed, a salt-rich diet increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. For a long time, however, the deleterious effects associated with high salt consumption were only related to the effect of salt on blood pressure. Currently, several other effects have been reported. In some cases, the deleterious effects of high salt consumption are independently associated with other common risk factors. In this article, we gather data on the effects of increased salt intake on the cardiovascular system, from infancy to adulthood, to describe the route by which increased salt intake leads to cardiovascular diseases. We have reviewed the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which a high intake of salt acts on the cardiovascular system to lead to the progressive failure of a healthy heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Perim Baldo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av Marechal Campos 1468, Maruipe, Vitória, ES, 29042-755, Brazil,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Valente C, Alvarez L, Marks SJ, Lopez-Parra AM, Parson W, Oosthuizen O, Oosthuizen E, Amorim A, Capelli C, Arroyo-Pardo E, Gusmão L, Prata MJ. Exploring the relationship between lifestyles, diets and genetic adaptations in humans. BMC Genet 2015; 16:55. [PMID: 26018448 PMCID: PMC4445807 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most important dietary shifts underwent by human populations began to occur in the Neolithic, during which new modes of subsistence emerged and new nutrients were introduced in diets. This change might have worked as a selective pressure over the metabolic pathways involved in the breakdown of substances extracted from food. Here we applied a candidate gene approach to investigate whether in populations with different modes of subsistence, diet-related genetic adaptations could be identified in the genes AGXT, PLRP2, MTRR, NAT2 and CYP3A5. Results At CYP3A5, strong signatures of positive selection were detected, though not connected to any dietary variable, but instead to an environmental factor associated with the Tropic of Cancer. Suggestive signals of adaptions that could indeed be connected with differences in dietary habits of populations were only found for PLRP2 and NAT2. Contrarily, the demographic history of human populations seemed enough to explain patterns of diversity at AGXT and MTRR, once both conformed the evolutionary expectations under selective neutrality. Conclusions Accumulated evidence indicates that CYP3A5 has been under adaptive evolution during the history of human populations. PLRP2 and NAT2 also appear to have been modelled by some selective constrains, although clear support for that did not resist to a genome wide perspective. It is still necessary to clarify which were the biological mechanisms and the environmental factors involved as well as their interactions, to understand the nature and strength of the selective pressures that contributed to shape current patterns of genetic diversity at those loci. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0212-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Valente
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luis Alvarez
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sarah J Marks
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ana M Lopez-Parra
- Departamento de Toxicología y Legislación Sanitaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Walther Parson
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Penn State Eberly College of Science, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | | - António Amorim
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo
- Departamento de Toxicología y Legislación Sanitaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Leonor Gusmão
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,DNA Diagnostic Laboratory (LDD), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Maria J Prata
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
KUANG ZEMIN, HUANG ZHIJUN, LI YING, YANG GUOPING, LIU MEILIN, YUAN HONG. Overexpression of CYP3A5 attenuates inducibility and activity of CYP3A4 in HepG2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2868-74. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
13
|
Moes AD, Hesselink DA, Zietse R, van Schaik RHN, van Gelder T, Hoorn EJ. Calcineurin inhibitors and hypertension: a role for pharmacogenetics? Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:1243-51. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a common side effect of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), which are drugs used to prevent rejection after transplantation. Hypertension after kidney transplantation has been associated with earlier graft failure and higher cardiovascular mortality in the recipient. Recent data indicate that enzymes and transporters involved in CNI pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, including CYP3A5, ABCB1, WNK4 and SPAK, are also associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. These insights raise the question whether polymorphisms in the genes encoding these proteins increase the risk of CNI-induced hypertension. Predicting who is at risk for CNI-induced hypertension may be useful for when selecting specific interventions, including dietary salt restriction, thiazide diuretics or a CNI-free immunosuppressive regimen. This review aims to explore the pharmacogenetics of CNI-induced hypertension, highlighting the knowns and unknowns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Moes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology & Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040 – Room H-438, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology & Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040 – Room H-438, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Zietse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology & Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040 – Room H-438, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron HN van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun van Gelder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology & Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040 – Room H-438, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology & Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040 – Room H-438, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kawamura M, Kawasaki T. Clinical application of the second morning urine method for estimating salt intake in patients with hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2014; 37:89-96. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2014.913601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
15
|
Zhang YP, Zuo XC, Huang ZJ, Cai JJ, Wen J, Duan DD, Yuan H. CYP3A5 polymorphism, amlodipine and hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2013; 28:145-9. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2013.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
Bochud M, Guessous I. Gene-environment interactions of selected pharmacogenes in arterial hypertension. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013; 5:677-86. [PMID: 23234325 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.12.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension affects approximately 1 billion people worldwide. Owing to population aging, hypertension-related cardiovascular burden is expected to rise in the near future. In addition to genetic variants influencing the blood pressure response to antihypertensive drugs, several genes encoding for drug-metabolizing or -transporting enzymes have been associated with blood pressure and/or hypertension in humans (e.g., ACE, CYP1A2, CYP3A5, ABCB1 and MTHFR) regardless of drug treatment. These genes are also involved in the metabolism and transport of endogenous substances and their effects may be modified by selected environmental factors, such as diet or lifestyle. However, little is currently known on the complex interplay between environmental factors, endogenous factors, genetic variants and drugs on blood pressure control. This review will discuss the respective role of population-based primary prevention and personalized medicine for arterial hypertension, taking a pharmacogenomics' perspective focusing on selected pharmacogenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rais N, Hussain A, Chawla YK, Kohli KK. Association between urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio and CYP3A5 genotypes in a normotensive population. Exp Ther Med 2012; 5:527-532. [PMID: 23404385 PMCID: PMC3570147 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphism of genes involved in renal salt handling and arterial vessel tone is considered to be one of the causes of hypertension. Numerous reports suggest that cytochrome P4503A5 (CYP3A5) catalyzes 6β-hydroxylation of endogenous cortisol (CS), which is associated with sodium and water retention in the kidney and involved in the regulation of blood pressure. The purpose of the present study was to study the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP3A5 gene with the urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol (6β-OH-CS/CS) ratio considered as quantitative phenotypes. CS measurements of three hundred (n=300) healthy, normotensive North Indian individuals was performed on morning spot urine samples by high-performance liquid chromatography. Furthermore, genotyping for CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A5*6 was performed by PCR-RFLP. The results indicated a unimodal distribution of CYP3A phenotypes in the North Indian population. In further analysis, all the phenotypes were distributed into three groups, demonstrating low (n=75), intermediate (n=150) and high CYP3A activity (n=75) based on CS and 6β-OH-CS levels and log 6β-OH-CS/CS ratios. The subjects in the low and high activity groups were genotyped for the CYP3A5*3 and *6 alleles. The present study demonstrated that the allele frequencies of CYP3A5*1 and *3 were 0.29 (95% CI, 0.22–0.36) and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.64–0.78), respectively. Notably, the frequency of normal homozygotes (CYP3A5*1/*1) was significantly higher in the high activity than the low activity group (11% vs. 5%). Similarly, the frequency of mutant homozygotes (CYP3A5*3/*3) was significantly higher in the low activity group than the high activity group (57% vs. 44%). The allele frequency of CYP3A5*3 was significantly higher in the low activity group (0.76) than the high activity group (0.67). The mean 6β-OH-CS/CS ratios were 110, 76 and 69 in wild-type homozygotes (n=12), heterozygotes (n=62) and mutant homozygotes (n=76), respectively. The difference between the normal and mutant homozygotes was statistically significant (P<0.05). The CYP3A5*6 allele was absent from all the subjects genotyped. This is the first study to report the genetic polymorphism of CYP3A5 in a North Indian population and its association with urinary 6β-OH-CS/CS ratio reflecting the CYP3A phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Rais
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bolbrinker J, Seeberg S, Schostak M, Kempkensteffen C, Baelde H, de Heer E, Kreutz R. CYP3A5 Genotype-Phenotype Analysis in the Human Kidney Reveals a Strong Site-Specific Expression of CYP3A5 in the Proximal Tubule in Carriers of the CYP3A5*1 Allele. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:639-41. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.042648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
19
|
Lai CQ. Adaptive genetic variation and population differences. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 108:461-89. [PMID: 22656388 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398397-8.00018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the expansion of modern humans (Homo sapiens) from Africa to the rest of the world between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago, the human genome has been shaped not only by demographic history but also by adaptation to local environments, including regional climate, landscape, food sources, culture, and pathogens. Genetic differences among populations interact with environmental factors, such as diet and lifestyle, leading to differences in nutrient metabolism, which translate into differences in susceptibility to a variety of diseases. Individuals from different populations sharing the same environments can exhibit differences in disease risk, as do individuals from the same population living in various regions of the globe. Therefore, it is important to understand how adaptive genetic variations interact with environments to influence health. This knowledge will provide a broad foundation for designing experiments and approaches in nutrigenomics research and strengthening the knowledge base for dietary recommendations for disease prevention. The objectives of this chapter are to (1) understand the methodology employed in examining adaptive genetic variation across populations, (2) establish the importance of adaptive genetic variation to human health, and (3) discuss the implications for nutrigenomics research and disease prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Qiang Lai
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Meyer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bochud M, Burnier M, Guessous I. Top Three Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Applications at the Nexus of Renal Pathophysiology and Cardiovascular Medicine. CURRENT PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2011; 9:299-322. [PMID: 23049672 PMCID: PMC3460365 DOI: 10.2174/187569211798377135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is a field with origins in the study of monogenic variations in drug metabolism in the 1950s. Perhaps because of these historical underpinnings, there has been an intensive investigation of 'hepatic pharmacogenes' such as CYP450s and liver drug metabolism using pharmacogenomics approaches over the past five decades. Surprisingly, kidney pathophysiology, attendant diseases and treatment outcomes have been vastly under-studied and under-theorized despite their central importance in maintenance of health, susceptibility to disease and rational personalized therapeutics. Indeed, chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an increasing public health burden worldwide, both in developed and developing countries. Patients with CKD suffer from high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which is mainly attributable to cardiovascular events before reaching end-stage renal disease. In this paper, we focus our analyses on renal function before end-stage renal disease, as seen through the lens of pharmacogenomics and human genomic variation. We herein synthesize the recent evidence linking selected Very Important Pharmacogenes (VIP) to renal function, blood pressure and salt-sensitivity in humans, and ways in which these insights might inform rational personalized therapeutics. Notably, we highlight and present the rationale for three applications that we consider as important and actionable therapeutic and preventive focus areas in renal pharmacogenomics: 1) ACE inhibitors, as a confirmed application, 2) VDR agonists, as a promising application, and 3) moderate dietary salt intake, as a suggested novel application. Additionally, we emphasize the putative contributions of gene-environment interactions, discuss the implications of these findings to treat and prevent hypertension and CKD. Finally, we conclude with a strategic agenda and vision required to accelerate advances in this under-studied field of renal pharmacogenomics with vast significance for global public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Burnier
- Service of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Association of the CYP3A5 polymorphism (6986G>A) with blood pressure and hypertension. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:1216-20. [PMID: 21814220 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 5 (CYP3A5) gene has been implicated in the regulation of blood pressure (BP) and thus, may serve as a potential risk factor for the development of hypertension. However, current results regarding the association between CYP3A5 single nucleotide polymorphisms and BP/hypertension have been inconsistent. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between the CYP3A5 rs776746 (6986G>A) polymorphism and BP/hypertension. Ten studies (representing 2799 cases and 6794 controls) were included to determine the association of this single nucleotide polymorphism with hypertension, and 12 studies (9076 subjects) were included to determine the association of this single nucleotide polymorphism with BP. Overall, no associations were observed between the rs776746 polymorphism and BP/hypertension. In subgroup analysis, CYP3A5*1 carriers had lower systolic BP, compared with non-carriers in white populations (mean difference=-1.322, 95% confidence interval -2.401 to -0.242 mm Hg, P=0.016). This meta-analysis suggested a modestly significant association between the CYP3A5 rs776746 polymorphism and systolic BP in white populations. Given the limited sample size, additional studies are necessary to investigate the role of CYP3A5 in the regulation of BP and the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The assessment of salt sensitivity of blood pressure is difficult because of the lack of universal consensus on definition. Regardless of the variability in the definition of salt sensitivity, increased salt intake, independent of the actual level of blood pressure, is also a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and kidney disease. A modest reduction in salt intake results in an immediate decrease in blood pressure, with long-term beneficial consequences. However, some have suggested that dietary sodium restriction may not be beneficial to everyone. Thus, there is a need to distinguish salt-sensitive from salt-resistant individuals, but it has been difficult to do so with phenotypic studies. Therefore, there is a need to determine the genes that are involved in salt sensitivity. This review focuses on genes associated with salt sensitivity, with emphasis on the variants associated with salt sensitivity in humans that are not due to monogenic causes. Special emphasis is given to gene variants associated with salt sensitivity whose protein products interfere with cell function and increase blood pressure in transgenic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Sanada
- Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
CYP2C9 variants and blood pressure response to salt: when salt sensitivity meets pharmacogenomics. J Hypertens 2011; 29:29-31. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834091a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|