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The Characteristics of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection in Rhesus Macaques and the Associated Pathological Features. Viruses 2017; 9:v9020026. [PMID: 28146109 PMCID: PMC5332945 DOI: 10.3390/v9020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the major pathogens for human herpetic diseases, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) causes herpes labialis, genital herpes and herpetic encephalitis. Our aim here was to investigate the infectious process of HSV1 in rhesus macaques and the pathological features induced during this infection. Clinical symptoms that manifested in the rhesus macaque during HSV1 infection included vesicular lesions and their pathological features. Viral distribution in the nervous tissues and associated pathologic changes indicated the typical systematic pathological processes associated with viral distribution of HSV1. Interestingly, vesicular lesions recurred in oral skin or in mucosa associated with virus shedding in macaques within four to five months post-infection, and viral latency-associated transcript (LAT) mRNA was found in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) on day 365 post-infection. Neutralization testing and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) detection of specific T cell responses confirmed the specific immunity induced by HSV1 infection. Thus, rhesus macaques could serve as an infectious model for HSV1 due to their typical clinical symptoms and the pathological recurrence associated with viral latency in nervous tissues.
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes significant morbidity on the human population through such clinical syndromes as cold sores, genital herpes, herpes stromal keratitis, and encephalitis. Attempts to generate efficacious vaccines to date have failed. We have recently described the use of a conditionally replication-competent HSV-1 vector to immunize mice against a lethal challenge of HSV-1. The unique feature of this vaccine vector is that its replication is tightly controlled and can only occur in the presence of local heat and the presence of a small molecule inducer (an antiprogestin). This gives it the safety advantage of a replication-defective vaccine vector as well as the advantage of a replication-competent vector in that it is able to stimulate innate and adaptive aspects of the immune response in a natural context that a replication-defective vector cannot. In this chapter we provide a brief overview of HSV vaccines followed by the methodology used to propagate and utilize replication-conditional HSV vectors as vaccines.
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Zhang P, Xie L, Balliet JW, Casimiro DR, Yao F. A herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein D-expressing nonreplicating dominant-negative HSV-2 virus vaccine is superior to a gD2 subunit vaccine against HSV-2 genital infection in guinea pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101373. [PMID: 24979708 PMCID: PMC4076306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently constructed a novel non-replicating dominant-negative HSV-2 recombinant viral vaccine (CJ2-gD2) capable of expressing various HSV-2 antigens that are dominant targets of HSV-2-specific CD8 T-cell response. Importantly, CJ2-gD2 expresses gD2, the HSV-2 major antigen glycoprotein D, as efficiently as wild-type HSV-2 infection and can lead to a nearly 500-fold reduction in wild-type HSV-2 viral replication in cells co-infected with CJ2-gD2 and wild-type HSV-2. In this report, we show that CJ2-gD2 elicits a strong antibody response to various HSV-2 antigens and is highly effective in the prevention of primary and recurrent HSV-2 genital infection and disease in the immunized guinea pigs. The direct comparison study between CJ2-gD2 and a gD2 subunit vaccine (gD2-alum/MPL) with a formulation akin to a vaccine tested in phase III clinical trials shows that CJ2-gD2 is 8 times more effective than the gD2-alum/MPL subunit vaccine in eliciting an anti-HSV-2 specific neutralizing antibody response and offers significantly superior protection against primary and recurrent HSV-2 genital infections. Importantly, no challenge wild-type HSV-2 viral DNA was detectable in dorsal root ganglia DNA isolated from CJ2-gD2-immunized guinea pigs on day 60 post-challenge. CJ2-gD2 should be an excellent HSV-2 vaccine candidate for protection against HSV-2 genital infection and disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lining Xie
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John W. Balliet
- Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Danilo R. Casimiro
- Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Feng Yao
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Luo C, Goshima F, Kamakura M, Mutoh Y, Iwata S, Kimura H, Nishiyama Y. Immunization with a highly attenuated replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant, HF10, protects mice from genital disease caused by herpes simplex virus type 2. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:158. [PMID: 22557998 PMCID: PMC3339446 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is an intractable disease caused mainly by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 (HSV-2), and is a major concern in public health. A previous infection with HSV type 1 (HSV-1) enhances protection against primary HSV-2 infection to some extent. In this study, we evaluated the ability of HF10, a naturally occurring replication-competent HSV-1 mutant, to protect against genital infection in mice caused by HSV-2. Subcutaneous inoculation of HF10-immunized mice against lethal infection by HSV-2, and attenuated the development of genital ulcer diseases. Immunization with HF10 inhibited HSV-2 replication in the mouse vagina, reduced local inflammation, controlled emergence of neurological dysfunctions of HSV-2 infection, and increased survival. In HF10-immunized mice, we observed rapid and increased production of interferon-γ in the vagina in response to HSV-2 infection, and numerous CD4+ and a few CD8+ T cells localized to the infective focus. CD4+ T cells invaded the mucosal subepithelial lamina propria. Thus, the protective effect of HF10 was related to induction of cellular immunity, mediated primarily by Th1 CD4+ cells. These data indicate that the live attenuated HSV-1 mutant strain HF10 is a promising candidate antigen for a vaccine against genital herpes caused by HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Luo
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Development of a glycoprotein D-expressing dominant-negative and replication-defective herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) recombinant viral vaccine against HSV-2 infection in mice. J Virol 2011; 85:5036-47. [PMID: 21389121 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02548-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the T-REx (Invitrogen, California) gene switch technology and a dominant-negative mutant polypeptide of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-origin binding protein UL9, we previously constructed a glycoprotein D-expressing replication-defective and dominant-negative HSV-1 recombinant viral vaccine, CJ9-gD, for protection against HSV infection and disease. It was demonstrated that CJ9-gD is avirulent following intracerebral inoculation in mice, cannot establish detectable latent infection following different routes of infection, and offers highly effective protective immunity against primary HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection and disease in mouse and guinea pig models of HSV infections. Given these favorable safety and immunological profiles of CJ9-gD, aiming to maximize levels of HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD2) expression, we have constructed an ICP0 null mutant-based dominant-negative and replication-defective HSV-2 recombinant, CJ2-gD2, that contains 2 copies of the gD2 gene driven by the tetracycline operator (tetO)-bearing HSV-1 major immediate-early ICP4 promoter. CJ2-gD2 expresses gD2 as efficiently as wild-type HSV-2 infection and can lead to a 150-fold reduction in wild-type HSV-2 viral replication in cells coinfected with CJ2-gD2 and wild-type HSV-2 at the same multiplicity of infection. CJ2-gD2 is avirulent following intracerebral injection and cannot establish a detectable latent infection following subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization. CJ2-gD2 is a more effective vaccine than HSV-1 CJ9-gD and a non-gD2-expressing dominant-negative and replication-defective HSV-2 recombinant in protection against wild-type HSV-2 genital disease. Using recall response, we showed that immunization with CJ2-gD2 elicited strong HSV-2-specific memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. Collectively, given the demonstrated preclinical immunogenicity and its unique safety profiles, CJ2-gD2 represents a new class of HSV-2 replication-defective recombinant viral vaccines in protection against HSV-2 genital infection and disease.
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Brans R. [Evaluation of a dominant-negative recombinant herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 as a vaccine against genital herpes in mice und guinea pigs]. Hautarzt 2010; 61:1073-8. [PMID: 21052616 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-010-2075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Currently, no safe and effective vaccine against HSV is available. CJ9-gD is a completely replication-defective HSV-1 recombinant which inhibits replication of wild-type HSV-1/-2 in co-infected cells (dominant-negative effect). Moreover, it expresses high levels of HSV-1 major antigen glycoprotein D (gD). Immunization with CJ9-gD induces strong and long-lasting humoral and Th1-like cellular immune responses against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 in mice protecting immunized animals significantly against genital challenge with HSV-1 or HSV-2. Guinea pigs immunized with CJ9-gD were significantly protected against primary and recurrent HSV-2 genital disease and latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brans
- Fachgebiet Dermatologie, Umweltmedizin und Gesundheitstheorie, Universität Osnabrück, Sedanstr. 115, 49090, Osnabrück.
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Abstract
The very deep knowledge acquired on the genetics and molecular biology of herpes simplex virus (HSV), has allowed the development of potential replication-competent and replication-defective vectors for several applications in human healthcare. These include delivery and expression of human genes to cells of the nervous systems, selective destruction of cancer cells, prophylaxis against infection with HSV or other infectious diseases, and targeted infection to specific tissues or organs. Replication-defective recombinant vectors are non-toxic gene transfer tools that preserve most of the neurotropic features of wild type HSV-1, particularly the ability to express genes after having established latent infections, and are thus proficient candidates for therapeutic gene transfer settings in neurons. A replication-defective HSV vector for the treatment of pain has recently entered in phase 1 clinical trial. Replication-competent (oncolytic) vectors are becoming a suitable and powerful tool to eradicate brain tumours due to their ability to replicate and spread only within the tumour mass, and have reached phase II/III clinical trials in some cases. The progress in understanding the host immune response induced by the vector is also improving the use of HSV as a vaccine vector against both HSV infection and other pathogens. This review briefly summarizes the obstacle encountered in the delivery of HSV vectors and examines the various strategies developed or proposed to overcome such challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Manservigi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine - Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Manservigi R, Argnani R, Marconi P. HSV Recombinant Vectors for Gene Therapy. Open Virol J 2010; 4:123-56. [PMID: 20835362 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901004030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The very deep knowledge acquired on the genetics and molecular biology of herpes simplex virus (HSV), has allowed the development of potential replication-competent and replication-defective vectors for several applications in human healthcare. These include delivery and expression of human genes to cells of the nervous systems, selective destruction of cancer cells, prophylaxis against infection with HSV or other infectious diseases, and targeted infection to specific tissues or organs. Replication-defective recombinant vectors are non-toxic gene transfer tools that preserve most of the neurotropic features of wild type HSV-1, particularly the ability to express genes after having established latent infections, and are thus proficient candidates for therapeutic gene transfer settings in neurons. A replication-defective HSV vector for the treatment of pain has recently entered in phase 1 clinical trial. Replication-competent (oncolytic) vectors are becoming a suitable and powerful tool to eradicate brain tumours due to their ability to replicate and spread only within the tumour mass, and have reached phase II/III clinical trials in some cases. The progress in understanding the host immune response induced by the vector is also improving the use of HSV as a vaccine vector against both HSV infection and other pathogens. This review briefly summarizes the obstacle encountered in the delivery of HSV vectors and examines the various strategies developed or proposed to overcome such challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Manservigi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine - Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Immunization with a dominant-negative recombinant Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) type 1 protects against HSV-2 genital disease in guinea pigs. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:163. [PMID: 20525279 PMCID: PMC2889954 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CJ9-gD is a novel dominant-negative recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) that is completely replication-defective, cannot establish detectable latent infection in vivo, and expresses high levels of the major HSV-1 antigen glycoprotein D immediately following infection. In the present study, CJ9-gD was evaluated as a vaccine against HSV-2 genital infection in guinea pigs. Results Animals immunized with CJ9-gD developed at least 700-fold higher titers of HSV-2-specific neutralization antibodies than mock-immunized controls. After challenge with wild-type HSV-2, all 10 control guinea pigs developed multiple genital lesions with an average of 21 lesions per animal. In contrast, only 2 minor lesions were found in 2 of 8 CJ9-gD-immunized animals, representing a 40-fold reduction on the incidence of primary genital lesions in immunized animals (p < 0.0001). Immunization significantly reduced the amount and duration of viral shedding and provided complete protection against neurological symptoms, while 90% of mock-immunized animals succumbed due to the severity of disease. Importantly, immunized animals showed no signs of recurrent disease or viral shedding during a 60-days observation period after recovery from primary infection, and carried 50-fold less latent viral DNA load in their dorsal root ganglia than the surviving mock-vaccinated controls (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Collectively, we demonstrate that vaccination with the HSV-1 recombinant CJ9-gD elicits strong and protective immune responses against primary and recurrent HSV-2 genital disease and significantly reduces the extent of latent infection.
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Mühlbach H, Mohr CA, Ruzsics Z, Koszinowski UH. Dominant-negative proteins in herpesviruses - from assigning gene function to intracellular immunization. Viruses 2009; 1:420-40. [PMID: 21994555 PMCID: PMC3185506 DOI: 10.3390/v1030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating and assigning gene functions of herpesviruses is a process, which profits from consistent technical innovation. Cloning of bacterial artificial chromosomes encoding herpesvirus genomes permits nearly unlimited possibilities in the construction of genetically modified viruses. Targeted or randomized screening approaches allow rapid identification of essential viral proteins. Nevertheless, mapping of essential genes reveals only limited insight into function. The usage of dominant-negative (DN) proteins has been the tool of choice to dissect functions of proteins during the viral life cycle. DN proteins also facilitate the analysis of host-virus interactions. Finally, DNs serve as starting-point for design of new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, LMU, Feodor-Lynenstr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; E-Mails: (H.M.); (C.A.M.); (Z.R.)
| | - Ulrich H. Koszinowski
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, LMU, Feodor-Lynenstr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; E-Mails: (H.M.); (C.A.M.); (Z.R.)
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Brans R, Akhrameyeva NV, Yao F. Prevention of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 disease in mice immunized with a gD-expressing dominant-negative recombinant HSV-1. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2470-9. [PMID: 19357711 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CJ9-gD is a novel herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 recombinant virus that is completely replication-defective, expresses high-levels of HSV-1 major antigen glycoprotein D (gD), and can function in trans to inhibit replication of wild-type HSV-1 and HSV-2 in co-infected cells. Here, we show that immunization with CJ9-gD elicits strong and long-lasting humoral and Th1-like cellular immune responses against both HSV-1 and HSV-2. Mice immunized with CJ9-gD exhibited significant reductions in the extent and duration of intravaginal replication of challenge HSV-1 and HSV-2 compared with mock-immunized controls, and were completely protected from local or systemic herpetic disease after intravaginal challenge with wild-type HSV-1 or HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brans
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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High-level expression of glycoprotein D by a dominant-negative HSV-1 virus augments its efficacy as a vaccine against HSV-1 infection. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:1174-84. [PMID: 19005489 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using the T-REx (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) gene switch technology, we previously generated a dominant-negative herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 recombinant, CJ83193, capable of inhibiting its own replication as well as that of wild-type HSV-1 and HSV-2. It has been further demonstrated that CJ83193 is an effective vaccine against HSV-1 infection in a mouse ocular model. To ensure its safety and augment its efficacy, we generated an improved CJ83193-like HSV-1 recombinant, CJ9-gD, which contains a deletion in an HSV-1 essential gene and encodes an extra copy of gene-encoding glycoprotein D (gD) driven by the tetO-bearing human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter. Unlike CJ83193, which exhibits limited plaque-forming capability in Vero cells and expresses little gD in infected cells, CJ9-gD is completely replication defective, yields high-level expression of gD following infection, and cannot establish detectable infection in mouse trigeminal ganglia following intranasal and ocular inoculation. Mice immunized with CJ9-gD produced 3.5-fold higher HSV-1 neutralizing antibody titer than CJ83193-immunized mice, and were completely protected from herpetic ocular disease following corneal challenge with wild-type HSV-1. Moreover, immunization of mice with CJ9-gD elicited a strong HSV-1-specific T-cell response and led to an 80% reduction in latent infection by challenge wild-type HSV-1 compared with the mock-immunized control.
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