1
|
Li W, Wang W. Unraveling the genetic associations between PD-1/PD-L1 and 13 circulating biomarkers linked to physiological and pathological processes. Clin Transl Oncol 2024; 26:1157-1169. [PMID: 37971626 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of the genetic interconnectedness between PD-1/PD-L1 and circulating biomarkers related to physiological and pathological processes is largely unclear. Understanding these genetic links is crucial for gaining insights into the underlying mechanisms and potential implications in cancer immunotherapy. METHODS To shed light on potential roles of 90 circulating biomarkers in PD-1/PD-L1, we conducted a comprehensive Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, leveraging genetic data from large-scale genome-wide association studies. RESULTS Our results revealed negative associations between EN-RAGE and TRAIL-R2 with PD-1 levels. Additionally, we observed that PD-1 levels were positively associated with TRAIL, VEGF, and ANPEP, indicating their potential role in PD-1 upregulation. Furthermore, our analysis revealed causal associations between several circulating proteins and PD-L1 levels. Thrombomodulin, PSGL-1, TNFSF14, renin, follistatin, β-NGF, KLK6, and MMP-7 demonstrated significant effects on PD-L1 regulation, suggesting their potential inhibitory role in immune checkpoint regulation. Eventually, we confirmed the potential roles of key genes involved in above circulating proteins in influencing the response to immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide valuable evidence of the genetic interconnectedness between PD-1/PD-L1 and circulating proteins related to physiological and pathological processes, shedding light on their potential roles in disease progression and therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hwang YS, Cho HJ, Park ES, Lim J, Yoon HR, Kim JT, Yoon SR, Jung H, Choe YK, Kim YH, Lee CH, Kwon YT, Kim BY, Lee HG. KLK6/PAR1 Axis Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Regulating Cross-Talk between Tumor Cells and Macrophages. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244101. [PMID: 36552865 PMCID: PMC9777288 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK)6 is associated with inflammatory diseases and neoplastic progression. KLK6 is aberrantly expressed in several solid tumors and regulates cancer development, metastatic progression, and drug resistance. However, the function of KLK6 in the tumor microenvironment remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the role of KLK6 in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we uncovered the mechanism underlying KLK6-mediated cross-talk between cancer cells and macrophages. Compared with wild-type mice, KLK6-/- mice showed less tumor growth and metastasis in the B16F10 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) xenograft model. Mechanistically, KLK6 promoted the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from macrophages via the activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) in an autocrine manner. TNF-α secreted from macrophages induced the release of the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) from melanoma and lung carcinoma cells in a paracrine manner. The introduction of recombinant KLK6 protein in KLK6-/- mice rescued the production of TNF-α and CXCL1, tumor growth, and metastasis. Inhibition of PAR1 activity suppressed these malignant phenotypes rescued by rKLK6 in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that KLK6 functions as an important molecular link between macrophages and cancer cells during malignant progression, thereby providing opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sep Hwang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Park
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewon Lim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyung Choe
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.T.K.); (B.Y.K.); (H.G.L.)
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheong won, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.T.K.); (B.Y.K.); (H.G.L.)
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.T.K.); (B.Y.K.); (H.G.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mazurkiewicz J, Simiczyjew A, Dratkiewicz E, Kot M, Pietraszek-Gremplewicz K, Wilk D, Ziętek M, Matkowski R, Nowak D. Melanoma stimulates the proteolytic activity of HaCaT keratinocytes. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:146. [PMID: 36123693 PMCID: PMC9484146 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00961-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Keratinocytes constitute a major part of the melanoma microenvironment, considering their protective role towards melanocytes in physiological conditions. However, their interactions with tumor cells following melanomagenesis are still unclear. Methods We used two in vitro models (melanoma-conditioned media and indirect co-culture of keratinocytes with melanoma cells on Transwell inserts) to activate immortalized keratinocytes towards cancer-associated ones. Western Blotting and qPCR were used to evaluate keratinocyte markers and mediators of cell invasiveness on protein and mRNA expression level respectively. The levels and activity of proteases and cytokines were analysed using gelatin-FITC staining, gelatin zymography, chemiluminescent enzymatic test, as well as protein arrays. Finally, to further study the functional changes influenced by melanoma we assessed the rate of proliferation of keratinocytes and their invasive abilities by employing wound healing assay and the Transwell filter invasion method. Results HaCaT keratinocytes activated through incubation with melanoma-conditioned medium or indirect co-culture exhibit properties of less differentiated cells (downregulation of cytokeratin 10), which also prefer to form connections with cancer cells rather than adjacent keratinocytes (decreased level of E-cadherin). While they express only a small number of cytokines, the variety of secreted proteases is quite prominent especially considering that several of them were never reported as a part of secretome of activated keratinocytes’ (e.g., matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 1). Activated keratinocytes also seem to exhibit a high level of proteolytic activity mediated by MMP9 and MMP14, reduced expression of TIMPs (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases), upregulation of ERK activity and increased levels of MMP expression regulators-RUNX2 and galectin 3. Moreover, cancer-associated keratinocytes show slightly elevated migratory and invasive abilities, however only following co-culture with melanoma cells on Transwell inserts. Conclusions Our study offers a more in-depth view of keratinocytes residing in the melanoma niche, drawing attention to their unique secretome and mediators of invasive abilities, factors which could be used by cancer cells to support their invasion of surrounding tissues. Video abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00961-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mazurkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Simiczyjew
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dratkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kot
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Dominika Wilk
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Ziętek
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wrocław, Poland.,Wroclaw Comprehensive Cancer Center, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rafał Matkowski
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wrocław, Poland.,Wroclaw Comprehensive Cancer Center, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Melanoma Mediated Disruption of Brain Endothelial Barrier Integrity Is Not Prevented by the Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Proteases. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080660. [PMID: 36005056 PMCID: PMC9405625 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that human melanoma cells rapidly decrease human brain endothelial barrier strength. Our findings showed a fast mechanism of melanoma mediated barrier disruption, which was localised to the paracellular junctions of the brain endothelial cells. Melanoma cells are known to release molecules which cleave the surrounding matrix and allow traversal within and out of their metastatic niche. Enzymatic families, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proteases are heavily implicated in this process and their complex nature in vivo makes them an intriguing family to assess in melanoma metastasis. Herein, we assessed the expression of MMPs and other proteases in melanoma conditioned media. Our results showed evidence of a high expression of MMP-2, but not MMP-1, -3 or -9. Other proteases including Cathepsins D and B were also detected. Recombinant MMP-2 was added to the apical face of brain endothelial cells (hCMVECs), to measure the change in barrier integrity using biosensor technology. Surprisingly, this showed no decrease in barrier strength. The addition of potent MMP inhibitors (batimastat, marimastat, ONO4817) and other protease inhibitors (such as aprotinin, Pefabloc SC and bestatin) to the brain endothelial cells, in the presence of various melanoma lines, showed no reduction in the melanoma mediated barrier disruption. The inhibitors batimastat, Pefabloc SC, antipain and bestatin alone decreased the barrier strength. These results suggest that although some MMPs and proteases are released by melanoma cells, there is no direct evidence that they are substantially involved in the initial melanoma-mediated disruption of the brain endothelium.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chikhaoui A, Jones M, Režen T, Ben Ahmed M, Naouali C, Komel R, Zghal M, Boubaker S, Abdelhak S, Yacoub-Youssef H. Inflammatory landscape in Xeroderma pigmentosum patients with cutaneous melanoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13854. [PMID: 35974070 PMCID: PMC9381529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a DNA repair disease that predisposes to early skin cancers as cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma microenvironment contains inflammatory mediators, which would be interesting biomarkers for the prognosis or for the identification of novel therapeutic targets. We used a PCR array to evaluate the transcriptional pattern of 84 inflammatory genes in melanoma tumors obtained from XP patients (XP-Mel) and in sporadic melanoma (SP-Mel) compared to healthy skin. Commonly expressed inflammatory genes were further explored via GTEx and GEPIA databases. The differentially expressed inflammatory genes in XP were compared to their expression in skin exposed to UVs, and evaluated on the basis of the overall survival outcomes of patients with melanoma. Monocyte subsets of patients with SP-Mel, XP and healthy donors were also assessed. PCR array data revealed that 34 inflammatory genes were under-expressed in XP-Mel compared to SP-Mel. Differentially expressed genes that were common in XP-Mel and SP-Mel were correlated with the transcriptomic datasets from GEPIA and GTEx and highlighted the implication of KLK1 and IL8 in the tumorigenesis. We showed also that in XP-Mel tumors, there was an overexpression of KLK6 and KLK10 genes, which seems to be associated with a bad survival rate. As for the innate immunity, we observed a decrease of intermediate monocytes in patients with SP-Mel and in XP. We highlight an alteration in the immune response in XP patients. We identified candidate biomarkers involved in the tumorigenesis, and in the survival of patients with melanoma. Intermediate monocyte's in patients at risk could be a prognostic biomarker for melanoma outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Chikhaoui
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Jones
- Département de Dermatologie, Hôpital Charles Nicolle de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Tadeja Režen
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips and Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratoire de Transmission, Contrôle Et Immunobiologie de L'infection, LR16IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis Université de Tunis El Manar I, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chokri Naouali
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Radovan Komel
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips and Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mohamed Zghal
- Département de Dermatologie, Hôpital Charles Nicolle de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samir Boubaker
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Houda Yacoub-Youssef
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia. .,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tagirasa R, Yoo E. Role of Serine Proteases at the Tumor-Stroma Interface. Front Immunol 2022; 13:832418. [PMID: 35222418 PMCID: PMC8873516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.832418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During tumor development, invasion and metastasis, the intimate interaction between tumor and stroma shapes the tumor microenvironment and dictates the fate of tumor cells. Stromal cells can also influence anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern this complex and dynamic interplay, thus is important for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Proteolytic enzymes that are expressed and secreted by both cancer and stromal cells play important roles in modulating tumor-stromal interaction. Among, several serine proteases such as fibroblast activation protein, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, kallikrein-related peptidases, and granzymes have attracted great attention owing to their elevated expression and dysregulated activity in the tumor microenvironment. This review highlights the role of serine proteases that are mainly derived from stromal cells in tumor progression and associated theranostic applications.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang H, Chen Z, Zhang A, Gupte AA, Hamilton DJ. The Role of Calcium Signaling in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031010. [PMID: 35162934 PMCID: PMC8835635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium signaling plays important roles in physiological and pathological conditions, including cutaneous melanoma, the most lethal type of skin cancer. Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), cell membrane calcium channels, calcium related proteins (S100 family, E-cadherin, and calpain), and Wnt/Ca2+ pathways are related to melanogenesis and melanoma tumorigenesis and progression. Calcium signaling influences the melanoma microenvironment, including immune cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), the vascular network, and chemical and physical surroundings. Other ionic channels, such as sodium and potassium channels, are engaged in calcium-mediated pathways in melanoma. Calcium signaling serves as a promising pharmacological target in melanoma treatment, and its dysregulation might serve as a marker for melanoma prediction. We documented calcium-dependent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondria dysfunction, by targeting calcium channels and influencing [Ca2+]i and calcium homeostasis, and attenuated drug resistance in melanoma management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.Z.); (A.Z.); (A.A.G.)
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China;
| | - Zhe Chen
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China;
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.Z.); (A.Z.); (A.A.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medicine Affiliate, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anisha A. Gupte
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.Z.); (A.Z.); (A.A.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medicine Affiliate, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dale J. Hamilton
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.Z.); (A.Z.); (A.A.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medicine Affiliate, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(713)-441-4483
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baumann A, Isak D, Lohbeck J, Jagtap PKA, Hennig J, Miller AK. Scalable synthesis and structural characterization of reversible KLK6 inhibitors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26989-26993. [PMID: 36320846 PMCID: PMC9490775 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Scalable asymmetric syntheses of two kallikrein-related protease 6 (KLK6) inhibitors are reported. The inhibitors are assembled by linking enantiomerically enriched fragments via amide bond formation, followed by conversion of a cyano group to an amidine. One fragment, an amine, was prepared using the Ellman auxiliary, and a lack of clarity in the literature regarding the stereochemical outcome of this reaction was solved via X-ray crystallographic analysis of two derivatives. Complexes of the inhibitors bound to human KLK6 were solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing the binding poses. We report scalable syntheses of two potent and selective kallikrein related peptidase 6 (KLK6) inhibitors, as well as X-ray crystal structures of both inhibitors as protein-ligand complexes.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Baumann
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Isak
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lohbeck
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pravin Kumar Ankush Jagtap
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Janosch Hennig
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Chair of Biochemistry IV, Biophysical Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Candido JB, Maiques O, Boxberg M, Kast V, Peerani E, Tomás-Bort E, Weichert W, Sananes A, Papo N, Magdolen V, Sanz-Moreno V, Loessner D. Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6 Is Associated with the Tumour Microenvironment of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163969. [PMID: 34439122 PMCID: PMC8392253 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Kallikrein-related peptidases have tumour-biological roles and are dysregulated in many cancers. Only a few studies have reported their upregulation in pancreatic cancer and linked them to poor prognosis. By interrogating publicly available and our own datasets, we studied their expression in patient-derived tissues and pancreatic cancer cells. We found several kallikrein-related peptidases that were upregulated, in particular kallikrein-related peptidase 6 at the forefront of the tumour area. We then tested the effect of a kallikrein-related peptidase 6 inhibitor on cancer cell functions. Because the majority of patients present with inoperable disease, a targeted therapeutic intervention may have a positive impact on the survival of this patient population. Abstract As cancer-associated factors, kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are components of the tumour microenvironment, which represents a rich substrate repertoire, and considered attractive targets for the development of novel treatments. Standard-of-care therapy of pancreatic cancer shows unsatisfactory results, indicating the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. We aimed to investigate the expression of KLKs in pancreatic cancer and to inhibit the function of KLK6 in pancreatic cancer cells. KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK10 and KLK11 were coexpressed and upregulated in tissues from pancreatic cancer patients compared to normal pancreas. Their high expression levels correlated with each other and were linked to shorter survival compared to low KLK levels. We then validated KLK6 mRNA and protein expression in patient-derived tissues and pancreatic cancer cells. Coexpression of KLK6 with KRT19, αSMA or CD68 was independent of tumour stage, while KLK6 was coexpressed with KRT19 and CD68 in the invasive tumour area. High KLK6 levels in tumour and CD68+ cells were linked to shorter survival. KLK6 inhibition reduced KLK6 mRNA expression, cell metabolic activity and KLK6 secretion and increased the secretion of other serine and aspartic lysosomal proteases. The association of high KLK levels and poor prognosis suggests that inhibiting KLKs may be a therapeutic strategy for precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana B. Candido
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.B.C.); (O.M.); (E.P.); (E.T.-B.); (V.S.-M.)
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.B.C.); (O.M.); (E.P.); (E.T.-B.); (V.S.-M.)
| | - Melanie Boxberg
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, 81657 Munich, Germany; (M.B.); (W.W.)
| | - Verena Kast
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., Hohe Straβe 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Eleonora Peerani
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.B.C.); (O.M.); (E.P.); (E.T.-B.); (V.S.-M.)
| | - Elena Tomás-Bort
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.B.C.); (O.M.); (E.P.); (E.T.-B.); (V.S.-M.)
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, 81657 Munich, Germany; (M.B.); (W.W.)
| | - Amiram Sananes
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Niv Papo
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.B.C.); (O.M.); (E.P.); (E.T.-B.); (V.S.-M.)
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.B.C.); (O.M.); (E.P.); (E.T.-B.); (V.S.-M.)
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., Hohe Straβe 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou D, He Y, Li H, Huang W. Silencing of kallikrein-related peptidase 6 attenuates the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells through inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:770. [PMID: 34055069 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6), a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family, is involved in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells and is highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of KLK6 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells and to determine the underlying mechanism of its actions. The expression of KLK6 was measured in metastatic gastric cancer cells using western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, and KLK6 was overexpressed or inhibited in HGC-27 cells using plasmid transfection. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT were also evaluated using Cell Counting Kit 8, Transwell and western blot analysis, respectively. In addition, a mouse xenograft model was constructed by injection of HGC-27 cells. The xenograft was treated with KLK6 interference or overexpression plasmids to study the in vivo effects of KLK6 on tumor development. The results demonstrated that KLK6 was highly expressed in HGC-27 cells and that KLK6 inhibition attenuated cell proliferation, migration and invasion and prevented gastric cancer tumor development. In addition, KLK6 inhibition reduced the expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule and vimentin, reduced the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 and upregulated epithelial-cadherin expression. In conclusion, KLK6 inhibition suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo through the inhibition of EMT. These findings indicate that KLK6 a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Yanping He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Hengping Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Matsumoto Y, Shiozaki A, Kosuga T, Kudou M, Shimizu H, Arita T, Konishi H, Komatsu S, Kubota T, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Kishimoto M, Konishi E, Otsuji E. Expression and Role of CFTR in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:6424-6436. [PMID: 33710504 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-09752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-dependent chloride (Cl-) anion conducting channel, and its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) was examined in the present study. METHODS Overexpression experiments were conducted on human ESCC cell lines following the transfection of a CFTR plasmid, and changes in cell proliferation, the cell cycle, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were assessed. A microarray analysis was performed to examine gene expression profiles. Fifty-three primary tumor samples collected from ESCC patients during esophagectomy were subjected to an immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Transfection of the CFTR plasmid into the ESCC KYSE 170 and KYSE 70 cell lines suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis. The microarray analysis showed the up-regulated expression of genes involved in the p38 signaling pathway in CFTR plasmid-transfected KYSE 170 cells. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a relationship between the CFTR expression pattern at the invasive front and the pN category. A relationship was also observed between the weak expression of CFTR at the invasive front and a shorter postoperative survival in a prognostic analysis. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of CFTR in ESCC activated the p38 signaling pathway and was associated with a good patient prognosis. These results indicate the potential of CFTR as a mediator of and/or a biomarker for ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiozaki
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Kosuga
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kudou
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimizu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Arita
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Konishi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuhei Komatsu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kubota
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Fujiwara
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuma Okamoto
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kishimoto
- Department of Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Eiichi Konishi
- Department of Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pampalakis G, Zingkou E, Zoumpourlis V, Sotiropoulou G. Ectopic expression of KLK6 in MDA-MB-435 melanoma cells reduces tumorigenicity in vivo. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 217:153276. [PMID: 33249398 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive form of cancer with poor prognosis therefore, identification of associated pathophysiological mechanisms is imperative towards the development of new therapeutic strategies. The KLK6 is a serine protease normally expressed in the epidermis. Recently, we found that elimination of Klk6 in mice results in enhanced resistance to chemically induced non-melanoma skin cancer. To delineate putative roles of KLK6 in melanoma, the invasive KLK6-non-expressing MDA-MB-435 melanoma cell line was stably transfected with the full-length KLK6 cDNA and expression of the corresponding RNA and protein were confirmed. Interestingly, restoration of KLK6 expression resulted in markedly suppressed growth of primary tumors when orthotopically implanted in SCID mice. Analysis of data retrieved from the human protein atlas revealed that melanomas with high KLK6 expression have a trend for longer survival. Collectively, we suggest that KLK6 inhibits growth of melanomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miyabayashi K, Baker LA, Deschênes A, Traub B, Caligiuri G, Plenker D, Alagesan B, Belleau P, Li S, Kendall J, Jang GH, Kawaguchi RK, Somerville TDD, Tiriac H, Hwang CI, Burkhart RA, Roberts NJ, Wood LD, Hruban RH, Gillis J, Krasnitz A, Vakoc CR, Wigler M, Notta F, Gallinger S, Park Y, Tuveson DA. Intraductal Transplantation Models of Human Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Reveal Progressive Transition of Molecular Subtypes. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:1566-1589. [PMID: 32703770 PMCID: PMC7664990 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most lethal common malignancy, with little improvement in patient outcomes over the past decades. Recently, subtypes of pancreatic cancer with different prognoses have been elaborated; however, the inability to model these subtypes has precluded mechanistic investigation of their origins. Here, we present a xenotransplantation model of PDAC in which neoplasms originate from patient-derived organoids injected directly into murine pancreatic ducts. Our model enables distinction of the two main PDAC subtypes: intraepithelial neoplasms from this model progress in an indolent or invasive manner representing the classical or basal-like subtypes of PDAC, respectively. Parameters that influence PDAC subtype specification in this intraductal model include cell plasticity and hyperactivation of the RAS pathway. Finally, through intratumoral dissection and the direct manipulation of RAS gene dosage, we identify a suite of RAS-regulated secreted and membrane-bound proteins that may represent potential candidates for therapeutic intervention in patients with PDAC. SIGNIFICANCE: Accurate modeling of the molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer is crucial to facilitate the generation of effective therapies. We report the development of an intraductal organoid transplantation model of pancreatic cancer that models the progressive switching of subtypes, and identify stochastic and RAS-driven mechanisms that determine subtype specification.See related commentary by Pickering and Morton, p. 1448.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1426.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miyabayashi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Lindsey A Baker
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Astrid Deschênes
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Benno Traub
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Giuseppina Caligiuri
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Dennis Plenker
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Brinda Alagesan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Pascal Belleau
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Siran Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Jude Kendall
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Gun Ho Jang
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Hervé Tiriac
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Chang-Il Hwang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Richard A Burkhart
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jesse Gillis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | | | | | - Michael Wigler
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youngkyu Park
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Di Paolo CT, Diamandis EP, Prassas I. The role of kallikreins in inflammatory skin disorders and their potential as therapeutic targets. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 58:1-16. [PMID: 32568598 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1775171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a vital organ of the human body, serving numerous protective and functional roles that are essential for survival. Residing in the epidermis are various epidermal proteases responsible for the establishment and regulation of barrier function. The human tissue kallikrein-related peptidase family conserves homeostasis of the skin barrier through their roles in desquamation, antimicrobial defense, innate immune response, and barrier maintenance. The activity of kallikreins is tightly regulated and dysregulation of kallikrein activity is seen to contribute to the formation of several inflammatory skin disorders. This review highlights the roles of kallikreins in skin homeostasis and pathologies. Due to their part in these skin disorders, inhibitors of the skin kallikreins have become attractive therapeutics. Over the past few years, both natural and synthetic inhibitors of several kallikreins have been identified and are undergoing further development as treatments to restore compromised barrier function. This review summarizes the kallikrein inhibitors under development for this purpose. These inhibitors remain promising therapeutics in cases of severe skin inflammation not well managed by current therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin T Di Paolo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
De Vita E, Smits N, van den Hurk H, Beck EM, Hewitt J, Baillie G, Russell E, Pannifer A, Hamon V, Morrison A, McElroy SP, Jones P, Ignatenko NA, Gunkel N, Miller AK. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of N-(4-Benzamidino)-Oxazolidinones: Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:79-95. [PMID: 31675166 PMCID: PMC7004151 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) is a secreted serine protease that belongs to the family of tissue kallikreins. Aberrant expression of KLK6 has been found in different cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, and KLK6 is currently studied as a potential target in these pathologies. We report a novel series of KLK6 inhibitors discovered in a high-throughput screen within the European Lead Factory program. Structure-guided design based on docking studies enabled rapid progression of a hit cluster to inhibitors with improved potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties. In particular, inhibitors 32 ((5R)-3-(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)-N-((S)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)propyl)-2-oxooxazolidine-5-carboxamide) and 34 ((5R)-3-(6-carbamimidoylpyridin-3-yl)-N-((1S)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)propyl)-2-oxooxazolidine-5-carboxamide) have single-digit nanomolar potency against KLK6, with over 25-fold and 100-fold selectivities against the closely related enzyme trypsin, respectively. The most potent compound, 32, effectively reduces KLK6-dependent invasion of HCT116 cells. The high potency in combination with good solubility and low clearance of 32 make it a good chemical probe for KLK6 target validation in vitro and potentially in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Vita
- Cancer Drug Development GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesUniversity of Heidelberg69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Niels Smits
- Pivot Park Screening CentreKloosterstraat 95349 ABOss (TheNetherlands
| | | | - Elizabeth M. Beck
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Gemma Baillie
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Emily Russell
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Andrew Pannifer
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Véronique Hamon
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Angus Morrison
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Stuart P. McElroy
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Philip Jones
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Natalia A. Ignatenko
- University of Arizona Cancer CenterUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA
| | - Nikolas Gunkel
- Cancer Drug Development GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- Cancer Drug Development GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)69120HeidelbergGermany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tommasi C, Rogerson C, Depledge DP, Jones M, Naeem AS, Venturini C, Frampton D, Tutill HJ, Way B, Breuer J, O'Shaughnessy RFL. Kallikrein-Mediated Cytokeratin 10 Degradation Is Required for Varicella Zoster Virus Propagation in Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:774-784.e11. [PMID: 31626786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a skin-tropic virus that infects epidermal keratinocytes and causes chickenpox. Although common, VZV infection can be life-threatening, particularly in the immunocompromized. Therefore, understanding VZV-keratinocyte interactions is important to find new treatments beyond vaccination and antiviral drugs. In VZV-infected skin, kallikrein 6 and the ubiquitin ligase MDM2 are upregulated concomitant with keratin 10 (KRT10) downregulation. MDM2 binds to KRT10, targeting it for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Preventing KRT10 degradation reduced VZV propagation in culture and prevented epidermal disruption in skin explants. KRT10 knockdown induced expression of NR4A1 and enhanced viral propagation in culture. NR4A1 knockdown prevented viral propagation in culture, reduced LC3 levels, and increased LAMP2 expression. We therefore describe a drug-able pathway whereby MDM2 ubiquitinates and degrades KRT10, increasing NR4A1 expression and allowing VZV replication and propagation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tommasi
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre, Immunobiology and Dermatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Rogerson
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P Depledge
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Meleri Jones
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aishath S Naeem
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre, Immunobiology and Dermatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Frampton
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena J Tutill
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Way
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre, Immunobiology and Dermatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Breuer
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan F L O'Shaughnessy
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre, Immunobiology and Dermatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kodaira H, Koma YI, Hosono M, Higashino N, Suemune K, Nishio M, Shigeoka M, Yokozaki H. ANXA10 induction by interaction with tumor-associated macrophages promotes the growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Int 2019; 69:135-147. [PMID: 30758105 PMCID: PMC6850125 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) have important roles in the growth, angiogenesis and progression of various tumors. Although we have demonstrated the association of an increased number of infiltrating CD204+ TAMs with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs), the roles of TAMs in ESCC remain unclear. Here, to study the effects of TAMs on the tumor microenvironment of ESCCs, we established a co‐culture assay using a human ESCC cell line and TAM‐like peripheral blood monocyte‐derived macrophages and performed a cDNA microarray analysis between monocultured and co‐cultured ESCC cell lines. Our qRT‐PCR confirmed that in the co‐cultured ESCC cell lines, CYP1A1, DHRS3, ANXA10, KLK6 and CYP1B1 mRNA were highly up‐regulated; AMTN and IGFL1 mRNA were down‐regulated. We observed that the high expression of a calcium‐dependent phospholipid‐binding protein ANXA10 was closely associated with the depth of invasion and high numbers of infiltrating CD68+ and CD204+ TAMs and poor disease‐free survival (P = 0.0216). We also found ANXA10 promoted the cell growth of ESCC cell lines via the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 pathways in vitro. These results suggest that ANXA10 induced by the interaction with TAMs in the tumor microenvironment is associated with cell growth and poor prognosis in human ESCC tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himiko Kodaira
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichiro Koma
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Hosono
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Higashino
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuki Suemune
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mari Nishio
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Manabu Shigeoka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokozaki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Haddada M, Draoui H, Deschamps L, Walker F, Delaunay T, Brattsand M, Magdolen V, Darmoul D. Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 overexpression in melanoma cells modulates cell adhesion leading to a malignant phenotype. Biol Chem 2018; 399:1099-1105. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe recently reported that human melanoma cells, but not benign melanocytes, aberrantly express kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7). Here, we show a KLK7 overexpression-mediated decrease of cell adhesion to extracellular matrix binding proteins, associated with downregulation of α5/β1/αv/β3 integrin expression. We also report an up-regulation of MCAM/CD146 and an increase in spheroid formation of these cells. Our results demonstrate that aberrant KLK7 expression leads to a switch to a more malignant phenotype suggesting a potential role of KLK7 in melanoma invasion. Thus, KLK7 may represent a biomarker for melanoma progression and may be a potential therapeutic target for melanoma.
Collapse
|
19
|
De Vita E, Schüler P, Lovell S, Lohbeck J, Kullmann S, Rabinovich E, Sananes A, Heßling B, Hamon V, Papo N, Hess J, Tate EW, Gunkel N, Miller AK. Depsipeptides Featuring a Neutral P1 Are Potent Inhibitors of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6 with On-Target Cellular Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8859-8874. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Vita
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Biosciences Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Peter Schüler
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Scott Lovell
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jasmin Lohbeck
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sven Kullmann
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Eitan Rabinovich
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Amiram Sananes
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Bernd Heßling
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Veronique Hamon
- European Screening Centre, Biocity Scotland, University of Dundee, Newhouse ML1 5UH, U.K
| | - Niv Papo
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Research Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Nikolas Gunkel
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Khoury N, Zingkou E, Pampalakis G, Sofopoulos M, Zoumpourlis V, Sotiropoulou G. KLK6 protease accelerates skin tumor formation and progression. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:1529-1536. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Khoury
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio Patras, Greece
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio Patras, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sananes A, Cohen I, Shahar A, Hockla A, De Vita E, Miller AK, Radisky ES, Papo N. A potent, proteolysis-resistant inhibitor of kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) for cancer therapy, developed by combinatorial engineering. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12663-12680. [PMID: 29934309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tissue kallikrein (KLK) proteases are hormone-like signaling molecules with important functions in cancer pathophysiology. KLK-related peptidase 6 (KLK6), specifically, is highly up-regulated in several types of cancer, where its increased activity promotes cancer invasion and metastasis. This characteristic suggests KLK6 as an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. However, inhibitors that specifically target KLK6 have not yet been reported, possibly because KLK6 shares a high sequence homology and structural similarity with other serine proteases and resists inhibition by many polypeptide inhibitors. Here, we present an innovative combinatorial approach to engineering KLK6 inhibitors via flow cytometry-based screening of a yeast-displayed mutant library of the human amyloid precursor protein Kunitz protease inhibitor domain (APPI), an inhibitor of other serine proteases, such as anionic and cationic trypsins. On the basis of this screening, we generated APPIM17L,I18F,S19F,F34V (APPI-4M), an APPI variant with a KLK6 inhibition constant (Ki ) of 160 pm and a turnover time of 10 days. To the best of our knowledge, APPI-4M is the most potent KLK6 inhibitor reported to date, displaying 146-fold improved affinity and 13-fold improved proteolytic stability compared with WT APPI (APPIWT). We further demonstrate that APPI-4M acts as a functional inhibitor in a cell-based model of KLK6-dependent breast cancer invasion. Finally, the crystal structures of the APPIWT/KLK6 and APPI-4M/KLK6 complexes revealed the structural and mechanistic bases for the improved KLK6 binding and proteolytic resistance of APPI-4M. We anticipate that APPI-4M will have substantial translational potential as both imaging agent and therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amiram Sananes
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Itay Cohen
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Anat Shahar
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Alexandra Hockla
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Elena De Vita
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Niv Papo
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Andrejc D, Legiša M. Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 can cleave human-muscle-type 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase into highly active shorter fragments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:602-607. [PMID: 29563071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer cells consume more glucose than normal human cells and convert most glucose into lactate. It has been proposed that deregulated glycolysis is triggered by the posttranslational modification of 85 kDa muscle-type 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-M) which is cleaved by a specific protease to form shorter, highly active, feedback-inhibition-resistant PFK-M fragments. PRINCIPAL RESULTS To find the protease involved in PFK-M modification, analyses of the protease target sites on the human PFK-M enzyme yielding 45-47 kDa fragments were performed in silico. The results suggested that an enzyme in the kallikrein (KLK) family may be involved. Kallikreins can be self-activated in the cytosol and are often overexpressed in cancer cells. After incubating the internally quenched FRET peptide with a sequence characteristic of the target site, along with the active KLK6, the cleavage of the peptide was observed. The ability of KLK6 to cleave native PFK-M and form highly active citrate-resistant 45 kDa fragments was further confirmed by enzymatic tests and SDS-PAGE. A role of KLK6 in the posttranslational modification of native PFK-M was ultimately confirmed in vivo. A yeast strain that encoded native human PFK-M as the only PFK1 enzyme was additionally transformed with proKLK6 or KLK6 genes under the control of an inducible promoter. The transformants growth rate was found to increase after the induction of proKLK6 gene expression as compared to the strain with the native PFK-M enzyme. CONCLUSION KLK6 may be the key protease involved in the modification of PFK-M and trigger deregulated glycolytic flux in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darjan Andrejc
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matic Legiša
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Delaunay T, Deschamps L, Haddada M, Walker F, Soosaipillai A, Soualmia F, El Amri C, Diamandis EP, Brattsand M, Magdolen V, Darmoul D. Aberrant expression of kallikrein-related peptidase 7 is correlated with human melanoma aggressiveness by stimulating cell migration and invasion. Mol Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28636767 PMCID: PMC5623816 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the tissue kallikrein‐related peptidase (KLK) family not only regulate several important physiological functions, but aberrant expression has also been associated with various malignancies. Clinically, KLKs have been suggested as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in many types of cancer. As of yet, expression of KLKs and their role in skin cancers are, however, poorly addressed. Malignant melanoma is an aggressive disease associated with poor prognosis. Hence, diagnostic biomarkers to monitor melanoma progression are needed. Herein, we demonstrate that although mRNA of several KLKs are aberrantly expressed in melanoma cell lines, only the KLK7 protein is highly secreted in vitro. In line with these findings, ectopic expression of KLK7 in human melanomas and its absence in benign nevi were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in vivo. Interestingly, overexpression of KLK7 induced a significant reduction in melanoma cell proliferation and colony formation. Moreover, KLK7 overexpression triggered an increase in cell motility and invasion associated with decreased expression of E‐cadherin and an upregulation of MCAM/CD146. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that aberrant KLK7 expression leads to a switch from proliferative to invasive phenotype, suggesting a potential role of KLK7 in melanoma progression. Thus, we hypothesize that KLK7 may represent a potential biomarker for melanoma progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Delaunay
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS-S976, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Lydia Deschamps
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Haddada
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS-S976, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Francine Walker
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | | | - Feryel Soualmia
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | - Maria Brattsand
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Dalila Darmoul
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS-S976, Université Paris Diderot, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang T, Jiao J, Zhang H, Zhou W, Li Z, Han S, Wang J, Yang X, Huang Q, Wu Z, Yan W, Xiao J. TGF-β induced PAR-1 expression promotes tumor progression and osteoclast differentiation in giant cell tumor of bone. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1630-1642. [PMID: 28670703 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) has been confirmed as an oncogene in many cancers, the role of PAR-1 in giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone has been rarely reported. The mechanism of PAR-1 in tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis still remains unclear. In the present study, we detected that PAR-1 was significantly upregulated in GCT of bone compared to normal tissues, while TGF-β was also overexpressed in GCT tissues and could promote the expression of PAR-1 in a dose and time dependent manner. Using the luciferase reporter assay, we found that two downstreams of TGF-β, Smad3 and Smad4, could activate the promoter of PAR-1, which might explain the mechanism of TGF-β induced PAR-1 expression. Meanwhile, PAR-1 was also overexpressed in microvesicles from stromal cells of GCT (GCTSCs), and might be transported from GCTSCs to monocytes through microvesicles. In addition, knockout of PAR-1 by TALENs in GCTSCs inhibited tumor growth, angiogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in GCT in vitro. Using the chick CAM models, we further showed that inhibition of PAR-1 suppressed tumor growth and giant cell formation in vivo. Using microarray assay, we detected a number of genes involved in osteoclastogenesis as the possible downstreams of PAR-1, which may partly explain the mechanism of PAR-1 in GCT. In brief, for the first time, these results reveal an upstream regulatory role of TGF-β in PAR-1 expression, and PAR-1 expression promotes tumor growth, angiogenesis and osteoclast differentiation in GCT of bone. Hence, PAR-1 represents a novel potential therapeutic target for GCT of bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second MilitaryMedical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second MilitaryMedical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second MilitaryMedical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Zhou
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second MilitaryMedical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxi Li
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second MilitaryMedical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Han
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second MilitaryMedical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second MilitaryMedical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghai Yang
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second MilitaryMedical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Huang
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second MilitaryMedical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second MilitaryMedical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangjun Yan
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second MilitaryMedical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second MilitaryMedical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9070076. [PMID: 28671620 PMCID: PMC5532612 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9070076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is one of the most prevalent human malignancies worldwide, with a high morbidity and mortality. Implementation of interdisciplinary treatment modalities has improved the quality of life, but only minor changes in overall survival have been achieved over the past decades. Main causes for treatment failure are an aggressive and invasive tumor growth in combination with a high degree of intrinsic or acquired treatment resistance. A subset of tumor cells gain these properties during malignant progression by reactivating a complex program of epithelia-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is integral in embryonic development, wound healing, and stem cell behavior. EMT is mediated by a core set of key transcription factors, which are under the control of a large range of developmental signals and extracellular cues. Unraveling molecular principles that drive EMT provides new concepts to better understand tumor cell plasticity and response to established as well as new treatment modalities, and has the potential to identify new drug targets for a more effective, less toxic, and individualized therapy of HNC patients. Here, we review the most recent findings on the clinical relevance of a mesenchymal-like phenotype for HNC patients, including more rare cases of mucosal melanoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma.
Collapse
|
26
|
Expression of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6 in Primary Mucosal Malignant Melanoma of the Head and Neck. Head Neck Pathol 2016; 11:314-320. [PMID: 27844409 PMCID: PMC5550389 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-016-0769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck (MMHN) are aggressive tumors with poor prognosis, different opposed to cutaneous melanoma. In this study, we characterized primary mucosal malignant melanoma for the expression of Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6), a member of the KLK family with relevance to the malignant phenotype in various cancer types including cutaneous melanoma. Paraffin-embedded MMHN of 22 patients were stained immunohistochemically for KLK6 and results were correlated with clinical and pathological data. In 77.3% (17/22) of MMHN cases, positive KLK6 staining was found. Staining pattern for tumor cells showed a predominant cytoplasmic staining. However, in six cases we also observed a prominent nuclear staining. MMHN with a high KLK6 expression showed significantly better outcome concerning local recurrence-free survival (p = 0.013) and nuclear KLK6 staining was significantly associated with the survival status (p = 0.027). Overexpression of KLK6 was detected in more than 70% of MMHN and approximately 40% of tumors showed a strong expression pattern. Correlation between clinical outcome of MMHN patients and overexpression of KLK6 has not been addressed so far. Our data demonstrate for the first time increased levels of KLK6 in MMHN and strengthen the hypothesis that there might be a context-specific regulation and function of KLK6 in mucosal melanoma.
Collapse
|
27
|
Filippou PS, Karagiannis GS, Musrap N, Diamandis EP. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and the hallmarks of cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:277-91. [PMID: 26886390 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2016.1154643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) represent the largest family of serine proteases within the human genome and are expressed in various tissues. Although they regulate several important physiological functions, KLKs have also been implicated in numerous pathophysiological processes, including cancer. Growing evidence describing the deregulation of KLK expression and secretion, as well as activation in various malignancies, has uncovered their potential as mediators of cancer progression, biomarkers of disease and as candidate therapeutic targets. The diversity of signalling pathways and proteolytic cascades involving KLKs and their downstream targets appears to affect cancer biology through multiple mechanisms, including those related to the hallmarks of cancer. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the importance of KLK-driven molecular pathways in relation to cancer cell traits associated with the hallmarks of cancer and to highlight their potential in personalized therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota S Filippou
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - George S Karagiannis
- b Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx , New York , NY , USA
| | - Natasha Musrap
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada .,c Department of Clinical Biochemistry , University Health Network , Toronto , ON , Canada , and.,d Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Involvement of Kallikrein-Related Peptidases in Normal and Pathologic Processes. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:946572. [PMID: 26783378 PMCID: PMC4689925 DOI: 10.1155/2015/946572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a subgroup of serine proteases that participate in proteolytic pathways and control protein levels in normal physiology as well as in several pathological conditions. Their complex network of stimulatory and inhibitory interactions may induce inflammatory and immune responses and contribute to the neoplastic phenotype through the regulation of several cellular processes, such as proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. This family of proteases, which includes one of the most useful cancer biomarkers, kallikrein-related peptidase 3 or PSA, also has a protective effect against cancer promoting apoptosis or counteracting angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Therefore, they represent attractive therapeutic targets and may have important applications in clinical oncology. Despite being intensively studied, many gaps in our knowledge on several molecular aspects of KLK functions still exist. This review aims to summarize recent data on their involvement in different processes related to health and disease, in particular those directly or indirectly linked to the neoplastic process.
Collapse
|
29
|
Impaired aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 subfamily member 2A-dependent retinoic acid signaling is related with a mesenchymal-like phenotype and an unfavorable prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:204. [PMID: 26634247 PMCID: PMC4669670 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An inverse correlation between expression of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 subfamily A2 (ALDH1A2) and gene promoter methylation has been identified as a common feature of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Moreover, low ALDH1A2 expression was associated with an unfavorable prognosis of OPSCC patients, however the causal link between reduced ALDH1A2 function and treatment failure has not been addressed so far. Methods Serial sections from tissue microarrays of patients with primary OPSCC (n = 101) were stained by immunohistochemistry for key regulators of retinoic acid (RA) signaling, including ALDH1A2. Survival with respect to these regulators was investigated by univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate Cox regression proportional hazard models. The impact of ALDH1A2-RAR signaling on tumor-relevant processes was addressed in established tumor cell lines and in an orthotopic mouse xenograft model. Results Immunohistochemical analysis showed an improved prognosis of ALDH1A2high OPSCC only in the presence of CRABP2, an intracellular RA transporter. Moreover, an ALDH1A2highCRABP2high staining pattern served as an independent predictor for progression-free (HR: 0.395, p = 0.007) and overall survival (HR: 0.303, p = 0.002), suggesting a critical impact of RA metabolism and signaling on clinical outcome. Functionally, ALDH1A2 expression and activity in tumor cell lines were related to RA levels. While administration of retinoids inhibited clonogenic growth and proliferation, the pharmacological inhibition of ALDH1A2-RAR signaling resulted in loss of cell-cell adhesion and a mesenchymal-like phenotype. Xenograft tumors derived from FaDu cells with stable silencing of ALDH1A2 and primary tumors from OPSCC patients with low ALDH1A2 expression exhibited a mesenchymal-like phenotype characterized by vimentin expression. Conclusions This study has unraveled a critical role of ALDH1A2-RAR signaling in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer and our data implicate that patients with ALDH1A2low tumors might benefit from adjuvant treatment with retinoids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0476-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
30
|
Drucker KL, Gianinni C, Decker PA, Diamandis EP, Scarisbrick IA. Prognostic significance of multiple kallikreins in high-grade astrocytoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:565. [PMID: 26231762 PMCID: PMC4521496 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kallikreins have clinical value as prognostic markers in a subset of malignancies examined to date, including kallikrein 3 (prostate specific antigen) in prostate cancer. We previously demonstrated that kallikrein 6 is expressed at higher levels in grade IV compared to grade III astrocytoma and is associated with reduced survival of GBM patients. METHODS In this study we determined KLK1, KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK9 and KLK10 protein expression in two independent tissue microarrays containing 60 grade IV and 8 grade III astrocytoma samples. Scores for staining intensity, percent of tumor stained and immunoreactivity scores (IR, product of intensity and percent) were determined and analyzed for correlation with patient survival. RESULTS Grade IV glioma was associated with higher levels of kallikrein-immunostaining compared to grade III specimens. Univariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis demonstrated that elevated KLK6- or KLK7-IR was associated with poor patient prognosis. In addition, an increased percent of tumor immunoreactive for KLK6 or KLK9 was associated with decreased survival in grade IV patients. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that patients with KLK6-IR < 10, KLK6 percent tumor core stained < 3, or KLK7-IR < 9 had a significantly improved survival. Multivariable analysis indicated that the significance of these parameters was maintained even after adjusting for gender and performance score. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that elevations in glioblastoma KLK6, KLK7 and KLK9 protein have utility as prognostic markers of patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Drucker
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Caterina Gianinni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Paul A Decker
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 3 L9, Canada.
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vakrakou A, Devetzi M, Papachristopoulou G, Malachias A, Scorilas A, Xynopoulos D, Talieri M. Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) expression in the progression of colon adenoma to carcinoma. Biol Chem 2015; 395:1105-17. [PMID: 25153391 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
KLK6 is a secreted trypsin-like serine protease. KLK6 mRNA expression and its association with colon cancer (CC) progression was studied using quantitative real-time PCR. We examined the expression of KLK6 in 232 colon tissues (cancerous, non-cancerous, and adenomatous). We proved that KLK6 expression in CC behaves as a continuous variable, as its expression correlates significantly with increasing tumor stage (p=0.004) and histological grade (p=0.007). Interestingly, the expression of KLK6 in adenomas was significantly higher than that in the cancerous or non-cancerous tissues examined (p<0.001). Cox proportional hazard regression model using univariate analysis revealed that positive KLK6 expression is a significant factor for disease-free survival (DFS) (p=0.017) and overall survival (OS) (p=0.002) of patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated that KLK6-negative expression is significantly associated with longer DFS (p=0.009) and OS (p=0.001). ROC analysis showed that KLK6 expression has significant discriminatory power in distinguishing cancerous from non-cancerous colon tissues (p<0.001), or cancerous from adenoma tissues (p=0.001), or adenoma from non-cancerous colon tissues (p<0.001). Additionally, strong KLK6 immunostaining was seen in the cancer cells of selected CC sections, as well as in glandular cells and inflammatory cells of adenomas. In conclusion, KLK6 may represent a potential unfavorable prognostic biomarker for CC.
Collapse
|
32
|
Yu Y, Prassas I, Dimitromanolakis A, Diamandis EP. Novel Biological Substrates of Human Kallikrein 7 Identified through Degradomics. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17762-17775. [PMID: 26032414 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.643551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a group of serine proteases widely expressed in various tissues and involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Although our understanding of the pathophysiological roles of most KLKs has blossomed in recent years, identification of the direct endogenous substrates of human KLKs remains an unmet objective. In this study we employed a degradomics approach to systemically investigate the endogenous substrates of KLK7 in an effort to understand the molecular pathways underlying KLK7 action in skin. We identified several previously known as well as novel protein substrates. Our most promising candidates were further validated with the use of targeted quantitative proteomics (selected reaction monitoring methods) and in vitro recombinant protein digestion assays. Our study revealed midkine, CYR61, and tenascin-C as endogenous substrates for KLK7. Interestingly, some of these substrates (e.g. midkine) were prone to proteolytic cleavage only by KLK7 (and not by other skin-associated KLKs), whereas others (e.g. CYR61 and tenascin-C) could be digested by several KLKs. Furthermore, using melanoma cell line, we show that KLK7-mediated cleavage of midkine results in an overall reduction in the pro-proliferative and pro-migratory effect of midkine. An inverse relation between KLK7 and midkine is also observed in human melanoma tissues. In summary, our degradomics approach revealed three novel endogenous substrates for KLK7, which may shed more light on the pathobiological roles of KLK7 in human skin. Similar substrate screening approaches could be applied for the discovery of biological substrates of other protease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | | | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schrader CH, Kolb M, Zaoui K, Flechtenmacher C, Grabe N, Weber KJ, Hielscher T, Plinkert PK, Hess J. Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and serves as prognostic biomarker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:107. [PMID: 25990935 PMCID: PMC4437453 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulated expression of Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) is a common feature for many human malignancies and numerous studies evaluated KLK6 as a promising biomarker for early diagnosis or unfavorable prognosis. However, the expression of KLK6 in carcinomas derived from mucosal epithelia, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and its mode of action has not been addressed so far. Methods Stable clones of human mucosal tumor cell lines were generated with shRNA-mediated silencing or ectopic overexpression to characterize the impact of KLK6 on tumor relevant processes in vitro. Tissue microarrays with primary HNSCC samples from a retrospective patient cohort (n = 162) were stained by immunohistochemistry and the correlation between KLK6 staining and survival was addressed by univariate Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analysis. Results KLK6 expression was detected in head and neck tumor cell lines (FaDu, Cal27 and SCC25), but not in HeLa cervix carcinoma cells. Silencing in FaDu cells and ectopic expression in HeLa cells unraveled an inhibitory function of KLK6 on tumor cell proliferation and mobility. FaDu clones with silenced KLK6 expression displayed molecular features resembling epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, nuclear β-catenin accumulation and higher resistance against irradiation. Low KLK6 protein expression in primary tumors from oropharyngeal and laryngeal SCC patients was significantly correlated with poor progression-free (p = 0.001) and overall survival (p < 0.0005), and served as an independent risk factor for unfavorable clinical outcome. Conclusions In summary, detection of low KLK6 expression in primary tumors represents a promising tool to stratify HNSCC patients with high risk for treatment failure. These patients might benefit from restoration of KLK6 expression or pharmacological targeting of signaling pathways implicated in EMT. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0381-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola H Schrader
- Section Experimental and Translational Head and Neck Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Kolb
- Section Experimental and Translational Head and Neck Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Karim Zaoui
- Section Experimental and Translational Head and Neck Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Niels Grabe
- Hamamatsu Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center (TIGA), BIOQUANT, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Klaus-Josef Weber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Peter K Plinkert
- Section Experimental and Translational Head and Neck Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jochen Hess
- Section Experimental and Translational Head and Neck Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Research Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kallikrein-related peptidase-6 (KLK6) mRNA expression is an independent prognostic tissue biomarker of poor disease-free and overall survival in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4673-85. [PMID: 24430362 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family of tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases possess important prognostic value in cancer. Moreover, the oncogenic role of kallikrein-related peptidase-6 (KLK6) in colorectal cancer has been well documented so far. This study investigated the prognostic value of KLK6 mRNA expression as a molecular tissue biomarker in colorectal adenocarcinoma. For this purpose, KLK6 mRNA expression was studied in 110 primary colorectal adenocarcinomas and 39 paired noncancerous colorectal specimens. A dramatic upregulation of KLK6 mRNA expression was observed in colorectal tumors. KLK6 mRNA overexpression was associated with high depth of tumor invasion, presence of distant metastases, and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage of patients. Furthermore, KLK6 mRNA expression was shown to predict poor disease-free and overall survival independently of patient gender, age, tumor size, location, histological subtype, grade, venous invasion, lymphatic invasion, TNM stage, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy treatment. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that colorectal adenocarcinoma patients with negative regional lymph nodes (N0) and those without distant metastases (M0) harboring KLK6 mRNA-positive colorectal tumors tended to relapse and die earlier than N0 and M0 patients with KLK6 mRNA-negative colorectal adenocarcinoma. Thus, KLK6 mRNA expression could be considered as an independent, unfavorable molecular prognostic biomarker in colorectal adenocarcinoma, with additional prognostic value in patients without regional or distant metastases.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chung BY, Noh TK, Yang SH, Kim IH, Lee MW, Yoon TJ, Chang SE. Gene Expression Profiling in Melasma in Korean Women. Dermatology 2014; 229:333-42. [DOI: 10.1159/000365080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
36
|
Emerging clinical importance of the cancer biomarkers kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) in female and male reproductive organ malignancies. Radiol Oncol 2013; 47:319-29. [PMID: 24294176 PMCID: PMC3814276 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2013-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor tissue-associated KLKs (kallikrein-related peptidases) are clinically important biomarkers that may allow prognosis of the cancer disease and/or prediction of response/failure of cancer patients to cancer-directed drugs. Regarding the female/male reproductive tract, remarkably, all of the fifteen KLKs are expressed in the normal prostate, breast, cervix uteri, and the testis, whereas the uterus/endometrium and the ovary are expressing a limited number of KLKs only. Conclusions Most of the information regarding elevated expression of KLKs in tumor-affected organs is available for ovarian cancer; depicting them as valuable biomarkers in the cancerous phenotype. In contrast, for breast cancer, a series of KLKs was found to be downregulated. However, in breast cancer, KLK4 is elevated which is also true for ovarian and prostate cancer. In such cases, selective synthetic KLK inhibitors that aim at blocking the proteolytic activities of certain KLKs may serve as future candidate therapeutic drugs to interfere with tumor progression and metastasis.
Collapse
|
37
|
Drucker KL, Paulsen AR, Giannini C, Decker PA, Blaber SI, Blaber M, Uhm JH, O'Neill BP, Jenkins RB, Scarisbrick IA. Clinical significance and novel mechanism of action of kallikrein 6 in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:305-18. [PMID: 23307575 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kallikreins have prognostic value in specific malignancies, but few studies have addressed their clinical significance to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Kallikrein 6 (KLK6) is of potential high relevance to GBM, since it is upregulated at sites of CNS pathology and linked to reactive astrogliosis. Here we examine the clinical value of KLK6 as a prognostic indicator of GBM patient survival and its activity in promoting resistance to cytotoxic agents. METHODS The association between patient survival and levels of KLK6 immunoreactivity were investigated in 60 grade IV astrocytoma tumor specimens. Levels of KLK6 RNA were also evaluated in a separate set of GBM patient tumors (n = 23). Recombinant KLK6 or enforced KLK6 overexpression in GBM cell lines was used to evaluate effects on astrocytoma cell survival. RESULTS A range of KLK6 expression was observed across grade IV tumors, with higher levels a poor prognostic indicator of patient survival (P = .02) even after adjusting for gender and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance scores (P = .01). KLK6 reduced the sensitivity of GBM cell lines to cytotoxic agents, including staurosporine and cisplatin, and to the current standard of patient care: radiotherapy or temozolomide alone or in combination. The ability of KLK6 to promote resistance to apoptosis was dependent on activation of the thrombin receptor, protease activated receptor 1. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that elevated levels of KLK6 in GBM are likely to promote the resistance of tumor cells to cytotoxic agents and are an indicator of reduced patient postsurgical survival times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Drucker
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 200 First St., SW., Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Caliendo G, Santagada V, Perissutti E, Severino B, Fiorino F, Frecentese F, Juliano L. Kallikrein protease activated receptor (PAR) axis: an attractive target for drug development. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6669-86. [PMID: 22607152 DOI: 10.1021/jm300407t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6)gene expression in intracranial tumors. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1375-83. [PMID: 22477710 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are emerging novel new biomarkers for prognosis, diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of cancer. Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) has the highest expression in normal brain among other tissues. Although its expression has been extensively studied in many types of cancer and in neurodegenerative diseases, very little is known for its expression in intracranial tumors. In the present study, 73 intracranial tumor samples were examined for KLK6 messenger ribunucleic acid (mRNA) gene expression using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis revealed the significant association of KLK6 expression with clinical and pathological parameters. Follow-up information was available for a median time of 20 months (range 1-59 months). KLK6 is expressed more frequently in tumors of high malignancy like the glioblastomas (70.6 %) and less in tumors of low malignancy like the meningiomas (12.5 %). KLK6 positive expression is associated with tumor grade (p < 0.001), malignancy status (p < 0.001), and tumor histologic type (p = 0.001). Cox proportional hazard regression model using univariate analysis revealed for the first time that positive KLK6 expression is a significant factor for disease-free survival (DFS; p = 0.041) of patients suffering from intracranial tumors. Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated that negative KLK6 expression is significantly associated with longer DFS (p = 0.032). KLK6 gene expression may have clinical utility as a marker of unfavorable prognosis for intracranial tumors, and consequently, it could be used as target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
40
|
Targeting proteinase-activated receptors: therapeutic potential and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:69-86. [PMID: 22212680 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), a family of four seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, act as targets for signalling by various proteolytic enzymes. PARs are characterized by a unique activation mechanism involving the proteolytic unmasking of a tethered ligand that stimulates the receptor. Given the emerging roles of these receptors in cancer as well as in disorders of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, respiratory and central nervous system, PARs have become attractive targets for the development of novel therapeutics. In this Review we summarize the mechanisms by which PARs modulate cell function and the roles they can have in physiology and diseases. Furthermore, we provide an overview of possible strategies for developing PAR antagonists.
Collapse
|