1
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Wang G, Zhang M, Cheng M, Wang X, Li K, Chen J, Chen Z, Chen S, Chen J, Xiong G, Xu X, Wang C, Chen D. Tumor microenvironment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Functions and regulatory mechanisms. Cancer Lett 2021; 507:55-69. [PMID: 33741424 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment has been recently reported to play a pivotal role in sustaining tumor cells survival and protecting them from immunotherapy and chemotherapy-induced death. It remains largely unknown how the specific signaling pathway exerts the tumor microenvironment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma though previous studies have elucidated the regulatory mechanisms involve in tumor immune microenvironment, stromal cells, tumor angiogenesis and cancer stem cell. These components are responsible for tumor progression as well as anti-cancer therapy resistance, leading to rapid tumor growth and treatment failure. In this review, we focus on discussing the interaction between tumor cells and the surrounding components for better understanding of anti-cancer treatment ineffectiveness and its underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganping Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Kang Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Gan Xiong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Xiuyun Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Demeng Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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2
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Kalabusheva EP, Rippa AL, Tsitrina AA, Pinto A, Terskikh AV, Chermnykh ES, Vorotelyak EA. Xenotransplantation of a Full-Layer Human Skin Strip as a Model for Studying Skin Regeneration and the Hair Follicle Cycle. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Guerrero-Aspizua S, González-Masa A, Conti CJ, García M, Chacón-Solano E, Larcher F, del Río M. Humanization of Tumor Stroma by Tissue Engineering as a Tool to Improve Squamous Cell Carcinoma Xenograft. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061951. [PMID: 32178458 PMCID: PMC7139348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of stroma is fundamental in the development and behavior of epithelial tumors. In this regard, limited growth of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) or cell-lines derived from them has been achieved in immunodeficient mice. Moreover, lack of faithful recapitulation of the original human neoplasia complexity is often observed in xenografted tumors. Here, we used tissue engineering techniques to recreate a humanized tumor stroma for SCCs grafted in host mice, by combining CAF (cancer associated fibroblasts)-like cells with a biocompatible scaffold. The stroma was either co-injected with epithelial cell lines derived from aggressive SCC or implanted 15 days before the injection of the tumoral cells, to allow its vascularization and maturation. None of the mice injected with the cell lines without stroma were able to develop a SCC. In contrast, tumors were able to grow when SCC cells were injected into previously established humanized stroma. Histologically, all of the regenerated tumors were moderately differentiated SCC with a well-developed stroma, resembling that found in the original human neoplasm. Persistence of human stromal cells was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. In summary, we provide a proof of concept that humanized tumor stroma, generated by tissue engineering, can facilitate the development of epithelial tumors in immunodeficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guerrero-Aspizua
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division. CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, 28911 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-624-8206
| | - Andrea González-Masa
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
| | - Claudio J. Conti
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta García
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division. CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, 28911 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Chacón-Solano
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division. CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, 28911 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Larcher
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division. CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, 28911 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcela del Río
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division. CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, 28911 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Olivero C, Morgan H, Patel GK. Identification of Human Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cancer Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1879:415-433. [PMID: 29582375 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2018_134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia are under constant threat from environmental carcinogens and none more so than squamous epithelia, which form the outermost linings of our bodies. Hence malignancies of squamous epithelia are collectively the most common cancer type and with the highest mortality, despite a constant cell turnover and only relatively rare long-lived adult tissue stem cells. Genetic analysis from SCC whole genome sequencing reveals commonality in mutated genes, despite various etiological factors. Most SCC types have been shown to exhibit hierarchical growth, in which a high frequency of cancer stem cells is associated with poor prognosis. For human cutaneous SCC (cSCC), we have shown that cancer stem cells express CD133 and that this population can recreate tumor heterogeneity in a novel in vivo model. CD133+ cSCC cells is small subset of tumor cells (~1%) in the outer layer of cSCC that are highly enriched for tumor-initiating capacity (TIC) (~1/400) compared to unsorted cSCC cells (~1/106). Xenografts of CD133+ cSCC recreated the original cSCC tumor histology and organizational hierarchy, while CD133- cells did not. Only CD133+ cells demonstrated the capacity for self-renewal in serial transplantation studies. Hence, cSCC has the potential to be the ideal model in which to study SCC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Olivero
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Huw Morgan
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Girish K Patel
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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5
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Borgogna C, Olivero C, Lanfredini S, Calati F, De Andrea M, Zavattaro E, Savoia P, Trisolini E, Boldorini R, Patel GK, Gariglio M. β-HPV Infection Correlates with Early Stages of Carcinogenesis in Skin Tumors and Patient-Derived Xenografts from a Kidney Transplant Recipient Cohort. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:117. [PMID: 29459852 PMCID: PMC5807414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many malignancies that occur in high excess in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are due to viruses that thrive in the setting of immunosuppression. Keratinocyte carcinoma (KC), the most frequently occurring cancer type in KTR, has been associated with skin infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) from the beta genus. In this report, we extend our previous investigation aimed at identifying the presence of active β-HPV infection in skin tumors from KTRs through detection of viral protein expression. Using a combination of antibodies raised against the E4 and L1 proteins of the β-genotypes, we were able to visualize infection in five tumors [one keratoacanthoma (KA), three actinic keratoses (AKs), and one seborrheic keratoses (SKs)] that were all removed from two patients who had been both transplanted twice, had developed multiple KCs, and presented with a long history of immunosuppression (>30 years). These infected tissues displayed intraepidermal hyperplasia and increased expression of the ΔNp63 protein, which extended into the upper epithelial layers. In addition, using a xenograft model system in nude mice displaying a humanized stromal bed in the site of grafting, we successfully engrafted three AKs, two of which were derived from the aforementioned KTRs and displayed β-HPV infection in the original tumor. Of note, one AK-derived xenograft, along with its ensuing lymph node metastasis, was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In the latter, both β-HPV infection and ΔNp63 expression were no longer detectable. Although the overall success rate of engrafting was very low, the results of this study show for the first time that β-HPV+ and ΔNp63+ intraepidermal hyperplasia can indeed progress to an aggressive SCC able to metastasize. Consistent with a series of reports attributing a causative role of β-HPV at early stages of skin carcinogenesis through ΔNp63 induction and increased keratinocytes stemness, here we provide in vivo evidence that these events are also occurring in the affected skin of KTRs. Due to these β-HPV-driven molecular pathways, the nascent tumor cell is able to acquire a high enough number of carcinogenic insults that its proliferation and survival will eventually become independent of viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Borgogna
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Olivero
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy.,School of Biosciences, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Lanfredini
- School of Biosciences, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Calati
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy.,Virology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Zavattaro
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
| | - Paola Savoia
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Trisolini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
| | - Girish K Patel
- School of Biosciences, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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6
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Salgado G, Ng YZ, Koh LF, Goh CS, Common JE. Human reconstructed skin xenografts on mice to model skin physiology. Differentiation 2017; 98:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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7
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Mollo MR, Antonini D, Cirillo L, Missero C. Research Techniques Made Simple: Skin Carcinogenesis Models: Xenotransplantation Techniques. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:e13-e17. [PMID: 26802242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is a widely used technique to test the tumorigenic potential of human cells in vivo using immunodeficient mice. Here we describe basic technologies and recent advances in xenotransplantation applied to study squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the skin. SCC cells isolated from tumors can either be cultured to generate a cell line or injected directly into mice. Several immunodeficient mouse models are available for selection based on the experimental design and the type of tumorigenicity assay. Subcutaneous injection is the most widely used technique for xenotransplantation because it involves a simple procedure allowing the use of a large number of cells, although it may not mimic the original tumor environment. SCC cell injections at the epidermal-to-dermal junction or grafting of organotypic cultures containing human stroma have also been used to more closely resemble the tumor environment. Mixing of SCC cells with cancer-associated fibroblasts can allow the study of their interaction and reciprocal influence, which can be followed in real time by intradermal ear injection using conventional fluorescent microscopy. In this article, we will review recent advances in xenotransplantation technologies applied to study behavior of SCC cells and their interaction with the tumor environment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luisa Cirillo
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Scarl, Napoli, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Caterina Missero
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Scarl, Napoli, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
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8
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Andrique L, Poglio S, Prochazkova-Carlotti M, Kadin ME, Giese A, Idrissi Y, Beylot-Barry M, Merlio JP, Chevret E. Intrahepatic Xenograft of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Cell Lines: A Useful Model for Rapid Biological and Therapeutic Evaluation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1775-1785. [PMID: 27181405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases primarily involving the skin that could have an aggressive course with circulating blood cells, especially in Sézary syndrome and transformed mycosis fungoides. So far, few CTCL cell lines have been adapted for in vivo experiments and their tumorigenicity has not been adequately assessed, hampering the use of a reproducible model for CTCL biological evaluation. In fact, both patient-derived xenografts and cell line xenografts at subcutaneous sites failed to provide a robust tool, because engraftment was dependent on mice strain and cell line subtype. Herein, we describe an original method of intrahepatic injection into adult NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid)Il2rg(tm1Wjl)/SzJ mice liver of both aggressive (My-La, HUT78, HH, MAC2A, and MAC2B) and indolent (FE-PD and MAC1) CTCL cell lines. Six of the seven CTCL cell lines were grafted with a high rate of success (80%). Moreover, this model provided a quick (15 days) and robust assay for in vivo evaluation of CTCL cell lines tumorigenicity and therapeutic response in preclinical studies. Such a reproducible model can be therefore used for further functional studies and in vivo drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Andrique
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandrine Poglio
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martina Prochazkova-Carlotti
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marshall Edward Kadin
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University and Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Alban Giese
- Histology Platform Service Mixed Unit TransBioMed Core, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yamina Idrissi
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie Beylot-Barry
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Center Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Merlio
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France; Tumor Bank and Tumor Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Center Bordeaux, Pessac, France.
| | - Edith Chevret
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
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9
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Griffin RL, Kupper TS, Divito SJ. Humanized Mice in Dermatology Research. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:e39-e43. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Albini A, Bruno A, Gallo C, Pajardi G, Noonan DM, Dallaglio K. Cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment: interplay in tumor heterogeneity. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:414-25. [PMID: 26291921 PMCID: PMC4673538 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1066780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells able to recapitulate tumor heterogeneity have been tracked, isolated and characterized in different tumor types, and are commonly named Cancer Stem Cells or Cancer Initiating Cells (CSC/CIC). CSC/CIC are disseminated in the tumor mass and are resistant to anti-cancer therapies and adverse conditions. They are able to divide into another stem cell and a "proliferating" cancer cell. They appear to be responsible for disease recurrence and metastatic dissemination even after apparent eradication of the primary tumor. The modulation of CSC/CIC activities by the tumor microenvironment (TUMIC) is still poorly known. CSC/CIC may mutually interact with the TUMIC in a special and unique manner depending on the TUMIC cells or proteins encountered. The TUMIC consists of extracellular matrix components as well as cellular players among which endothelial, stromal and immune cells, providing and responding to signals to/from the CSC/CIC. This interplay can contribute to the mechanisms through which CSC/CIC may reside in a dormant state in a tissue for years, later giving rise to tumor recurrence or metastasis in patients. Different TUMIC components, including the connective tissue, can differentially activate CIC/CSC in different areas of a tumor and contribute to the generation of cancer heterogeneity. Here, we review possible networking activities between the different components of the tumor microenvironment and CSC/CIC, with a focus on its role in tumor heterogeneity and progression. We also summarize novel therapeutic options that could target both CSC/CIC and the microenvironment to elude resistance mechanisms activated by CSC/CIC, responsible for disease recurrence and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Albini
- Department of Research and Statistics, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova,
Reggio Emilia,
Italy,Correspondence: Adriana Albini, Director of the Department of Research and Statistics,
IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123,
Reggio Emilia,
Italy. E-mail:
| | - Antonino Bruno
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica,
Milan,
Italy
| | - Cristina Gallo
- Department of Research and Statistics, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova,
Reggio Emilia,
Italy
| | - Giorgio Pajardi
- Department of Hand Surgery, San Giuseppe MultiMedica Hospital of Milan,
Milan,
Italy,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community, Plastic Surgery School, University of Milan,
Milan,
Italy
| | - Douglas M. Noonan
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica,
Milan,
Italy,Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria,
Varese,
Italy
| | - Katiuscia Dallaglio
- Department of Research and Statistics, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova,
Reggio Emilia,
Italy
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11
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Abstract
During the past decade, the development of humanized mouse models and their general applications in biomedical research greatly accelerated the translation of outcomes obtained from basic research into potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in clinic. In this chapter, we firstly present an overview on the history and current progress of diverse humanized mouse models and then focus on those equipped with reconstituted human immune system. The update advancement in the establishment of humanized immune system mice and their applications in the studies of the development of human immune system and the pathogenesis of multiple human immune-related diseases are intensively reviewed here, while the shortcoming and perspective of these potent tools are discussed as well. As a valuable bridge across the gap between bench work and clinical trial, progressive humanized mouse models will undoubtedly continue to play an indispensable role in the wide area of biomedical research.
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12
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Adhikary G, Grun D, Balasubramanian S, Kerr C, Huang JM, Eckert RL. Survival of skin cancer stem cells requires the Ezh2 polycomb group protein. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:800-10. [PMID: 25969142 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group proteins, including Ezh2, are important candidate stem cell maintenance proteins in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma. We previously showed that epidermal cancer stem cells (ECS cells) represent a minority of cells in tumors, are highly enriched in Ezh2 and drive aggressive tumor formation. We now show that Ezh2 is required for ECS cell survival, migration, invasion and tumor formation and that this is associated with increased histone H3 trimethylation on lysine 27, a mark of Ezh2 action. We also show that Ezh2 knockdown or treatment with Ezh2 inhibitors, GSK126 or EPZ-6438, reduces Ezh2 level and activity, leading to reduced ECS cell spheroid formation, migration, invasion and tumor growth. These studies indicate that epidermal squamous cell carcinoma cells contain a subpopulation of cancer stem (tumor-initiating) cells that are enriched in Ezh2, that Ezh2 is required for optimal ECS cell survival and tumor formation and that treatment with Ezh2 inhibitors may be a strategy for reducing ECS cell survival and suppressing tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Daniel Grun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sivaprakasam Balasubramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Candace Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Jennifer M Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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13
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Identification of a population of epidermal squamous cell carcinoma cells with enhanced potential for tumor formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84324. [PMID: 24376802 PMCID: PMC3869846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal squamous cell carcinoma is among the most common cancers in humans. These tumors are comprised of phenotypically diverse populations of cells that display varying potential for proliferation and differentiation. An important goal is identifying cells from this population that drive tumor formation. To enrich for tumor-forming cells, cancer cells were grown as spheroids in non-attached conditions. We show that spheroid-selected cells form faster growing and larger tumors in immune-compromised mice as compared to non-selected cells. Moreover, spheroid-selected cells gave rise to tumors following injection of as few as one hundred cells, suggesting these cells have enhanced tumor-forming potential. Cells isolated from spheroid-selected tumors retain an enhanced ability to grow as spheroids when grown in non-attached culture conditions. Thus, these tumor-forming cells retain their phenotype following in vivo passage as tumors. Detailed analysis reveals that spheroid-selected cultures are highly enriched for expression of epidermal stem cell and embryonic stem cell markers, including aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, keratin 15, CD200, keratin 19, Oct4, Bmi-1, Ezh2 and trimethylated histone H3. These studies indicate that a subpopulation of cells that possess stem cell-like properties and express stem cell markers can be derived from human epidermal cancer cells and that these cells display enhanced ability to drive tumor formation.
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Colmont CS, Ketah AB, Errington RJ, Reed SH, Udey MC, Patel GK. Human basal cell carcinoma tumor-initiating cells are resistant to etoposide. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:867-870. [PMID: 24025552 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal S Colmont
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, School of Medicine Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Antisar B Ketah
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, School of Medicine Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rachel J Errington
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hematology and Pathology, School of Medicine Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon H Reed
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hematology and Pathology, School of Medicine Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark C Udey
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Ohyama M, Veraitch O. Strategies to enhance epithelial-mesenchymal interactions for human hair follicle bioengineering. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 70:78-87. [PMID: 23557720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicle morphogenesis and regeneration depend on intensive but well-orchestrated interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal components. Accordingly, the enhancement of this crosstalk represents a promising approach to achieve successful bioengineering of human hair follicles. The present article summarizes the techniques, both currently available and potentially feasible, to promote epithelial-mesenchymal interactions (EMIs) necessary for human hair follicle regeneration. The strategies include the preparation of epithelial components with high receptivity to trichogenic dermal signals and/or mesenchymal cell populations with potent hair inductive capacity. In this regard, bulge epithelial stem cells, keratinocytes predisposed to hair follicle fate or keratinocyte precursor cells with plasticity may provide favorable epithelial cell populations. Dermal papilla cells sustaining intrinsic hair inductive capacity, putative dermal papilla precursor cells in the dermal sheath/neonatal dermis or trichogenic dermal cells derived from undifferentiated stem/progenitor cells are promising candidates as hair inductive dermal cells. The most established protocol for in vivo hair follicle reconstitution is co-grafting of epithelial and mesenchymal components into immunodeficient mice. In theory, combination of individually optimized cellular components of respective lineages should elicit most intensive EMIs to form hair follicles. Still, EMIs can be further ameliorated by the modulation of non-cell autonomous conditions, including cell compartmentalization to replicate the positional relationship in vivo and humanization of host environment by preparing human stromal bed. These approaches may not always synergistically intensify EMIs, however, step-by-step investigation probing optimal combinations should maximally enhance EMIs to achieve successful human hair follicle bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ohyama
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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CD200-expressing human basal cell carcinoma cells initiate tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:1434-9. [PMID: 23292936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211655110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoothened antagonists directly target the genetic basis of human basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common of all cancers. These drugs inhibit BCC growth, but they are not curative. Although BCC cells are monomorphic, immunofluorescence microscopy reveals a complex hierarchical pattern of growth with inward differentiation along hair follicle lineages. Most BCC cells express the transcription factor KLF4 and are committed to terminal differentiation. A small CD200(+) CD45(-) BCC subpopulation that represents 1.63 ± 1.11% of all BCC cells resides in small clusters at the tumor periphery. By using reproducible in vivo xenograft growth assays, we determined that tumor initiating cell frequencies approximate one per 1.5 million unsorted BCC cells. The CD200(+) CD45(-) BCC subpopulation recreated BCC tumor growth in vivo with typical histological architecture and expression of sonic hedgehog-regulated genes. Reproducible in vivo BCC growth was achieved with as few as 10,000 CD200(+) CD45(-) cells, representing ~1,500-fold enrichment. CD200(-) CD45(-) BCC cells were unable to form tumors. These findings establish a platform to study the effects of Smoothened antagonists on BCC tumor initiating cell and also suggest that currently available anti-CD200 therapy be considered, either as monotherapy or an adjunct to Smoothened antagonists, in the treatment of inoperable BCC.
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Colmont CS, Harding KG, Piguet V, Patel GK. Human skin cancer stem cells: a tale of mice and men. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:576-80. [PMID: 22775992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carcinomas, cancers of epithelial tissues, are the commonest malignancies and cause the greatest cancer mortality worldwide. Among these, the incidence of keratinocyte-derived non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC), by far the greatest, is increasing rapidly. Yet despite access to tumor tissue, acceptance of human NMSC as a model carcinoma has been hindered by the lack of a reliable xenograft model. Instead, we have relied on the murine two-step carcinogenesis protocol as a reproducible squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) model, but this differs from their human counterpart in cause, site, genetic basis and biological behaviour. By xeno-engraftment of primary human SCC, we were recently successful in demonstrating the presence of primary human SCC cancer stem cells or tumor-initiating cells. These findings once more align the study human SCC as the archetypal carcinoma model. In this review, we describe the evidence for the existence of tumor-initiating cells, with emphasis on skin cancer, limiting our discussions to primary human cancer studies where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal S Colmont
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, School of Medicine Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Glick A. A new xenotransplantation model reveals tumor-initiating cells in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:261-2. [PMID: 22241440 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two articles by Patel et al. in this issue demonstrate reproducible, high-frequency xenografting of both primary human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissue and single-cell suspensions, as well as the existence of a small population of CD133(+) tumor-initiating cells that are capable of regenerating the hierarchical organization and histology of the original tumor through multiple xenograft passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Glick
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, USA.
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Identification and characterization of tumor-initiating cells in human primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:401-9. [PMID: 22011906 PMCID: PMC3258300 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary human squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa) are heterogeneous invasive tumors with proliferating outer layers and inner differentiating cell masses. To determine if tumor initiating cells (TIC) are present in SCCa, we utilized newly developed reliable in vitro and in vivo xenograft assays that propagate human SCCa, and demonstrated that a small subset of SCCa cells (~1%) expressing Prominin-1 (CD133) in the outer layers of SCCa were highly enriched for TIC (~1/400) compared to unsorted SCCa cells (TIC ~1/106). Xenografts of CD133+ SCCa recreated the original SCCa tumor histology and organizational hierarchy, while CD133- cells did not, and only CD133+ cells demonstrated the capacity for self-renewal in serial transplantation studies. We present a model of human SCCa in which tumor projections expand with outer leading edges that contain CD133+ TIC. Successful cancer treatment will likely require that the TIC identified in cancers be targeted therapeutically. The demonstration that TIC are present in SCCa and are enriched in a CD133-expressing subpopulation to our knowledge has not previously been reported.
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