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Taherian M, Bayati P, Mojtabavi N. Stem cell-based therapy for fibrotic diseases: mechanisms and pathways. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:170. [PMID: 38886859 PMCID: PMC11184790 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological process, that could result in permanent scarring and impairment of the physiological function of the affected organ; this condition which is categorized under the term organ failure could affect various organs in different situations. The involvement of the major organs, such as the lungs, liver, kidney, heart, and skin, is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality across the world. Fibrotic disorders encompass a broad range of complications and could be traced to various illnesses and impairments; these could range from simple skin scars with beauty issues to severe rheumatologic or inflammatory disorders such as systemic sclerosis as well as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Besides, the overactivation of immune responses during any inflammatory condition causing tissue damage could contribute to the pathogenic fibrotic events accompanying the healing response; for instance, the inflammation resulting from tissue engraftment could cause the formation of fibrotic scars in the grafted tissue, even in cases where the immune system deals with hard to clear infections, fibrotic scars could follow and cause severe adverse effects. A good example of such a complication is post-Covid19 lung fibrosis which could impair the life of the affected individuals with extensive lung involvement. However, effective therapies that halt or slow down the progression of fibrosis are missing in the current clinical settings. Considering the immunomodulatory and regenerative potential of distinct stem cell types, their application as an anti-fibrotic agent, capable of attenuating tissue fibrosis has been investigated by many researchers. Although the majority of the studies addressing the anti-fibrotic effects of stem cells indicated their potent capabilities, the underlying mechanisms, and pathways by which these cells could impact fibrotic processes remain poorly understood. Here, we first, review the properties of various stem cell types utilized so far as anti-fibrotic treatments and discuss the challenges and limitations associated with their applications in clinical settings; then, we will summarize the general and organ-specific mechanisms and pathways contributing to tissue fibrosis; finally, we will describe the mechanisms and pathways considered to be employed by distinct stem cell types for exerting anti-fibrotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Taherian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Bayati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Mojtabavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Revertant Mosaicism in Genodermatoses: Natural Gene Therapy Right before Your Eyes. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092118. [PMID: 36140224 PMCID: PMC9495737 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Revertant mosaicism (RM) is the intriguing phenomenon in which nature itself has successfully done what medical science is so eagerly trying to achieve: correcting the effect of disease-causing germline variants and thereby reversing the disease phenotype back to normal. RM was molecularly confirmed for the first time in a genodermatosis in 1997, the genetic skin condition junctional epidermolysis bullosa (EB). At that time, RM was considered an extraordinary phenomenon. However, several important discoveries have changed this conception in the past few decades. First, RM has now been identified in all major subtypes of EB. Second, RM has also been identified in many other genodermatoses. Third, a theoretical mathematical exercise concluded that reverse mutations should be expected in all patients with a recessive subtype of EB or any other genodermatosis. This has shifted the paradigm from RM being an extraordinary phenomenon to it being something that every physician working in the field of genodermatoses should be looking for in every patient. It has also raised hope for new treatment options in patients with genodermatoses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on RM and discuss the perspectives of RM for the future treatment of patients with genodermatoses.
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3
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Natsuga K, Shinkuma S, Hsu CK, Fujita Y, Ishiko A, Tamai K, McGrath JA. Current topics in Epidermolysis bullosa: Pathophysiology and therapeutic challenges. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 104:164-176. [PMID: 34916041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of inherited skin and mucosal fragility disorders resulting from mutations in genes encoding basement membrane zone (BMZ) components or proteins that maintain the integrity of BMZ and adjacent keratinocytes. More than 30 years have passed since the first causative gene for EB was identified, and over 40 genes are now known to be responsible for the protean collection of mechanobullous diseases included under the umbrella term of EB. Through the elucidation of disease mechanisms using human skin samples, animal models, and cultured cells, we have now reached the stage of developing more effective therapeutics for EB. This review will initially focus on what is known about blister wound healing in EB, since recent and emerging basic science data are very relevant to clinical translation and therapeutic strategies for patients. We then place these studies in the context of the latest information on gene therapy, read-through therapy, and cell therapy that provide optimism for improved clinical management of people living with EB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Satoru Shinkuma
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Chao-Kai Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Ishiko
- Department of Dermatology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuto Tamai
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - John A McGrath
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Choudhury S, Surendran N, Das A. Recent advances in the induced pluripotent stem cell-based skin regeneration. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:697-710. [PMID: 33970525 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin regeneration has been a challenging clinical problem especially in cases of chronic wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa-related skin blisters. Prolonged non-healing wounds often lead to bacterial infections increasing the severity of wounds. Current treatment strategies for chronic wounds include debridement of wounds along with antibiotics, growth factors, and stem cell transplantation therapies. However, the compromised nature of autologous stem cells in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes limits the efficacy of the therapy. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has immensely influenced the field of regenerative therapy. Enormous efforts have been made to develop integration-free iPSCs suitable for clinical therapies. This review focuses on recent advances in the methods and reprogramming factors for generating iPSCs along with the existing challenges such as genetic alterations, tumorigenicity, immune rejection, and regulatory hurdles for the clinical application of iPSCs. Furthermore, this review also highlights the benefits of using iPSCs for the generation of skin cells and skin disease modeling over the existing clinical therapies for skin regeneration in chronic wounds and skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subholakshmi Choudhury
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nidhi Surendran
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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5
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Khurana P, Kolundzic N, Flohr C, Ilic D. Human pluripotent stem cells: An alternative for 3D in vitro modelling of skin disease. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1572-1587. [PMID: 33864704 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To effectively study the skin and its pathology, various platforms have been used to date, with in vitro 3D skin models being considered the future gold standard. These models have generally been engineered from primary cell lines. However, their short life span leading to the use of various donors, imposes issues with genetic variation. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-technology holds great prospects as an alternative to the use of primary cell lines to study the pathophysiology of human skin diseases. This is due to their potential to generate an unlimited number of genetically identical skin models that closely mimic the complexity of in vivo human skin. During the past decade, researchers have therefore started to use human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESC/iPSC) to derive skin resident-like cells and components. These have subsequently been used to engineer hPSC-derived 3D skin models. In this review, we focus on the advantages, recent developments, and future perspectives in using hPSCs as an alternative cell source for modelling human skin diseases in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Khurana
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nikola Kolundzic
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Carsten Flohr
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dusko Ilic
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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6
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Inside out: regenerative medicine for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:318-324. [PMID: 29593249 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa is classified as a genodermatosis, an inherited genetic skin disorder that results in severe, chronic skin blistering with painful and life-threatening complications. Although there is currently no cure for epidermolysis bullosa, concurrent advances in gene and stem cell therapies are converging toward combinatorial therapies that hold the promise of clinically meaningful and lifelong improvement. Recent studies using hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stromal/stem cells to treat epidermolysis bullosa have demonstrated the potential for sustained, effective management of the most severe cases. Furthermore, advances in the use of gene therapy and gene-editing techniques, coupled with the development of induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with epidermolysis bullosa, allow for autologous therapies derived from a renewable population of cells that are patient-specific. Here we describe emerging treatments for epidermolysis bullosa and other genodermatoses, along with a discussion of their benefits and limitations as effective therapies.
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7
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Prodinger CM, Reichelt J, Bauer JW, Laimer M. Current and Future Perspectives of Stem Cell Therapy in Dermatology. Ann Dermatol 2017; 29:667-687. [PMID: 29200755 PMCID: PMC5705348 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2017.29.6.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of generating, sustaining, and replacing terminally differentiated cells and tissues. They can be isolated from embryonic as well as almost all adult tissues including skin, but are also generated through genetic reprogramming of differentiated cells. Preclinical and clinical research has recently tremendously improved stem cell therapy, being a promising treatment option for various diseases in which current medical therapies fail to cure, prevent progression or relieve symptoms. With the main goal of regeneration or sustained genetic correction of damaged tissue, advanced tissue-engineering techniques are especially applicable for many dermatological diseases including wound healing, genodermatoses (like the severe blistering disorder epidermolysis bullosa) and chronic (auto-)inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes general aspects as well as current and future perspectives of stem cell therapy in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Prodinger
- Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Reichelt
- Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann W Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Laimer
- Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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8
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Webber BR, Osborn MJ, McElroy AN, Twaroski K, Lonetree CL, DeFeo AP, Xia L, Eide C, Lees CJ, McElmurry RT, Riddle MJ, Kim CJ, Patel DD, Blazar BR, Tolar J. CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic correction for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. NPJ Regen Med 2016; 1. [PMID: 28250968 PMCID: PMC5328670 DOI: 10.1038/npjregenmed.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a severe disorder caused by mutations to the COL7A1 gene that deactivate production of a structural protein essential for skin integrity. Haematopoietic cell transplantation can ameliorate some of the symptoms; however, significant side effects from the allogeneic transplant procedure can occur and unresponsive areas of blistering persist. Therefore, we employed genome editing in patient-derived cells to create an autologous platform for multilineage engineering of therapeutic cell types. The clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system facilitated correction of an RDEB-causing COL7A1 mutation in primary fibroblasts that were then used to derive induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The resulting iPSCs were subsequently re-differentiated into keratinocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and haematopoietic progenitor cells using defined differentiation strategies. Gene-corrected keratinocytes exhibited characteristic epithelial morphology and expressed keratinocyte-specific genes and transcription factors. iPSC-derived MSCs exhibited a spindle morphology and expression of CD73, CD90 and CD105 with the ability to undergo adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vitro in a manner indistinguishable from bone marrow-derived MSCs. Finally, we used a vascular induction strategy to generate potent definitive haematopoietic progenitors capable of multilineage differentiation in methylcellulose-based assays. In totality, we have shown that CRISPR/Cas9 is an adaptable gene-editing strategy that can be coupled with iPSC technology to produce multiple gene-corrected autologous cell types with therapeutic potential for RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau R Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark J Osborn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Amber N McElroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kirk Twaroski
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cara-Lin Lonetree
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anthony P DeFeo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lily Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cindy Eide
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher J Lees
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ron T McElmurry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Megan J Riddle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharmeshkumar D Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Nyström A, Bornert O, Kühl T. Cell therapy for basement membrane-linked diseases. Matrix Biol 2016; 57-58:124-139. [PMID: 27609402 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For most disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding basement membrane (BM) proteins, there are at present only limited treatment options available. Genetic BM-linked disorders can be viewed as especially suited for treatment with cell-based therapy approaches because the proteins that need to be restored are located in the extracellular space. In consequence, complete and permanent engraftment of cells does not necessarily have to occur to achieve substantial causal therapeutic effects. For these disorders cells can be used as transient vehicles for protein replacement. In addition, it is becoming evident that BM-linked genetic disorders are modified by secondary diseases mechanisms. Cell-based therapies have also the ability to target such disease modifying mechanisms. Thus, cell therapies can simultaneously provide causal treatment and symptomatic relief, and accordingly hold great potential for treatment of BM-linked disorders. However, this potential has for most applications and diseases so far not been realized. Here, we will present the state of cell therapies for BM-linked diseases. We will discuss use of both pluripotent and differentiated cells, the limitation of the approaches, their challenges, and the way forward to potential wider implementation of cell therapies in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Olivier Bornert
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kühl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Osborn M, Lonetree CL, Webber BR, Patel D, Dunmire S, McElroy AN, DeFeo AP, MacMillan ML, Wagner J, Balzar BR, Tolar J. CRISPR/Cas9 Targeted Gene Editing and Cellular Engineering in Fanconi Anemia. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1591-1603. [PMID: 27538887 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to rationally target disease-causing mutations has been made possible with programmable nucleases with the CRISPR/Cas9 system representing a facile platform for individualized gene-based medicine. In this study we employed footprint free reprogramming of fibroblasts from a patient with mutations to the Fanconi anemia I (FANCI) gene to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). This process was accomplished without gene complementation and the resultant iPSC were able to be gene corrected in a robust manner using the Cas9 nickase. The self-renewing iPSC that were maintained under feeder free conditions were differentiated into cells with characteristics of definitive hematopoiesis. This defined and highly efficient procedure employed small molecule modulation of the hematopoietic differentiation pathway and a vascular induction technique to generate hematopoietic progenitors. In sum, our results demonstrate the ability to induce patient derived FA cells to pluripotency for patient specific therapeutic cell derivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Osborn
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 5635, Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.,University of Minnesota Center for Genome Engineering, 189708, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.,Stem Cell Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States ;
| | - Cara-Lin Lonetree
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 5635, Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States ;
| | - Beau R Webber
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 5635, Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States ;
| | - Dharmeshkumar Patel
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 5635, Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States ;
| | - Samantha Dunmire
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 5635, Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States ;
| | - Amber N McElroy
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 5635, Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States ;
| | - Anthony P DeFeo
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 5635, Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States ;
| | - Margaret L MacMillan
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 5635, Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States ;
| | - John Wagner
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 5635, Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States ;
| | - Bruce R Balzar
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 5635, Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States ;
| | - Jakub Tolar
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 5635, Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.,Stem Cell Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States ;
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11
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Papadopoulos K, Wattanaarsakit P, Prasongchean W, Narain R. Gene therapies in clinical trials. POLYMERS AND NANOMATERIALS FOR GENE THERAPY 2016. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100520-0.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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12
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Aguiar C, Therrien J, Lemire P, Segura M, Smith LC, Theoret CL. Differentiation of equine induced pluripotent stem cells into a keratinocyte lineage. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:338-45. [PMID: 25781637 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Skin trauma in horses often leads to the development of chronic nonhealing wounds that lack a keratinocyte cover, vital for healing. Reports in mouse and man confirm the possibility of generating functional keratinocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), thus presenting myriad potential applications for wound management or treatment of skin disease. Similarly, differentiation of equine iPSC (eiPSC) into a keratinocyte lineage should provide opportunities for the advancement of veterinary regenerative medicine. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to develop an efficient method for the differentiation of eiPSC into a keratinocyte lineage. It was hypothesised that eiPSC can form differentiated keratinocytes (eiPSC-KC) comparable with primary equine keratinocytes (PEK) in their morphological and functional characteristics. STUDY DESIGN Experimental in vitro study. METHODS Equine iPSC established using a nonviral system were treated for 30 days with retinoic acid and bone morphogenetic protein-4 to induce directed differentiation into iPSC-KC. Temporospatial gene and protein expression by eiPSC-KC was measured at weekly intervals of differentiation and in response to calcium switch. Proliferative and migratory capacities of eiPSC-KC were compared with those of PEK. RESULTS Equine iPSC, upon directed differentiation, showed loss of pluripotency genes and progressive increase in pancytokeratin expression indicating ectodermal specification into keratinocytes. High differentiation efficiency was achieved, with 82.5% of eiPSC expressing keratin 14, a marker of epidermal-specific basal stem cells, after 30 days of directed differentiation. Moreover, the proliferative capacity of eiPSC-KC was superior, while the migratory capacity (measured as the ability to epithelise in vitro wounds) was comparable with that of PEK. CONCLUSIONS This proof of concept study suggests that eiPSC can successfully be differentiated into equine keratinocytes (eiPSC-KC) with features that are promising to the development of a stem cell-based skin construct, with the potential to regenerate lost or damaged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aguiar
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - J Therrien
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - P Lemire
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - M Segura
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - L C Smith
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - C L Theoret
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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13
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Has C, Kiritsi D. Therapies for inherited skin fragility disorders. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:325-31. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology; Medical Center - University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology; Medical Center - University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
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14
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Tadeu AMB, Lin S, Hou L, Chung L, Zhong M, Zhao H, Horsley V. Transcriptional profiling of ectoderm specification to keratinocyte fate in human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122493. [PMID: 25849374 PMCID: PMC4388500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have shed light into the processes that regulate epidermal specification and homeostasis. We previously showed that a broad-spectrum γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT promoted early keratinocyte specification in human embryonic stem cells triggered to undergo ectoderm specification. Here, we show that DAPT accelerates human embryonic stem cell differentiation and induces expression of the ectoderm protein AP2. Furthermore, we utilize RNA sequencing to identify several candidate regulators of ectoderm specification including those involved in epithelial and epidermal development in human embryonic stem cells. Genes associated with transcriptional regulation and growth factor activity are significantly enriched upon DAPT treatment during specification of human embryonic stem cells to the ectoderm lineage. The human ectoderm cell signature identified in this study contains several genes expressed in ectodermal and epithelial tissues. Importantly, these genes are also associated with skin disorders and ectodermal defects, providing a platform for understanding the biology of human epidermal keratinocyte development under diseased and homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Baptista Tadeu
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States of America
| | - Samantha Lin
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States of America
| | - Lin Hou
- Yale University, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Lisa Chung
- Yale University, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Mei Zhong
- Yale University, Yale Stem Cell Center, Genomics Facility, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Yale University, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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From marrow to matrix: novel gene and cell therapies for epidermolysis bullosa. Mol Ther 2015; 23:987-992. [PMID: 25803200 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa encompasses a group of inherited connective tissue disorders that range from mild to lethal. There is no cure, and current treatment is limited to palliative care that is largely ineffective in treating the systemic, life-threatening pathology associated with the most severe forms of the disease. Although allogeneic cell- and protein-based therapies have shown promise, both novel and combinatorial approaches will undoubtedly be required to totally alleviate the disorder. Progress in the development of next-generation therapies that synergize targeted gene-correction and induced pluripotent stem cell technologies offers exciting prospects for personalized, off-the-shelf treatment options that could avoid many of the limitations associated with current allogeneic cell-based therapies. Although no single therapeutic avenue has achieved complete success, each has substantially increased our collective understanding of the complex biology underlying the disease, both providing mechanistic insights and uncovering new hurdles that must be overcome.
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16
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine has a three-body problem: alignment of the dynamics of the genome, stem cell and patient. Focusing on the rare inherited fragile skin disorder epidermolysis bullosa, three recent innovative studies have used induced pluripotent stem cells and gene correction, revertant mosaicism or genome editing to advance the prospects of better cell-based therapeutics to restore skin structure and function for epidermolysis bullosa and potentially other inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Tolar
- Stem Cell Institute and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - John A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Floor 9 Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
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17
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Bilousova G, Roop DR. Induced pluripotent stem cells in dermatology: potentials, advances, and limitations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a015164. [PMID: 25368014 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of methods for reprogramming adult somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has raised the possibility of producing truly personalized treatment options for numerous diseases. Similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), iPSCs can give rise to any cell type in the body and are amenable to genetic correction by homologous recombination. These ESC properties of iPSCs allow for the development of permanent corrective therapies for many currently incurable disorders, including inherited skin diseases, without using embryonic tissues or oocytes. Here, we review recent progress and limitations of iPSC research with a focus on clinical applications of iPSCs and using iPSCs to model human diseases for drug discovery in the field of dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Bilousova
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045 Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Dennis R Roop
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045 Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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18
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Abstract
The inherited skin fragility encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders, collectively designated as epidermolysis bullosa, characterized by recurrent mechanically induced blisters, erosions or wounds. The spectrum of clinical manifestations is broad, as well as the molecular background. Besides the skin, mucosal membranes and other organs can be affected. In real-world practice, patients with mild genetic skin fragility usually do not require medical care and often remain underdiagnosed. In contrast, the well-defined severe EB subtypes are recognized based on typical clinical features. The molecular diagnostics is usually performed in order to allow genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis. Besides wound care and careful management of the disease complications, new experimental targeted therapies are being developed. New very rare forms of inherited skin fragility have been identified with modern sequencing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Has
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104, Freiburg, Deutschland,
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19
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Abstract
Harnessing the regenerative capacity of keratinocytes and fibroblasts from human skin has created new opportunities to develop cell-based therapies for patients. Cultured cells and bioengineered skin products are being used to treat patients with inherited and acquired skin disorders associated with defective skin, and further clinical trials of new products are in progress. The capacity of extracutaneous sources of cells such as bone marrow is also being investigated for its plasticity in regenerating skin, and new strategies, such as the derivation of inducible pluripotent stem cells, also hold great promise for future cell therapies in dermatology. This article reviews some of the preclinical and clinical studies and future directions relating to cell therapy in dermatology, particularly for inherited skin diseases associated with fragile skin and poor wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Petrof
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Alya Abdul-Wahab
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - John A McGrath
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
Genetic skin fragility manifests with diminished resistance of the skin and mucous membranes to external mechanical forces and with skin blistering, erosions, and painful wounds as clinical features. Skin fragility disorders, collectively called epidermolysis bullosa, are caused by mutations in 18 distinct genes that encode proteins involved in epidermal integrity and dermal-epidermal adhesion. The genetic spectrum, along with environmental and genetic modifiers, creates a large number of clinical phenotypes, spanning from minor localized lesions to severe generalized blistering, secondary skin cancer, or early demise resulting from extensive loss of the epidermis. Laboratory investigations of skin fragility have greatly augmented our understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations in epidermolysis bullosa and have also advanced skin biology in general. Current translational research concentrates on the development of biologically valid treatments with therapeutic genes, cells, proteins, or small-molecule compounds in preclinical settings or human pilot trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany;
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21
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Vanden Oever MJ, Tolar J. Advances in understanding and treating dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:35. [PMID: 24860657 PMCID: PMC4017907 DOI: 10.12703/p6-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of inherited disorders that can be both systemic and life-threatening. Standard treatments for the most severe forms of this disorder, typically limited to palliative care, are ineffective in reducing the morbidity and mortality due to complications of the disease. Emerging therapies—such as the use of allogeneic cellular therapy, gene therapy, and protein therapy—have all shown promise, but it is likely that several approaches will need to be combined to realize a cure. For recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, each particular therapeutic approach has added to our understanding of type VII collagen (C7) function and the basic biology surrounding the disease. The efficacy of these therapies and the mechanisms by which they function also give us insight into developing future strategies for treating this and other extracellular matrix disorders.
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22
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Mechanisms of natural gene therapy in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2097-2104. [PMID: 24577406 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Revertant mosaicism has been reported in several inherited diseases, including the genetic skin fragility disorder epidermolysis bullosa (EB). Here, we describe the largest cohort of seven patients with revertant mosaicism and dystrophic EB (DEB), associated with mutations in the COL7A1 gene, and determine the underlying molecular mechanisms. We show that revertant mosaicism occurs both in autosomal dominantly and recessively inherited DEB. We found that null mutations resulting in complete loss of collagen VII and severe disease, as well as missense or splice-site mutations associated with some preserved collagen VII function and a milder phenotype, were corrected by revertant mosaicism. The mutation, subtype, and severity of the disease are thus not decisive for the presence of revertant mosaicism. Although collagen VII is synthesized and secreted by both keratinocytes and fibroblasts, evidence for reversion was only found in keratinocytes. The reversion mechanisms included back mutations/mitotic recombinations in 70% of the cases and second-site mutations affecting splicing in 30%. We conclude that revertant mosaicism is more common than previously assumed in patients with DEB, and our findings will have implications for future therapeutic strategies using the patient's naturally corrected cells as a source for cell-based therapies.
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23
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Senyürek I, Kempf WE, Klein G, Maurer A, Kalbacher H, Schäfer L, Wanke I, Christ C, Stevanovic S, Schaller M, Rousselle P, Garbe C, Biedermann T, Schittek B. Processing of laminin α chains generates peptides involved in wound healing and host defense. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:467-84. [PMID: 24458132 DOI: 10.1159/000357032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminins play a fundamental role in basement membrane architecture and function in human skin. The C-terminal laminin G domain-like (LG) modules of laminin α chains are modified by proteolysis to generate LG1-3 and secreted LG4-5 tandem modules. In this study, we provide evidence that skin-derived cells process and secrete biologically active peptides from the LG4-5 module of the laminin α3, α4 and α5 chain in vitro and in vivo. We show enhanced expression and processing of the LG4-5 module of laminin α3 in keratinocytes after infection and in chronic wounds in which the level of expression and further processing of the LG4-5 module correlated with the speed of wound healing. Furthermore, bacterial or host-derived proteases promote processing of laminin α3 LG4-5. On a functional level, we show that LG4-5-derived peptides play a role in wound healing. Moreover, we demonstrate that LG4-derived peptides from the α3, α4 and α5 chains have broad antimicrobial activity and possess strong chemotactic activity to mononuclear cells. Thus, the data strongly suggest a novel multifunctional role for laminin LG4-5-derived peptides in human skin and its involvement in physiological processes and pathological conditions such as inflammation, chronic wounds and skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Senyürek
- Division of Dermatooncology, Center for Medical Research, University Medical Clinic, Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Patient-specific naturally gene-reverted induced pluripotent stem cells in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1246-1254. [PMID: 24317394 PMCID: PMC3989384 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous reversion of disease-causing mutations has been observed in some genetic disorders. In our clinical observations of severe generalized recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), a currently incurable blistering genodermatosis caused by loss-of-function mutations in COL7A1 that results in a deficit of type VII collagen (C7), we have observed patches of healthy-appearing skin on some individuals. When biopsied, this skin revealed somatic mosaicism resulting from the self-correction of C7 deficiency. We believe this source of cells could represent an opportunity for translational “natural” gene therapy. We show that revertant RDEB keratinocytes expressing functional C7 can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and that self-corrected RDEB iPSCs can be induced to differentiate into either epidermal or hematopoietic cell populations. Our results give proof in principle that an inexhaustible supply of functional patient-specific revertant cells can be obtained—potentially relevant to local wound therapy and systemic hematopoietic cell transplantation. This technology may also avoid some of the major limitations of other cell therapy strategies, e.g., immune rejection and insertional mutagenesis, which are associated with viral- and nonviral- mediated gene therapy. We believe this approach should be the starting point for autologous cellular therapies using “natural” gene therapy in RDEB and other diseases.
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25
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Hegde S, Raghavan S. A Skin-depth Analysis of Integrins: Role of the Integrin Network in Health and Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:155-69. [DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.854334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Progress in Epidermolysis bullosa research: summary of DEBRA International Research Conference 2012. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2121-6. [PMID: 23949764 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Tolar J, Wagner JE. Allogeneic blood and bone marrow cells for the treatment of severe epidermolysis bullosa: repair of the extracellular matrix. Lancet 2013; 382:1214-23. [PMID: 24095195 PMCID: PMC3959900 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to the prevailing professional opinion of the past few decades, recent experimental and clinical data support the fact that protein replacement therapy by allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation is not limited to freely diffusible molecules such as enzymes, but also large structural proteins such as collagens. A prime example is the cross-correction of type VII collagen deficiency in generalised severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, in which blood and marrow transplantation can attenuate the mucocutaneous manifestations of the disease and improve patients' quality of life. Although allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation can improve the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes, today's accomplishments are only the first steps on the long pathway to cure. Future strategies will be built on the lessons learned from these first transplant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Tolar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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28
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Osborn MJ, Starker CG, McElroy AN, Webber BR, Riddle MJ, Xia L, DeFeo AP, Gabriel R, Schmidt M, Von Kalle C, Carlson DF, Maeder ML, Joung JK, Wagner JE, Voytas DF, Blazar BR, Tolar J. TALEN-based gene correction for epidermolysis bullosa. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1151-9. [PMID: 23546300 PMCID: PMC3677309 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is characterized by a functional deficit of type VII collagen protein due to gene defects in the type VII collagen gene (COL7A1). Gene augmentation therapies are promising, but run the risk of insertional mutagenesis. To abrogate this risk, we explored the possibility of using engineered transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) for precise genome editing. We report the ability of TALEN to induce site-specific double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) leading to homology-directed repair (HDR) from an exogenous donor template. This process resulted in COL7A1 gene mutation correction in primary fibroblasts that were subsequently reprogrammed into inducible pluripotent stem cells and showed normal protein expression and deposition in a teratoma-based skin model in vivo. Deep sequencing-based genome-wide screening established a safety profile showing on-target activity and three off-target (OT) loci that, importantly, were at least 10 kb from a coding sequence. This study provides proof-of-concept for TALEN-mediated in situ correction of an endogenous patient-specific gene mutation and used an unbiased screen for comprehensive TALEN target mapping that will cooperatively facilitate translational application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Osborn
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colby G Starker
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amber N McElroy
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Beau R Webber
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan J Riddle
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lily Xia
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anthony P DeFeo
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard Gabriel
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Von Kalle
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel F Carlson
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Morgan L Maeder
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Computational & Integrative Biology, and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Keith Joung
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Computational & Integrative Biology, and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John E Wagner
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel F Voytas
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 366, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. E-mail:
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29
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The Quest to Derive Keratinocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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