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Kitagawa N. Antimicrobial peptide nisin induces spherical distribution of macropinocytosis-like cytokeratin 5 and cytokeratin 17 following immediate derangement of the cell membrane. Anat Cell Biol 2022; 55:190-204. [PMID: 34903675 PMCID: PMC9256486 DOI: 10.5115/acb.21.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-aging effects of Lactococcus lactis are extensively investigated. Nisin is an antimicrobial peptide produced by L. lactis subsp. lactis. We previously reported that 24-hour nisin treatment disturbs the intermediate filament distribution in human keratinocytes. Additionally, we showed that the ring-like distribution of the intermediate filament proteins, cytokeratin (CK) 5 and CK17 is a marker of nisin action. However, two questions remained unanswered: 1) What do the CK5 and CK17 ring-like distributions indicate? 2) Is nisin ineffective under the experimental conditions wherein CK5 and CK17 do not exhibit a ring-like distribution? Super resolution microscopy revealed that nisin treatment altered CK5 and CK17 distribution, making them spherical rather than ring-like, along with actin incorporation. This spherical distribution was not induced by the suppression of endocytosis. The possibility of a macropinocytosis-like phenomenon was indicated, because the spherical distribution was >1 µm in diameter and the spherical distribution was suppressed by macropinocytosis inhibiting conditions, such as the inclusion of an actin polymerization inhibitor and cell migration. Even when the spherical distribution of CK5 and CK17 was not induced, nisin induced derangement of the cell membrane. Nisin treatment for 30 minutes deranged the regular arrangement of the lipid layer (flip-flop); the transmembrane structure of the CK5-desmosome or CK17-desmosome protein complex was disturbed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that CK5 and CK17 in a spherical distribution could be involved in a macropinosome-like structure, under certain conditions of nisin action in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kitagawa
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Gakuen, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Dental Hygienist, Fukuoka College of Health Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
- Wellbeing Laboratory, Fukuoka, Japan
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2
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Zou X, Tang XY, Qu ZY, Sun ZW, Ji CF, Li YJ, Guo SD. Targeting the PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway for cancer therapy: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:539-557. [PMID: 35074329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) are expressed in a variety of tumors. Activation of the PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway is associated with cancer proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis through modulating multiple downstream pathways, including phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Therefore, targeting PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy for cancer therapy, and accordingly, some great progress has been made in this field in the past few decades. This review will focus on the PDGF isoforms and their binding with the related PDGFRs, the PDGF/PDGFR signaling and regulation, and especially present strategies and inhibitors developed for cancer therapy, and the related clinical benefits and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zou
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, 150076, China
| | - Xi-Yu Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, 150076, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Chen-Feng Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, 150076, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- Institute of lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, 150076, China; School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China; Institute of lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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3
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Single Domain Antibodies as Carriers for Intracellular Drug Delivery: A Proof of Principle Study. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070927. [PMID: 34206656 PMCID: PMC8301836 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are currently used for the targeted delivery of drugs to diseased cells, but intracellular drug delivery and therefore efficacy may be suboptimal because of the large size, slow internalization and ineffective intracellular trafficking of the antibody. Using a phage display method selecting internalizing phages only, we developed internalizing single domain antibodies (sdAbs) with high binding affinity to rat PDGFRβ, a receptor involved in different types of diseases. We demonstrate that these constructs have different characteristics with respect to internalization rates but all traffic to lysosomes. To compare their efficacy in targeted drug delivery, we conjugated the sdAbs to a cytotoxic drug. The conjugates showed improved cytotoxicity correlating to their internalization speed. The efficacy of the conjugates was inhibited in the presence of vacuolin-1, an inhibitor of lysosomal maturation, suggesting lysosomal trafficking is needed for efficient drug release. In conclusion, sdAb constructs with different internalization rates can be designed against the same target, and sdAbs with a high internalization rate induce more cell killing than sdAbs with a lower internalization rate in vitro. Even though the overall efficacy should also be tested in vivo, sdAbs are particularly interesting formats to be explored to obtain different internalization rates.
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Prasad A, Lin F, Clark RAF. Fibronectin-derived Epiviosamines enhance PDGF-BB-stimulated human dermal fibroblast migration in vitro and granulation tissue formation in vivo. Wound Repair Regen 2019; 27:634-649. [PMID: 31219655 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is a multimodular glycoprotein that is a critical component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) anlage during embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and wound repair. Our laboratory has previously described a family of FN-derived peptides collectively called "epiviosamines" that enhance platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-driven tissue cell survival, speed burn healing, and reduce scarring. In this study, we used an agarose drop outmigration assay to report that epiviosamines can enhance PDGF-BB-stimulated adult human dermal fibroblast (AHDF) outmigration in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, these peptides can, when delivered topically, stimulate granulation tissue formation in vivo. A thiol-derivatized hyaluronan hydrogel cross-linked with polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PEGDA) was used to topically deliver a cyclized epiviosamine: cP12 and a cyclized engineered variant of cP12 termed cNP8 to porcine, full-thickness, excisional wounds. Both cP12 and cNP8 exhibited dose-dependent increases in granulation tissue formation at day 4, with 600 μM cNP8 significantly enhancing new granulation tissue compared to vehicle alone. In contrast to previous studies, this study suggests that epiviosamines can be used to increase granulation tissue formation without an exogenous supply of PDGF-BB or any cell-binding peptides. Thus, epiviosamine may be useful topically to increase granulation tissue formation in acute wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atulya Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center T16-060, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-8165.,NeoMatrix Therapeutics, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, 11790
| | - Fubao Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center T16-060, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-8165.,NeoMatrix Therapeutics, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, 11790
| | - Richard A F Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center T16-060, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-8165.,Department of Dermatology, Health Science Center T16-060, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-8165.,Department of Medicine, Health Science Center T16-060, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-8165
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5
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Lin K, Lin F, Clark RA. Elastase Digestion of Fibronectin Releases an Epiviosamine Peptide with Fibroblast Growth and Survival Activity. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2480-2483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Frame MD, Lin F, Dewar AM, Clark RAF. Vasoactive effect of fibronectin-derived epiviosamine-1 and related peptides in quiescent and stress models. Microcirculation 2018; 24. [PMID: 28296053 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Following thermal burn injury, plasma fibronectin degrades within the interstitium; one possible product is EVA-1, PSHISKYILRWRPK found within the FNIII1 . EVA-1 ameliorates thermal burn injury progression, and binds to and enhances PDGF-BB in promoting cell metabolism, growth and survival; shorter related peptides lose these abilities. Here we study the effect of EVA-1 and shorter peptides for their vasoactivity under quiescent and stress conditions. METHODS Using the hamster cheek pouch intravital microscopy model, five EVA-1 related peptides were applied to small arterioles via micropipette (10-16 -10-4 mol L-1 ) in quiescent tissue and after defined stress: nitric oxide or heat. RESULTS Peak dilation occurred with nanomolar doses (longer peptides) or below (shorter peptides), blocked by propranolol (beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist). Micromolar doses of the same peptides induced only constriction, not antagonized by phentolamine (alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist). Scrambled variants of two peptides yielded only constriction, suggesting constriction might be due peptide charge. Each stressor caused a left shift in dilation response, blocked by carazolol. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this important region of FNIII1 contains sequences that have a gradation of biological functions dependent on the length of the peptide sequence, with increased efficacy for dilation following stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D Frame
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Fubao Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Anthony M Dewar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Richard A F Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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7
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Clark RAF, Fenner J, Sasson A, McClain SA, Singer AJ, Tonnesen MG. Blood vessel occlusion with erythrocyte aggregates causes burn injury progression-microvasculature dilation as a possible therapy. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:625-629. [PMID: 29478253 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Burns are dynamic injuries characterized by progressive tissue death and continuous severe pain over the course of several days. The extent of burn injury progression determines the ultimate patient outcome. Initial burns result in a central zone of necrosis surrounded by a potentially viable zone of ischemia. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain injury progression, including oxidant and cytokine stress resulting from either ischemia/reperfusion and/or inflammation, but no proven therapy has emerged. To address the unmet need to limit burn injury progression, the root cause of this process must be delineated. For this reason, we have recently focused on post-burn blood vessel occlusion, currently ascribed to microthrombi. We have found that blood vessel occlusion is initially, mainly and persistently caused by erythrocyte aggregation. Although thermal-induced cell necrosis is the immediate cause of cell death, apoptotic cells from persistent ischemia/anoxia, admixed with inflammatory cells, form a band between viable and nonviable tissue 24 hours later. The delayed cell death by apoptosis appears to be the main attractant for inflammatory cells. Finally, we posit that fibrinogen elevation arising from inflammation provides stimulus for additional erythrocyte aggregation, further extending blood vessel occlusion. In our view this persistent occlusion with resultant prolonged tissue ischemia/anoxia, not ischemia/reperfusion, is the root cause of burn injury progression concomitant with associated severe and persistent pain. Epiviosamines, a new class of peptides, appear to selectively dilate microvasculature, and may provide therapy for burn injury progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A F Clark
- Departments of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Justine Fenner
- Departments of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Arielle Sasson
- Departments of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Steve A McClain
- Departments of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Adam J Singer
- Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Marcia G Tonnesen
- Departments of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Dermatology Section, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY, USA
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8
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Valdivia A, Goicoechea SM, Awadia S, Zinn A, Garcia-Mata R. Regulation of circular dorsal ruffles, macropinocytosis, and cell migration by RhoG and its exchange factor, Trio. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1768-1781. [PMID: 28468978 PMCID: PMC5491185 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoG and its exchange factor, Trio, regulate the formation and size of circular dorsal ruffles and associated functions, including macropinocytosis and cell migration. Circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) are actin-rich structures that form on the dorsal surface of many mammalian cells in response to growth factor stimulation. CDRs represent a unique type of structure that forms transiently and only once upon stimulation. The formation of CDRs involves a drastic rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, which is regulated by the Rho family of GTPases. So far, only Rac1 has been consistently associated with CDR formation, whereas the role of other GTPases in this process is either lacking or inconclusive. Here we show that RhoG and its exchange factor, Trio, play a role in the regulation of CDR dynamics, particularly by modulating their size. RhoG is activated by Trio downstream of PDGF in a PI3K- and Src-dependent manner. Silencing RhoG expression decreases the number of cells that form CDRs, as well as the area of the CDRs. The regulation of CDR area by RhoG is independent of Rac1 function. In addition, our results show the RhoG plays a role in the cellular functions associated with CDR formation, including macropinocytosis, receptor internalization, and cell migration. Taken together, our results reveal a novel role for RhoG in the regulation of CDRs and the cellular processes associated with their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Valdivia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606.,Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Sahezeel Awadia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Ashtyn Zinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Rafael Garcia-Mata
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606
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9
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Goyal R, Macri LK, Kaplan HM, Kohn J. Nanoparticles and nanofibers for topical drug delivery. J Control Release 2016; 240:77-92. [PMID: 26518723 PMCID: PMC4896846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review provides the first comprehensive overview of the use of both nanoparticles and nanofibers for topical drug delivery. Researchers have explored the use of nanotechnology, specifically nanoparticles and nanofibers, as drug delivery systems for topical and transdermal applications. This approach employs increased drug concentration in the carrier, in order to increase drug flux into and through the skin. Both nanoparticles and nanofibers can be used to deliver hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and are capable of controlled release for a prolonged period of time. The examples presented provide significant evidence that this area of research has - and will continue to have - a profound impact on both clinical outcomes and the development of new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Goyal
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lauren K Macri
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hilton M Kaplan
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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10
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Gurtner GC, Chapman MA. Regenerative Medicine: Charting a New Course in Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2016; 5:314-328. [PMID: 27366592 PMCID: PMC4900191 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2015.0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Chronic wounds are a prevalent and costly problem in the United States. Improved treatments are needed to heal these wounds and prevent serious complications such as infection and amputation. Recent Advances: In wound healing, as in other areas of medicine, technologies that have the potential to regenerate as opposed to repair tissue are gaining ground. These include customizable nanofiber matrices incorporating novel materials; a variety of autologous and allogeneic cell types at various stages of differentiation (e.g., pluripotent, terminally differentiated); peptides; proteins; small molecules; RNA inhibitors; and gene therapies. Critical Issues: Wound healing is a logical target for regenerative medicine due to the accessibility and structure of skin, the regenerative nature of healing, the lack of good limb salvage treatments, and the current use of cell therapies. However, more extensive knowledge of pathophysiologic targets is needed to inform regenerative strategies, and new technologies must demonstrate value in terms of outcomes and related health economic measures to achieve successful market access and penetration. Future Directions: Due to similarities in cell pathways and developmental mechanisms, regenerative technologies developed in one therapeutic area may be applicable to others. Approaches that proceed from human genomic or other big data sources to models are becoming increasingly common and will likely suggest novel therapeutic avenues. To fully capitalize on the advances in regenerative medicine, studies must demonstrate the value of new therapies in identified patient populations, and sponsors must work with regulatory agencies to develop appropriate dossiers supporting timely approval.
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11
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Sawicka KM, Seeliger M, Musaev T, Macri LK, Clark RA. Fibronectin Interaction and Enhancement of Growth Factors: Importance for Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:469-478. [PMID: 26244103 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: This critical review focuses on interactions between cells, fibronectin (FN), and growth factors (GF). Recent Advances: Initially, the extracellular matrix (ECM) was thought to serve simply as a reservoir for GFs that would be released as soluble ligands during proteolytic degradation of ECM. This view was rather quickly extended by the observation that ECM could concentrate GFs to the pericellular matrix for more efficient presentation to cell surface receptors. However, recent reports support much more complex interactions among GFs and ECM molecules, particularly FN, and the way these interactions can fine-tune cell responses to the microenvironment. Critical Issues: Wounds that are unable to synthesize and sustain a functional ECM cannot optimally benefit from endogenous or exogenous GFs. Therefore, GF treatments have recently focused on utilizing ECM molecules as delivery vehicles. Thus, ECM can influence GF stability and activity, and GFs can modulate the ECM activity. Hence, both individually and together, ECM and GFs modulate cells that in turn control the type and level of GFs and ECM in the pericellular environment that ultimately results in new tissue generation. Although many ECM components are important for optimal tissue regeneration and wound healing, FN stands out as absolutely critical not only for wound healing and tissue regeneration but also for embryogenesis and morphogenesis. Future Directions: Understanding ECM/GF interactions will greatly facilitate our understanding of normal wound repair and regeneration, the failure of wounds to heal, and how the latter can be salvaged with proper ECM/GF combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M. Sawicka
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Markus Seeliger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Tagai Musaev
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Lauren K. Macri
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Richard A.F. Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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12
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Zhu J, Clark RAF. Fibronectin at select sites binds multiple growth factors and enhances their activity: expansion of the collaborative ECM-GF paradigm. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:895-901. [PMID: 24335899 PMCID: PMC3961531 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research has demonstrated that extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and growth factors (GF) collaborate at many different levels. The ability of ECM to modulate GF signals has important implications in tissue formation and homeostasis as well as novel therapies for acute and chronic wounds. Recently, a number of GF-binding sites was identified in fibronectin (FN) and was shown to provide another layer of regulation on GF signaling. Here, we review these new findings on FN interaction with GF in the context of general ways ECM molecules regulate GF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Richard A F Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
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