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Zheng S, Feng S, Song N, Chen G, Jia Y, Zhang G, Liu M, Li X, Ning Y, Wang D, Jia H. The role of the immune system in depersonalisation disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2024; 25:291-303. [PMID: 38679810 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2024.2346096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Depersonalisation-derealization disorder (DPD) is a dissociative disorder that impairs cognitive function and occupational performance. Emerging evidence indicate the levels of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin associated with the dissociative symptoms. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of the immune system in the pathology of DPD. METHODS We screened the protein expression in serum samples of 30 DPD patients and 32 healthy controls. Using a mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach, we identified differential proteins that were verified in another group of 25 DPD patients and 30 healthy controls using immune assays. Finally, we performed a correlation analysis between the expression of differential proteins and clinical symptoms of patients with DPD. RESULTS We identified several dysregulated proteins in patients with DPD compared to HCs, including decreased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), complement C1q subcomponent subunit B, apolipoprotein A-IV, and increased levels of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (SERPINA3). Moreover, the expression of CRP was positively correlated with visuospatial memory and the ability to inhibit cognitive interference of DPD. The expression of SERPINA3 was positively correlated with the ability to inhibit cognitive interference and negatively correlated with the perceptual alterations of DPD. CONCLUSIONS The dysregulation of the immune system may be the underlying biological mechanism in DPD. And the expressions of CRP and SERPINA3 can be the potential predictors for the cognitive performance of DPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sitong Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyao Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guofu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhe Ning
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center, Hohhot, Neimenggu, China
| | - Hongxiao Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhou F, Wang S, Qin H, Zeng H, Ye J, Yang J, Cai G, Wu Z, Zhang Z. Genome-wide association analysis unveils candidate genes and loci associated with aplasia cutis congenita in pigs. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:701. [PMID: 37990155 PMCID: PMC10664689 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the localized or widespread absence of skin in humans and animals. Individuals with ACC may experience developmental abnormalities in the skeletal and muscular systems, as well as potential complications. Localized and isolated cases of ACC can be treated through surgical and medical interventions, while extensive cases of ACC may result in neonatal mortality. The presence of ACC in pigs has implications for animal welfare. It contributes to an elevated mortality rate among piglets at birth, leading to substantial economic losses in the pig farming industry. In order to elucidate candidate genetic loci associated with ACC, we performed a Genome-Wide Association Study analysis on 216 Duroc pigs. The primary goal of this study was to identify candidate genes that associated with ACC. RESULTS This study identified nine significant SNPs associated with ACC. Further analysis revealed the presence of two quantitative trait loci, 483 kb (5:18,196,971-18,680,098) on SSC 5 and 159 kb (13:20,713,440-207294431 bp) on SSC13. By annotating candidate genes within a 1 Mb region surrounding the significant SNPs, a total of 11 candidate genes were identified on SSC5 and SSC13, including KRT71, KRT1, KRT4, ITGB7, CSAD, RARG, SP7, PFKL, TRPM2, SUMO3, and TSPEAR. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study further elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying and genetic architecture of ACC and identify reliable candidate genes. These results lay the foundation for treating and understanding ACC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchen Zhou
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Shenghui Wang
- Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd, Guangdong, 527400, P.R. China
| | - Haojun Qin
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Haiyu Zeng
- Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd, Guangdong, 527400, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ye
- Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd, Guangdong, 527400, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P.R. China
- Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd, Guangdong, 527400, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P.R. China.
- Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd, Guangdong, 527400, P.R. China.
| | - Zebin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P.R. China.
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Anderson-Crannage M, Ascensión AM, Ibanez-Solé O, Zhu H, Schaefer E, Ottomanelli D, Hochberg B, Pan J, Luo W, Tian M, Chu Y, Cairo MS, Izeta A, Liao Y. Inflammation-mediated fibroblast activation and immune dysregulation in collagen VII-deficient skin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1211505. [PMID: 37809094 PMCID: PMC10557493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1211505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is known to play a critical role in all stages of tumorigenesis; however, less is known about how it predisposes the tissue microenvironment preceding tumor formation. Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), a skin-blistering disease secondary to COL7A1 mutations and associated with chronic wounding, inflammation, fibrosis, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), models this dynamic. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to analyze gene expression patterns in skin cells from a mouse model of RDEB. We uncovered a complex landscape within the RDEB dermal microenvironment that exhibited altered metabolism, enhanced angiogenesis, hyperproliferative keratinocytes, infiltration and activation of immune cell populations, and inflammatory fibroblast priming. We demonstrated the presence of activated neutrophil and Langerhans cell subpopulations and elevated expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in T cells and antigen-presenting cells, respectively. Unsupervised clustering within the fibroblast population further revealed two differentiation pathways in RDEB fibroblasts, one toward myofibroblasts and the other toward a phenotype that shares the characteristics of inflammatory fibroblast subsets in other inflammatory diseases as well as the IL-1-induced inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAFs) reported in various cancer types. Quantitation of inflammatory cytokines indicated dynamic waves of IL-1α, TGF-β1, TNF, IL-6, and IFN-γ concentrations, along with dermal NF-κB activation preceding JAK/STAT signaling. We further demonstrated the divergent and overlapping roles of these cytokines in inducing inflammatory phenotypes in RDEB patients as well as RDEB mouse-derived fibroblasts together with their healthy controls. In summary, our data have suggested a potential role of inflammation, driven by the chronic release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, in creating an immune-suppressed dermal microenvironment that underlies RDEB disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Anderson-Crannage
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Alex M. Ascensión
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Tissue Engineering Group, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Olga Ibanez-Solé
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Tissue Engineering Group, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Department of Research & Development, Guizhou Atlasus Technology Co., Ltd., Guiyang, China
| | - Edo Schaefer
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Darcy Ottomanelli
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Bruno Hochberg
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Jian Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Meijuan Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Mitchell S. Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Ander Izeta
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Tissue Engineering Group, San Sebastian, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Science, School of Engineering, Tecnun University of Navarra, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Yanling Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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Surbek M, Sukseree S, Sachslehner AP, Copic D, Golabi B, Nagelreiter IM, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Heme Oxygenase-1 Is Upregulated during Differentiation of Keratinocytes but Its Expression Is Dispensable for Cornification of Murine Epidermis. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:12. [PMID: 36976101 PMCID: PMC10058925 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal barrier of mammals is initially formed during embryonic development and continuously regenerated by the differentiation and cornification of keratinocytes in postnatal life. Cornification is associated with the breakdown of organelles and other cell components by mechanisms which are only incompletely understood. Here, we investigated whether heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), which converts heme into biliverdin, ferrous iron and carbon monoxide, is required for normal cornification of epidermal keratinocytes. We show that HO-1 is transcriptionally upregulated during the terminal differentiation of human keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated expression of HO-1 in the granular layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes undergo cornification. Next, we deleted the Hmox1 gene, which encodes HO-1, by crossing Hmox1-floxed and K14-Cre mice. The epidermis and isolated keratinocytes of the resulting Hmox1f/f K14-Cre mice lacked HO-1 expression. The genetic inactivation of HO-1 did not impair the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers, loricrin and filaggrin. Likewise, the transglutaminase activity and formation of the stratum corneum were not altered in Hmox1f/f K14-Cre mice, suggesting that HO-1 is dispensable for epidermal cornification. The genetically modified mice generated in this study may be useful for future investigations of the potential roles of epidermal HO-1 in iron metabolism and responses to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Surbek
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Supawadee Sukseree
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Dragan Copic
- Clinical Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Barua S, Jiang LI, Kononov T, Zahr AS. A Case Study Investigating the Short-Term Efficacy and Tolerability of a Daily Serum Composed from a Unique Sunflower Sprout Extract. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:4410-4421. [PMID: 35897147 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigued skin, defined as dehydrated skin with lack of visual facial firmness and dull appearance, can be attributed to intrinsic and extrinsic factors of aging. An antiaging daily serum (AADS) containing a unique sunflower sprout extract (SSE) was formulated to target fatigued and photodamaged skin. AIMS Utilizing both preclinical and clinical testing models, the efficacy of the AADS was investigated to improve fatigued and photodamaged skin. PATIENTS/ METHOD Preclinical studies included in vitro analysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in fatigued dermal fibroblasts, inhibition of ultraviolet radiation A (UVA) induced advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in keratinocytes, and ex vivo gene expression after incubation with the SSE. An institutional review board (IRB)-approved short-term, 7-day, clinical case study was conducted in twenty-eight female subjects, Fitzpatrick skin type I-IV, aged 30 to 60 years with moderate overall photodamage and skin fatigue. This was a double-blinded, randomized, controlled, single-center case study testing the AADS alone and in combination with an anti-aging facial moisturizer (AAFM). RESULTS The SSE boosted intracellular ATP production in fatigued fibroblasts and reduced the formation of AGEs in keratinocytes. The SSE increased expression of genes related to epidermal keratinization and downregulated genes related to inflammation. Statistically significant improvement was found after 7-days of twice-daily use of the AADS alone and in combination with the AAFM. Products were well tolerated and perceived by subjects. CONCLUSION Preclinical results combined with the clinical results strongly suggest that the AADS containing the SSE was tolerable and effective in targeting fatigued and photodamaged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Barua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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6
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Deng Z, Cangkrama M, Butt T, Jane SM, Carpinelli MR. Grainyhead-like transcription factors: guardians of the skin barrier. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:553-e152. [PMID: 33843098 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There has been selective pressure to maintain a skin barrier since terrestrial animals evolved 360 million years ago. These animals acquired an unique integumentary system with a keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium surface barrier. The barrier protects against dehydration and entry of microbes and toxins. The skin barrier centres on the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis and consists of cornified envelopes cemented by the intercorneocyte lipid matrix. Multiple components of the barrier undergo cross-linking by transglutaminase (TGM) enzymes, while keratins provide additional mechanical strength. Cellular tight junctions also are crucial for barrier integrity. The grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors regulate the formation and maintenance of the integument in diverse species. GRHL3 is essential for formation of the skin barrier during embryonic development, whereas GRHL1 maintains the skin barrier postnatally. This is achieved by transactivation of Tgm1 and Tgm5, respectively. In addition to its barrier function, GRHL3 plays key roles in wound repair and as an epidermal tumour suppressor. In its former role, GRHL3 activates the planar cell polarity signalling pathway to mediate wound healing by providing directional migration cues. In squamous epithelium, GRHL3 regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation, and its loss induces squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In the skin, this is mediated through increased expression of MIR21, which reduces the expression levels of GRHL3 and its direct target, PTEN, leading to activation of the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway. These data position the GRHL family as master regulators of epidermal homeostasis across a vast gulf of evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Deng
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Cangkrama
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen M Jane
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marina R Carpinelli
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Transcript levels of keratin 1/5/6/14/15/16/17 as potential prognostic indicators in melanoma patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1023. [PMID: 33441834 PMCID: PMC7806772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratins (KRTs), the intermediate filament-forming proteins of epithelial cells, are extensively used as diagnostic biomarkers in cancers and associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis in multiple cancers. However, the diverse expression patterns and prognostic values of KRTs in melanoma have yet to be elucidated. In the current study, we examined the transcriptional and clinical data of KRTs in patients with melanoma from GEO, TCGA, ONCOMINE, GEPIA, cBioPortal, TIMER and TISIDB databases. We found that the mRNA levels of KRT1/2/5/6/8/10/14/15/16/17 were significantly differential expressed between primary melanoma and metastatic melanoma. The expression levels of KRT1/2/5/6/10/14/15/16/17 were correlated with advanced tumor stage. Survival analysis revealed that the high transcription levels of KRT1/5/6/14/15/16/17 were associated with low overall survival in melanoma patients. GSEA analysis indicated that the most involved hallmarks pathways were P53 pathway, KRAS signaling, estrogen response early and estrogen response late. Furthermore, we found some correlations among the expression of KRTs and the infiltration of immune cells. Our study may provide novel insights for the selection of prognostic biomarkers for melanoma.
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Ferrara F, Pambianchi E, Woodby B, Messano N, Therrien JP, Pecorelli A, Canella R, Valacchi G. Evaluating the effect of ozone in UV induced skin damage. Toxicol Lett 2020; 338:40-50. [PMID: 33279629 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution represents one of the main risks for both environment and human health. The rapid urbanization has been leading to a continuous release of harmful manmade substances into the atmosphere which are associated to the exacerbation of several pathologies. The skin is the main barrier of our body against the external environment and it is the main target for the outdoor stressors. Among the pollutants, Ozone (O3) is one of the most toxic, able to initiate oxidative reactions and activate inflammatory response, leading to the onset of several skin conditions. Moreover, skin is daily subjected to the activity of Ultraviolet Radiation which are well known to induce harmful cutaneous effects including skin aging and sunburn. Even though both UV and O3 are able to affect the skin homeostasis, very few studies have investigated their possible additive effect. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the effect of the combined exposure of O3 and UV in inducing skin damage, by exposing human skin explants to UV alone or in combination with O3 for 4-days. Markers related to inflammation, redox homeostasis and tissue structure were analyzed. Our results demonstrated that O3 is able to amplify the UV induced skin oxinflammation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferrara
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Pambianchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States
| | - Brittany Woodby
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States
| | - Nicolo' Messano
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States
| | | | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States
| | - Rita Canella
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Kyung Hee University, Department of Food and Nutrition, South Korea.
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Li Y, Cheng R, Liang J, Yao Z, Li M. The first case of a mosaic superficial epidermolytic ichthyosis diagnosed by Ultra-Deep Sequence. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1457. [PMID: 32881395 PMCID: PMC7667337 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Superficial epidermolytic ichthyosis (SEI), known as ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens (IBS; OMIM No. 146800) before, is a type of keratinopathic ichthyosis due to the KRT2 mutations (NM_000423.3; OMIM No. 600194). Here, we report the first case of SEI caused by a KRT2 mosaic mutation. Methods We presented the clinical data of a 5‐year‐old Chinese boy who suffered from SEI. The histopathological examination and immunofluorescence were performed to rule out immunobullous skin diseases and diseases with subepidermal blisters. Genomic DNA samples were extracted from the lesion tissue and next‐generation sequencing was performed. We also confirmed the variant allele frequency (VAF) in different tissues by an Ultra‐Deep Sequencing technology. Results The patient presented with blisters on the lower extremities and linear, superficially hyperkeratotic lesions. Immunofluorescence of IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C4, and C1q were negative, and the histopathological results showed intraepidermal blisters containing lymphocytes and eosinophils. A heterozygous missense mutation, c.G1459A (p. Glu487Lys), in exon 7 of the KRT2 gene was detected at a 31.17% allele frequency. The same mutation p. Glu487Lys has been described several times in the literature. Conclusion Thus, in our patient, the mosaic mutation explains the blaschkoid ichthyosiform phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first case of SEI with a KRT2 mosaic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruhong Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianying Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhirong Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Rare Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Rare Disease, Shanghai, China
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Serum lipids, retinoic acid and phenol red differentially regulate expression of keratins K1, K10 and K2 in cultured keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4829. [PMID: 32179842 PMCID: PMC7076045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal keratinocyte differentiation is fundamental to pathologies such as skin cancer and mucosal inflammatory diseases. The ability to grow keratinocytes in vitro allows the study of differentiation however any translational value is limited if keratinocytes get altered by the culture method. Although serum lipids (SLPs) and phenol red (PR) are ubiquitous components of culture media their effect on differentiation is largely unknown. We show for the first time that PR and SLP themselves suppress expression of differentiation-specific keratins K1, K10 and K2 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and two important cell lines, HaCaT and N/TERT-1. Removal of SLP increased expression of K1, K10 and K2 in 2D and 3D cultures, which was further enhanced in the absence of PR. The effect was reversed for K1 and K10 by adding all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) but increased for K2 in the absence of PR. Furthermore, retinoid regulation of differentiation-specific keratins involves post-transcriptional mechanisms as we show KRT2 mRNA is stabilised whilst KRT1 and KRT10 mRNAs are destabilised in the presence of ATRA. Taken together, our results indicate that the presence of PR and SLP in cell culture media may significantly impact in vitro studies of keratinocyte differentiation.
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11
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Ehrlich F, Laggner M, Langbein L, Burger P, Pollreisz A, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Comparative genomics suggests loss of keratin K24 in three evolutionary lineages of mammals. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10924. [PMID: 31358806 PMCID: PMC6662840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins are the main cytoskeletal proteins of epithelial cells and changes in the expression of keratins have contributed to the evolutionary adaptation of epithelia to different environments. Keratin K24 was proposed to be a differentiation marker of epidermal keratinocytes but the significance of K24 expression in the epidermis versus other tissues has remained elusive. Here, we show by RT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses that K24 is highly expressed in the epithelium of the cornea whereas its expression levels are significantly lower in other stratified epithelia including in the epidermis. To investigate the evolutionary history of K24, we screened the genome sequences of vertebrates for orthologs of the human KRT24 gene. The results of this comparative genomics study suggested that KRT24 originated in a common ancestor of amniotes and that it was lost independently in three clades of mammals, i.e. camels, cetaceans, and a subclade of pinnipeds comprising eared seals and the walrus. Together, the results of this study identify K24 as component of the cytoskeleton in the human corneal epithelium and reveal previously unknown differences of keratin gene content among mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ehrlich
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Laggner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lutz Langbein
- German Cancer Research Center, Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pamela Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Pollreisz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Ehrlich F, Fischer H, Langbein L, Praetzel-Wunder S, Ebner B, Figlak K, Weissenbacher A, Sipos W, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Differential Evolution of the Epidermal Keratin Cytoskeleton in Terrestrial and Aquatic Mammals. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:328-340. [PMID: 30517738 PMCID: PMC6367960 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins are the main intermediate filament proteins of epithelial cells. In keratinocytes of the mammalian epidermis they form a cytoskeleton that resists mechanical stress and thereby are essential for the function of the skin as a barrier against the environment. Here, we performed a comparative genomics study of epidermal keratin genes in terrestrial and fully aquatic mammals to determine adaptations of the epidermal keratin cytoskeleton to different environments. We show that keratins K5 and K14 of the innermost (basal), proliferation-competent layer of the epidermis are conserved in all mammals investigated. In contrast, K1 and K10, which form the main part of the cytoskeleton in the outer (suprabasal) layers of the epidermis of terrestrial mammals, have been lost in whales and dolphins (cetaceans) and in the manatee. Whereas in terrestrial mammalian epidermis K6 and K17 are expressed only upon stress-induced epidermal thickening, high levels of K6 and K17 are consistently present in dolphin skin, indicating constitutive expression and substitution of K1 and K10. K2 and K9, which are expressed in a body site-restricted manner in human and mouse suprabasal epidermis, have been lost not only in cetaceans and manatee but also in some terrestrial mammals. The evolution of alternative splicing of K10 and differentiation-dependent upregulation of K23 have increased the complexity of keratin expression in the epidermis of terrestrial mammals. Taken together, these results reveal evolutionary diversification of the epidermal cytoskeleton in mammals and suggest a complete replacement of the quantitatively predominant epidermal proteins of terrestrial mammals by originally stress-inducible keratins in cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ehrlich
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Fischer
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lutz Langbein
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Praetzel-Wunder
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Ebner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Figlak
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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The Differentiation-Associated Keratinocyte Protein Cornifelin Contributes to Cell-Cell Adhesion of Epidermal and Mucosal Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:2292-2301.e9. [PMID: 31129056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cornifelin (CNFN) has been identified as a protein component of epidermal corneocytes. Here, we investigated the tissue distribution of CNFN and potential consequences of CNFN deficiency on epithelial function in in vitro models of human skin and oral mucosa. Our detailed bioinformatics and immunostaining analysis revealed that CNFN is not only expressed in human epidermis but also in noncornifying oral mucosa. In normal epidermis, CNFN was confined to the upper granular layer and the stratum corneum. By contrast, in both partly cornifying and noncornifying oral mucosa, CNFN was expressed in a cell membrane-associated pattern over several suprabasal layers. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of CNFN in epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) was associated with only subtle alterations of the overall epidermal architecture in skin models in vitro but led to altered morphology of corneodesmosomes, as detected by electron microscopy. Using dispase treatment followed by mechanical stress, epithelial sheets of CNFN-deficient epidermal KCs were easily disrupted, whereas their CNFN-competent counterparts remained intact. In contrast to the epidermal KCs, CNFN knockdown in oral KCs had a more severe effect and caused pronounced acantholysis in organotypic models of oral mucosa. Together, these findings indicate that CNFN is a structural component of the cell adhesion system of differentiated KCs in both epidermis and oral mucosa.
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14
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Slivka PF, Hsieh CL, Lipovsky A, Pratt SD, Locklear J, Namovic MT, McDonald HA, Wetter J, Edelmayer R, Hu M, Murphy E, Domanus M, Lu C, Duggan R, King J, Scott VE, Donnelly-Roberts D, Slavin A, Gopalakrishnan S, Chung N, Goedken ER. Small Molecule and Pooled CRISPR Screens Investigating IL17 Signaling Identify BRD2 as a Novel Contributor to Keratinocyte Inflammatory Responses. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:857-872. [PMID: 30938974 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17A (IL17A) plays a critical role in the development of numerous autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis. The clinical success of IL17A neutralizing biologics in psoriasis has underlined its importance as a drug discovery target. While many studies have focused on the differentiation and trafficking of IL17A producing T-helper 17 cells, less is known about IL17A-initiated signaling events in stromal and parenchymal cells leading to psoriatic phenotypes. We sought to discover signaling nodes downstream of IL17A contributing to disease pathogenesis. Using IL17A and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) to stimulate primary human epidermal keratinocytes, we employed two different phenotypic screening approaches. First, a library of ∼22000 annotated compounds was screened for reduced secretion of the pro-inflammatory chemokine IL8. Second, a library of 729 kinases was screened in a pooled format by utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 and monitoring IL8 intracellular staining. The highest-ranking novel hits identified in both screens were the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family proteins and bromodomain-containing protein 2 (BRD2), respectively. Comparison of BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4 silencing with siRNA and CRISPR confirmed that BRD2 was responsible for mediating IL8 production. Pan-BRD inhibitors and BRD2 knockout also reduced IL17A/TNF-mediated CXC motif chemokines 1/2/6 (CXCL1/2/6) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) production. In RNA-Seq analysis, 438 IL17A/TNF dependent genes were reduced in BRD2-deficient primary keratinocytes. KEGG pathway analysis of these genes showed enrichment in TNF signaling and rheumatoid arthritis relevant genes. Moreover, a number of genes important for keratinocyte homeostasis and cornification were dysregulated in BRD2-deficient keratinocytes. In IL17A/TNF/IL22 stimulated three-dimensional organotypic raft cultures, pan-BRD inhibition reduced inflammatory factor production but elicited aberrant cornification, consistent with RNA-Seq analysis. These studies highlight a novel role for BRDs and BRD2 in particular in IL17A-mediated inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Slivka
- Discovery Dermatology & Fibrosis, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Chen-Lin Hsieh
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Alex Lipovsky
- Discovery Dermatology & Fibrosis, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Steven D. Pratt
- Target Enabling Science & Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - John Locklear
- Target Enabling Science & Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
- PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Marian T. Namovic
- Target Enabling Science & Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Heath A. McDonald
- Discovery Dermatology & Fibrosis, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Joseph Wetter
- Discovery Dermatology & Fibrosis, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rebecca Edelmayer
- Discovery Dermatology & Fibrosis, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Min Hu
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Erin Murphy
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Marc Domanus
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Charles Lu
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ryan Duggan
- Immuno-Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jacob King
- Discovery Dermatology & Fibrosis, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Victoria E. Scott
- Discovery Dermatology & Fibrosis, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Diana Donnelly-Roberts
- Target Enabling Science & Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Anthony Slavin
- Immunology Pharmacology, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Sujatha Gopalakrishnan
- Target Enabling Science & Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Namjin Chung
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Eric R. Goedken
- Discovery Dermatology & Fibrosis, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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15
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Spörrer M, Prochnicki A, Tölle RC, Nyström A, Esser PR, Homberg M, Athanasiou I, Zingkou E, Schilling A, Gerum R, Thievessen I, Winter L, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Fabry B, Magin TM, Dengjel J, Schröder R, Kiritsi D. Treatment of keratinocytes with 4-phenylbutyrate in epidermolysis bullosa: Lessons for therapies in keratin disorders. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:502-515. [PMID: 31078522 PMCID: PMC6603805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Missense mutations in keratin 5 and 14 genes cause the severe skin fragility disorder epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) by collapsing of the keratin cytoskeleton into cytoplasmic protein aggregates. Despite intense efforts, no molecular therapies are available, mostly due to the complex phenotype of EBS, comprising cell fragility, diminished adhesion, skin inflammation and itch. Methods We extensively characterized KRT5 and KRT14 mutant keratinocytes from patients with severe generalized EBS following exposure to the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA). Findings 4-PBA diminished keratin aggregates within EBS cells and ameliorated their inflammatory phenotype. Chemoproteomics of 4-PBA-treated and untreated EBS cells revealed reduced IL1β expression- but also showed activation of Wnt/β-catenin and NF-kB pathways. The abundance of extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal proteins was significantly altered, coinciding with diminished keratinocyte adhesion and migration in a 4-PBA dose-dependent manner. Interpretation Together, our study reveals a complex interplay of benefits and disadvantages that challenge the use of 4-PBA in skin fragility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Spörrer
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ania Prochnicki
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine C Tölle
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp R Esser
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Homberg
- Institute of Biology and SIKT, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ioannis Athanasiou
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Achim Schilling
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Experimental Otolaryngology, ENT Hospital, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Richard Gerum
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingo Thievessen
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lilli Winter
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology and SIKT, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Schröder
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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16
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Luckett-Chastain LR, Gipson JR, Gillaspy AF, Gallucci RM. Transcriptional profiling of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in a mouse model identifies specific patterns of gene expression and immune-regulation. Toxicology 2018; 410:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Wagner T, Gschwandtner M, Strajeriu A, Elbe-Bürger A, Grillari J, Grillari-Voglauer R, Greiner G, Golabi B, Tschachler E, Mildner M. Establishment of keratinocyte cell lines from human hair follicles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13434. [PMID: 30194332 PMCID: PMC6128885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of organotypic skin models advanced the understanding of complex mechanisms of keratinocyte differentiation. However, these models are limited by both availability of primary keratinocytes and donor variability. Keratinocytes derived from cultured hair follicles and interfollicular epidermis were immortalized by ectopic expression of SV40 and hTERT. The generated keratinocyte cell lines differentiated into stratified epidermis with well-defined stratum granulosum and stratum corneum in organotypic human skin models. They behaved comparable to primary keratinocytes regarding the expression of differentiation-associated proteins, cell junction components and proteins associated with cornification and formed a barrier against biotin diffusion. Mechanistically, we found that SV40 large T-antigen expression, accompanied by a strong p53 accumulation, was only detectable in the basal layer of the in vitro reconstructed epidermis. Inhibition of DNA-methylation resulted in expression of SV40 large T-antigen also in the suprabasal epidermal layers and led to incomplete differentiation of keratinocyte cell lines. Our study demonstrates the generation of keratinocyte cell lines which are able to fully differentiate in an organotypic skin model. Since hair follicles, as source for keratinocytes, can be obtained by minimally invasive procedures, our approach enables the generation of cell lines also from individuals not available for skin biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Gschwandtner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Johannes Grillari
- Evercyte, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Grillari-Voglauer
- Evercyte, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Greiner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Sequeira I, Neves JF, Carrero D, Peng Q, Palasz N, Liakath-Ali K, Lord GM, Morgan PR, Lombardi G, Watt FM. Immunomodulatory role of Keratin 76 in oral and gastric cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3437. [PMID: 30143634 PMCID: PMC6109110 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin 76 (Krt76) is expressed in the differentiated epithelial layers of skin, oral cavity and squamous stomach. Krt76 downregulation in human oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) correlates with poor prognosis. We show that genetic ablation of Krt76 in mice leads to spleen and lymph node enlargement, an increase in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Krt76-/- Tregs have increased suppressive ability correlated with increased CD39 and CD73 expression, while their effector T cells are less proliferative than controls. Loss of Krt76 increases carcinogen-induced tumours in tongue and squamous stomach. Carcinogenesis is further increased when Treg levels are elevated experimentally. The carcinogenesis response includes upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced accumulation of Tregs in the tumour microenvironment. Tregs also accumulate in human OSCC exhibiting Krt76 loss. Our study highlights the role of epithelial cells in modulating carcinogenesis via communication with cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Sequeira
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Joana F Neves
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dido Carrero
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Qi Peng
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Natalia Palasz
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kifayathullah Liakath-Ali
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, 265 Campus Drive, CA, 94305-5453, USA
| | - Graham M Lord
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Peter R Morgan
- Department of Mucosal and Salivary Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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19
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Ali AA, Al-Jandan BA, Suresh CS. The importance of ctokeratins in the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018; 22:441. [PMID: 30651696 PMCID: PMC6306588 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_238_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral cancer is usually diagnosed at advanced stages. The pattern of keratin expression in normal epithelia and the change in their expression in premalignant lesions and carcinomas have suggested the possibilities of improving diagnosis. The aim of this study is to determine the use of acidic cytokeratins (CKs) as biomarkers of histopathological progression in oral carcinogenesis. Materials and Methods A total of 50 paraffin blocks of histological specimens diagnosed as hyperplastic epithelium, dysplastic epithelium, well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and poorly-differentiated SCC (10 specimens each) were included in this study, in addition to 10 normal oral mucosal samples. All samples were stained immunohistochemically with CKs (10-ab1, 14, 16-ab1, 18-dc10 and 19-abs10) using Ventana Medical Systems (Arizona-USA). The expression of CKs antigen was evaluated as absent, mild, moderate and severe. Results CK10-ab1 was found to be positive in the suprabasal layers of all specimens in normal and hyperplastic epithelium, while it was moderate in dysplastic epithelium and mild in well-differentiated SCC. CK10-ab1 was negative in all samples with poorly-differentiated SCC (P < 0.005). CK14 was positive in all specimens of all groups whereas CK16-ab1 was negative in all specimens of all groups. The stain of CKs 18-dc10 and 19-abs10 was restricted to the basal cells only in normal, hyperplastic and dysplastic epithelium, while it was mild in well-differentiated and poorly-differentiated SCC (P < 0.01). Conclusion CK10-ab1 disappeared gradually with the progression of malignant changes of squamous cells whereas CKs 18-dc10 and 19-abs10 increased gradually at the same time. Such changes in the protein mapping of squamous cells need more investigation for a better understanding of oral SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman A Ali
- Cell Invasion and Metastasis (CIM) Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr A Al-Jandan
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - C S Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Fischer H, Buchberger M, Napirei M, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Inactivation of DNase1L2 and DNase2 in keratinocytes suppresses DNA degradation during epidermal cornification and results in constitutive parakeratosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6433. [PMID: 28743926 PMCID: PMC5527052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The stratum corneum of the epidermis constitutes the mammalian skin barrier to the environment. It is formed by cornification of keratinocytes, a process which involves the removal of nuclear DNA. Here, we investigated the mechanism of cornification-associated DNA degradation by generating mouse models deficient of candidate DNA-degrading enzymes and characterizing their epidermal phenotypes. In contrast to Dnase1l2−/− mice and keratinocyte-specific DNase2 knockout mice (Dnase2Δep), Dnase1l2−/−Dnase2Δep mice aberrantly retained nuclear DNA in the stratum corneum, a phenomenon commonly referred to as parakeratosis. The DNA within DNase1L2/DNase2-deficient corneocytes was partially degraded in a DNase1-independent manner. Isolation of corneocytes, i.e. the cornified cell components of the stratum corneum, and labelling of DNA demonstrated that corneocytes of Dnase1l2−/−Dnase2Δep mice contained DNA in a nucleus-shaped compartment that also contained nucleosomal histones but lacked the nuclear intermediate filament protein lamin A/C. Parakeratosis was not associated with altered corneocyte resistance to mechanical stress, changes in transepidermal water loss, or inflammatory infiltrates in Dnase1l2−/−Dnase2Δep mice. The results of this study suggest that cornification of epidermal keratinocytes depends on the cooperation of DNase1L2 and DNase2 and indicate that parakeratosis per se does not suffice to cause skin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Fischer
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Buchberger
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Napirei
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Hatzfeld M, Keil R, Magin TM. Desmosomes and Intermediate Filaments: Their Consequences for Tissue Mechanics. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a029157. [PMID: 28096266 PMCID: PMC5453391 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) and desmosomes connect the actin and keratin filament networks of adjacent cells into a mechanical unit. Whereas AJs function in mechanosensing and in transducing mechanical forces between the plasma membrane and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, desmosomes and intermediate filaments (IFs) provide mechanical stability required to maintain tissue architecture and integrity when the tissues are exposed to mechanical stress. Desmosomes are essential for stable intercellular cohesion, whereas keratins determine cell mechanics but are not involved in generating tension. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of IFs and desmosomes in tissue mechanics and discuss whether the desmosome-keratin scaffold might be actively involved in mechanosensing and in the conversion of chemical signals into mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology and Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Abbas Zadeh S, Mlitz V, Lachner J, Golabi B, Mildner M, Pammer J, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Phylogenetic profiling and gene expression studies implicate a primary role of PSORS1C2 in terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:352-358. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salman Abbas Zadeh
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Veronika Mlitz
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Julia Lachner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Johannes Pammer
- Department of Pathology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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23
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Barnes L, Saurat JH, Kaya G. Senescent Atrophic Epidermis Retains Lrig1+ Stem Cells and Loses Wnt Signaling, a Phenotype Shared with CD44KO Mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169452. [PMID: 28099467 PMCID: PMC5242443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lrig1 is known to repress the epidermal growth through its inhibitory activity on EGFR, while CD44 promotes it. We analyzed the expression of these molecules in senescent atrophic human epidermis and in the epidermis of CD44KO mice. In normal human epidermis, Lrig1+ cells form clusters located in the basal layer in which CD44 expression is downregulated and Lef1 expression reflects an active Wnt signaling. In senescent atrophic human epidermis, we found retention of Lrig1high+ cells all along the basal layer, forming no clusters, with decrease of CD44 and lef1 expression. In vitro silencing of CD44 indicated that CD44 may be required for Wnt signaling. However, if looking at the ear epidermis of CD44KO mice, we only found a limited interfollicular epidermal atrophy and unchanged Lrig1high+ cells in the hair follicle. Cell lineage tracing further revealed that interfollicular epidermis did lost its self-renewing capacity but that its homeostasis relied on Lrig1-derived keratinocytes migrating from the hair follicle. Therefore, we conclude that CD44 downregulation is part of the phenotype of senescent atrophic human epidermis, and contributes to reduce Wnt signaling and to alter Lrig1high+ stem cell distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Barnes
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-Hilaire Saurat
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gürkan Kaya
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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25
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Tyrosinase-Cre-Mediated Deletion of the Autophagy Gene Atg7 Leads to Accumulation of the RPE65 Variant M450 in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium of C57BL/6 Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161640. [PMID: 27537685 PMCID: PMC4990303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted gene knockout mouse models have helped to identify roles of autophagy in many tissues. Here, we investigated the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of Atg7f/f Tyr-Cre mice (on a C57BL/6 background), in which Cre recombinase is expressed under the control of the tyrosinase promoter to delete the autophagy gene Atg7. In line with pigment cell-directed blockade of autophagy, the RPE and the melanocytes of the choroid showed strong accumulation of the autophagy adaptor and substrate, sequestosome 1 (Sqstm1)/p62, relative to the levels in control mice. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the RPE, but not the choroid melanocytes, of Atg7f/f Tyr-Cre mice also had strongly increased levels of retinoid isomerohydrolase RPE65, a pivotal enzyme for the maintenance of visual perception. In contrast to Sqstm1, genes involved in retinal regeneration, i.e. Lrat, Rdh5, Rgr, and Rpe65, were expressed at higher mRNA levels. Sequencing of the Rpe65 gene showed that Atg7f/f and Atg7f/f Tyr-Cre mice carry a point mutation (L450M) that is characteristic for the C57BL/6 mouse strain and reportedly causes enhanced degradation of the RPE65 protein by an as-yet unknown mechanism. These results suggest that the increased abundance of RPE65 M450 in the RPE of Atg7f/f Tyr-Cre mice is, at least partly, mediated by upregulation of Rpe65 transcription; however, our data are also compatible with the hypothesis that the RPE65 M450 protein is degraded by Atg7-dependent autophagy in Atg7f/f mice. Further studies in mice of different genetic backgrounds are necessary to determine the relative contributions of these mechanisms.
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26
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Quigley DA, Kandyba E, Huang P, Halliwill KD, Sjölund J, Pelorosso F, Wong CE, Hirst GL, Wu D, Delrosario R, Kumar A, Balmain A. Gene Expression Architecture of Mouse Dorsal and Tail Skin Reveals Functional Differences in Inflammation and Cancer. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1153-1165. [PMID: 27425619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited germline polymorphisms can cause gene expression levels in normal tissues to differ substantially between individuals. We present an analysis of the genetic architecture of normal adult skin from 470 genetically unique mice, demonstrating the effect of germline variants, skin tissue location, and perturbation by exogenous inflammation or tumorigenesis on gene signaling pathways. Gene networks related to specific cell types and signaling pathways, including sonic hedgehog (Shh), Wnt, Lgr family stem cell markers, and keratins, differed at these tissue sites, suggesting mechanisms for the differential susceptibility of dorsal and tail skin to development of skin diseases and tumorigenesis. The Pten tumor suppressor gene network is rewired in premalignant tumors compared to normal tissue, but this response to perturbation is lost during malignant progression. We present a software package for expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) network analysis and demonstrate how network analysis of whole tissues provides insights into interactions between cell compartments and signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Quigley
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo 0310, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eve Kandyba
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Phillips Huang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Kyle D Halliwill
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jonas Sjölund
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22381 Lund, Sweden
| | - Facundo Pelorosso
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Instituto de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 9(th) Floor, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - Christine E Wong
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gillian L Hirst
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Reyno Delrosario
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Atul Kumar
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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27
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Yunusbaeva MM, Yunusbaev BB, Valiev RR, Khammatova AA, Khusnutdinova EK. Широкое многообразие кератинов человека. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2015. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2015-91-5-42-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
А review presents systematic data about the diversity of human keratins. The results of numerous studies concerning the structure and functions of keratins, their distribution in various cells and tissues were summarized. The role of these proteins in the development of human hereditary diseases, as well as modern approaches in use keratins in immunohistochemistry and perspectives of their further studies are discussed.
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28
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Fischer H, Langbein L, Reichelt J, Buchberger M, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Keratins K2 and K10 are essential for the epidermal integrity of plantar skin. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 81:10-6. [PMID: 26603179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND K1 and K2 are the main type II keratins in the suprabasal epidermis where each of them heterodimerizes with the type I keratin K10 to form intermediate filaments. In regions of the ears, tail, and soles of the mouse, only K2 is co-expressed with K10, suggesting that these keratins suffice to form a mechanically resilient cytoskeleton. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of the suppression of both main keratins, K2 and K10, in the suprabasal plantar epidermis of the mouse. METHODS Krt2(-/-) Krt10(-/-) mice were generated by crossing Krt2(-/-) and Krt10(-/-) mice. Epidermal morphology of soles of hind-paws was examined macroscopically and histologically. Immunofluorescence analysis and quantitative PCR analysis were performed to analyze the expression of keratins in sole skin of wildtype and Krt2(-/-) Krt10(-/-) mice. Highly abundant proteins of the sole stratum corneum were determined by electrophoretic and chromatographic separation and subsequent mass spectrometry. RESULTS K2 and K10 are the most prominent suprabasal keratins in normal mouse soles with the exception of the footpads where K1, K9 and K10 predominate. Mice lacking both K2 and K10 were viable and developed epidermal acanthosis and hyperkeratosis in inter-footpad epidermis of the soles. The expression of keratins K1, K9 and K16 was massively increased at the RNA and protein levels in the soles of Krt2(-/-) Krt10(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the loss of the main cytoskeletal components of plantar epidermis, i.e. K2 and K10, can be only partly compensated by the upregulation of other keratins. The thickening of the epidermis in the soles of Krt2(-/-) Krt10(-/-) mice may serve as a model for pathomechanistic aspects of palmoplantar keratoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lutz Langbein
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Reichelt
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and North East England Stem Cell Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Divison of Experimental Dermatology and EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Buchberger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Langbein L, Eckhart L, Fischer H, Rogers MA, Praetzel-Wunder S, Parry DAD, Kittstein W, Schweizer J. Localisation of keratin K78 in the basal layer and first suprabasal layers of stratified epithelia completes expression catalogue of type II keratins and provides new insights into sequential keratin expression. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:735-50. [PMID: 26340985 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Among the 26 human type II keratins, K78 is the only one that has not yet been explored with regard to its expression characteristics. Here, we show that, at both the transcriptional and translational levels, K78 is strongly expressed in the basal and parabasal cell layers with decreasing intensity in the lower suprabasal cells of keratinising and non-keratinising squamous epithelia and keratinocyte cultures. The same pattern has been detected at the transcriptional level in the corresponding mouse epithelia. Murine K78 protein, which contains an extraordinary large extension of its tail domain, which is unique among all known keratins, is not detectable by the antibody used. Concomitant studies in human epithelia have confirmed K78 co-expression with the classical basal keratins K5 and K14. Similarly, K78 co-expression with the differentiation-related type I keratins K10 (epidermis) and K13 (non-keratinising epithelia) occurs in the parabasal cell layer, whereas that of the corresponding type II keratins K1 (epidermis) and K4 (non-keratinising epithelia) unequivocally starts subsequent to the respective type I keratins. Our data concerning K78 expression modify the classical concept of keratin pair K5/K14 representing the basal compartment and keratin pairs K1/K10 or K4/K13 defining the differentiating compartment of stratified epithelia. Moreover, the K78 expression pattern and the decoupled K1/K10 and K4/K13 expression define the existence of a hitherto unperceived early differentiation stage in the parabasal layer characterized by K78/K10 or K78/K13 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Embryonic Development
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Evolution, Molecular
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Loci
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Keratins, Type II/chemistry
- Keratins, Type II/genetics
- Keratins, Type II/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Langbein
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, A110, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Rogers
- Department of Molecular Genetics of the German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Praetzel-Wunder
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, A110, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David A D Parry
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences and Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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