1
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Wang D, Li H, Chandel NS, Dou Y, Yi R. MOF-mediated histone H4 Lysine 16 acetylation governs mitochondrial and ciliary functions by controlling gene promoters. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4404. [PMID: 37479688 PMCID: PMC10362062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16ac), governed by the histone acetyltransferase MOF, orchestrates gene expression regulation and chromatin interaction. However, the roles of MOF and H4K16ac in controlling cellular function and regulating mammalian tissue development remain unclear. Here we show that conditional deletion of Mof in the skin, but not Kansl1, causes severe defects in the self-renewal of basal epithelial progenitors, epidermal differentiation, and hair follicle growth, resulting in barrier defects and perinatal lethality. MOF-regulated genes are highly enriched for essential functions in the mitochondria and cilia. Genetic deletion of Uqcrq, an essential subunit for the electron transport chain (ETC) Complex III, in the skin, recapitulates the defects in epidermal differentiation and hair follicle growth observed in MOF knockout mouse. Together, this study reveals the requirement of MOF-mediated epigenetic mechanism for regulating mitochondrial and ciliary gene expression and underscores the important function of the MOF/ETC axis for mammalian skin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Haimin Li
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yali Dou
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Rui Yi
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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2
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Rice RH, Durbin-Johnson BP, Mann SM, Salemi M, Urayama S, Rocke DM, Phinney BS, Sundberg JP. Corneocyte proteomics: Applications to skin biology and dermatology. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:931-938. [PMID: 30033667 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics now permit analysis of complex cellular structures. Application to epidermis and its appendages (nail plate, hair shaft) has revealed a wealth of information about their protein profiles. The results confirm known site-specific differences in levels of certain keratins and add great depth to our knowledge of site specificity of scores of other proteins, thereby connecting anatomy and pathology. An example is the evident overlap in protein profiles of hair shaft and nail plate, helping rationalize their sharing of certain dystrophic syndromes distinct from epidermis. In addition, interindividual differences in protein level are manifest as would be expected. This approach permits characterization of altered profiles as a result of disease, where the magnitude of perturbation can be quantified and monitored during treatment. Proteomic analysis has also clarified the nature of the isopeptide cross-linked residual insoluble material after vigorous extraction with protein denaturants, nearly intractable to analysis without fragmentation. These structures, including the cross-linked envelope of epidermal corneocytes, are comprised of hundreds of protein constituents, evidence for strengthening the terminal structure complementary to disulphide bonding. Along with other developing technologies, proteomic analysis is anticipated to find use in disease risk stratification, detection, diagnosis and prognosis after the discovery phase and clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Blythe P Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Selena M Mann
- Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Shiro Urayama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California
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3
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Duchatelet S, Boyden LM, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Zhou J, Guibbal L, Hu R, Lim YH, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschké P, Santos-Simarro F, de Lucas R, Milstone LM, Gildenstern V, Helfrich YR, Attardi LD, Lifton RP, Choate KA, Hovnanian A. Mutations in PERP Cause Dominant and Recessive Keratoderma. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:380-390. [PMID: 30321533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of genetic determinants of Mendelian skin disorders has substantially advanced understanding of epidermal biology. Here we show that mutations in PERP, encoding a crucial component of desmosomes, cause both dominant and recessive human keratoderma. Heterozygosity for a C-terminal truncation, which produces a protein that appears to be unstably incorporated into desmosomes, causes Olmsted syndrome with severe periorificial and palmoplantar keratoderma in multiple unrelated kindreds. Homozygosity for an N-terminal truncation ablates expression and causes widespread erythrokeratoderma, with expansion of epidermal differentiation markers. Both exhibit epidermal hyperproliferation, immature desmosomes lacking a dense midline observed via electron microscopy, and impaired intercellular adhesion upon mechanical stress. Localization of other desmosomal components appears normal, which is in contrast to other conditions caused by mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins. These discoveries highlight the essential role of PERP in human desmosomes and epidermal homeostasis and further expand the heterogeneous spectrum of inherited keratinization disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Duchatelet
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM Imagine Institute, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lynn M Boyden
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laure Guibbal
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM Imagine Institute, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ronghua Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Young H Lim
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Genomic Platform, INSERM Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Bioinformatics Platform, INSERM Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Raul de Lucas
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonard M Milstone
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Yolanda R Helfrich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Keith A Choate
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM Imagine Institute, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Department of Genetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France.
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4
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Fan X, Wang D, Burgmaier JE, Teng Y, Romano RA, Sinha S, Yi R. Single Cell and Open Chromatin Analysis Reveals Molecular Origin of Epidermal Cells of the Skin. Dev Cell 2018; 47:21-37.e5. [PMID: 30220568 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
How embryonic progenitors coordinate cell fate specification and establish transcriptional and signaling competence is a fundamental question in developmental biology. Here, we show that transcription factor ΔNp63 profoundly changes the transcriptome and remodels thousands of open chromatin regions of Krt8+ progenitors during epidermal fate specification. ATAC-seq and single-cell RNA-seq reveal that ΔNp63-dependent programs govern epidermal lineage formation, and ΔNp63-independent programs, mediated by AP2 and AP1 transcription factors, promote epidermal differentiation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. ΔNp63 promotes Wnt signaling by directly upregulating Wnt ligands, Frizzled receptors, and transcription factors. Deletion of β-catenin in Krt8+ progenitors delays their maturation into Krt5+ progenitors. The lack of epidermal Wnt production in the absence of ΔNp63 also incapacitates Wnt activation in the underlying dermal cells. These findings reveal the remarkable changes of the transcriptome, open chromatin, and signaling pathways at the onset of skin development and uncover the molecular cascade for epidermal lineage formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Fan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jeremy Evan Burgmaier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yudong Teng
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rose-Anne Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Satrajit Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rui Yi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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5
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Fischer H, Buchberger M, Napirei M, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Inactivation of DNase1L2 and DNase2 in keratinocytes suppresses DNA degradation during epidermal cornification and results in constitutive parakeratosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6433. [PMID: 28743926 PMCID: PMC5527052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The stratum corneum of the epidermis constitutes the mammalian skin barrier to the environment. It is formed by cornification of keratinocytes, a process which involves the removal of nuclear DNA. Here, we investigated the mechanism of cornification-associated DNA degradation by generating mouse models deficient of candidate DNA-degrading enzymes and characterizing their epidermal phenotypes. In contrast to Dnase1l2−/− mice and keratinocyte-specific DNase2 knockout mice (Dnase2Δep), Dnase1l2−/−Dnase2Δep mice aberrantly retained nuclear DNA in the stratum corneum, a phenomenon commonly referred to as parakeratosis. The DNA within DNase1L2/DNase2-deficient corneocytes was partially degraded in a DNase1-independent manner. Isolation of corneocytes, i.e. the cornified cell components of the stratum corneum, and labelling of DNA demonstrated that corneocytes of Dnase1l2−/−Dnase2Δep mice contained DNA in a nucleus-shaped compartment that also contained nucleosomal histones but lacked the nuclear intermediate filament protein lamin A/C. Parakeratosis was not associated with altered corneocyte resistance to mechanical stress, changes in transepidermal water loss, or inflammatory infiltrates in Dnase1l2−/−Dnase2Δep mice. The results of this study suggest that cornification of epidermal keratinocytes depends on the cooperation of DNase1L2 and DNase2 and indicate that parakeratosis per se does not suffice to cause skin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Fischer
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Buchberger
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Napirei
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Loss of epidermal AP1 transcription factor function reduces filaggrin level, alters chemokine expression and produces an ichthyosis-related phenotype. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2840. [PMID: 28569792 PMCID: PMC5520897 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AP1 transcription factors are important controllers of epidermal differentiation. Multiple family members are expressed in the epidermis in a differentiation-dependent manner, where they function to regulate gene expression. To study the role of AP1 factor signaling, TAM67 (dominant-negative c-jun) was inducibly expressed in the suprabasal epidermis. The TAM67-positive epidermis displays keratinocyte hyperproliferation, hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis, delayed differentiation, extensive subdermal vasodilation, nuclear loricrin localization, tail and digit pseudoainhum and reduced filaggrin level. These changes are associated with increased levels of IFNγ, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 (Th1-associated chemokines), and CCL1, CCL2, CCL5 and CCL11 (Th2-associated chemokines) in the epidermis and serum. S100A8 and S100A9 protein levels are also markedly elevated. These changes in epidermal chemokine level are associated with increased levels of the corresponding chemokine mRNA. The largest increases were observed for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and S100A8 and S100A9. To assess the role of CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, which bind to CXCR3, on phenotype development, we expressed TAM67 in CXCR3 knockout mice. Using a similar strategy, we examine the role of S100A8 and S100A9. Surprisingly, loss of CXCR3 or S100A8/A9 did not attenuate phenotype development. These studies suggest that interfering with epidermal AP1 factor signaling initiates a loss of barrier function leading to enhanced epidermal chemokine production, but that CXCR3 and S100A8/A9 do not mediate the phenotypic response.
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7
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Young CA, Eckert RL, Adhikary G, Crumrine D, Elias PM, Blumenberg M, Rorke EA. Embryonic AP1 Transcription Factor Deficiency Causes a Collodion Baby-Like Phenotype. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1868-1877. [PMID: 28526300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AP1 transcription factors are important controllers of gene expression in the epidermis, and altered AP1 factor function can perturb keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. However, our understanding of how AP1 signaling changes may underlie or exacerbate skin disease is limited. We have shown that inhibiting AP1 factor function in suprabasal adult epidermis leads to reduced filaggrin levels and to a phenotype that resembles the genetic disorder ichthyosis vulgaris. We now show that inhibiting AP1 factor function during development in embryonic epidermis produces marked phenotypic changes including reduced filaggrin mRNA and protein levels, compromised barrier function, marked ultrastructural change, and enhanced dehydration susceptibility that resembles the phenotype observed in the flaky tail mouse, a model for ichthyosis vulgaris. In addition, the AP1 factor-deficient newborn mice display a collodion membrane phenotype that is not observed in flaky tail mice or in newborn individuals with ichthyosis vulgaris but is present in other forms of ichthyosis. This mixed phenotype suggests the need for a better understanding of the possible role of filaggrin loss and AP1 transcription factor deficiency in ichthyoses and collodion membrane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Young
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miroslav Blumenberg
- The R.O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ellen A Rorke
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Saha K, Eckert RL. Methylosome Protein 50 and PKCδ/p38δ Protein Signaling Control Keratinocyte Proliferation via Opposing Effects on p21Cip1 Gene Expression. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13521-30. [PMID: 25851901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.642868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a key epigenetic regulator that symmetrically dimethylates arginine residues on histones H3 and H4 to silence gene expression. PRMT5 is frequently observed in a complex with the cofactor methylosome protein 50 (MEP50), which is required for PRMT5 activity. PKCδ/p38δ signaling, a key controller of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, increases p21(Cip1) expression to suppress keratinocyte proliferation. We now show that MEP50 enhances keratinocyte proliferation and survival via mechanisms that include silencing of p21(Cip1) expression. This is associated with enhanced PRMT5-MEP50 interaction at the p21(Cip1) promoter and enhanced arginine dimethylation of the promoter-associated histones H3 and H4. It is also associated with a MEP50-dependent reduction in the level of p53, a key controller of p21(Cip1) gene expression. We confirm an important biological role for MEP50 and PRMT5 in regulating keratinocyte proliferation using a stratified epidermal equivalent model that mimics in vivo epidermal keratinocyte differentiation. In this model, PRMT5 or MEP50 knockdown results in reduced keratinocyte proliferation. We further show that PKCδ/p38δ signaling suppresses MEP50 expression, leading to reduced H3/H4 arginine dimethylation at the p21(Cip1) promoter, and that this is associated with enhanced p21(Cip1) expression and reduced cell proliferation. These findings describe an opposing action between PKCδ/p38δ MAPK signaling and PRMT5/MEP50 epigenetic silencing mechanisms in regulating cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalika Saha
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Richard L Eckert
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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9
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Rorke EA, Adhikary G, Young CA, Rice RH, Elias PM, Crumrine D, Meyer J, Blumenberg M, Eckert RL. Structural and biochemical changes underlying a keratoderma-like phenotype in mice lacking suprabasal AP1 transcription factor function. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1647. [PMID: 25695600 PMCID: PMC4669787 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocyte differentiation on the body surface is a carefully choreographed process that leads to assembly of a barrier that is essential for life. Perturbation of keratinocyte differentiation leads to disease. Activator protein 1 (AP1) transcription factors are key controllers of this process. We have shown that inhibiting AP1 transcription factor activity in the suprabasal murine epidermis, by expression of dominant-negative c-jun (TAM67), produces a phenotype type that resembles human keratoderma. However, little is understood regarding the structural and molecular changes that drive this phenotype. In the present study we show that TAM67-positive epidermis displays altered cornified envelope, filaggrin-type keratohyalin granule, keratin filament, desmosome formation and lamellar body secretion leading to reduced barrier integrity. To understand the molecular changes underlying this process, we performed proteomic and RNA array analysis. Proteomic study of the corneocyte cross-linked proteome reveals a reduction in incorporation of cutaneous keratins, filaggrin, filaggrin2, late cornified envelope precursor proteins, hair keratins and hair keratin-associated proteins. This is coupled with increased incorporation of desmosome linker, small proline-rich, S100, transglutaminase and inflammation-associated proteins. Incorporation of most cutaneous keratins (Krt1, Krt5 and Krt10) is reduced, but incorporation of hyperproliferation-associated epidermal keratins (Krt6a, Krt6b and Krt16) is increased. RNA array analysis reveals reduced expression of mRNA encoding differentiation-associated cutaneous keratins, hair keratins and associated proteins, late cornified envelope precursors and filaggrin-related proteins; and increased expression of mRNA encoding small proline-rich proteins, protease inhibitors (serpins), S100 proteins, defensins and hyperproliferation-associated keratins. These findings suggest that AP1 factor inactivation in the suprabasal epidermal layers reduces expression of AP1 factor-responsive genes expressed in late differentiation and is associated with a compensatory increase in expression of early differentiation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Rorke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Adhikary
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C A Young
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Meyer
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Blumenberg
- The R.O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - R L Eckert
- 1] Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [3] Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [4] Greenebaum Cancer Center University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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