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Younis S, Deeba F, Fatima Saeed R, Mothana RA, Ullah R, Faheem M, Javed Q, Blumenberg M. Regulation of cell cycle and differentiation markers by pathogenic, non-pathogenic and opportunistic skin bacteria. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1717-1729. [PMID: 35280586 PMCID: PMC8913412 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the first line of defense against the physical, chemical and the biological environment. It is an ideal organ for studying molecular responses to biological infections through a variety of skin cells that specialize in immune responses. Comparative analysis of skin response to pathogenic, non-pathogenic, and commensal bacteria would help in the identification of disease specific pathways for drug targets. In this study, we investigated human breast reduction skin responses to Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), and TLR1/2 agonist using Affymetrix microarray chips. The Pam3CSK4 solution and bacterial cultures were prepared and inoculated in steel rings, that were placed on the acetone treated epidermis in a petri dish. After 24 h incubation, 8 mm punch biopsies were taken from the center of the ring, and RNA was extracted. The genome-wide expression was then analyzed using Affymetrix HG-133A gene chip microarray. We found that the C. acnes and S. aureus boosted the production of extracellular matrix components and attenuated the expression of differentiation markers. The above responses were mediated through the TLR2 pathway. Skin also responded to S. aureus and C. acnes by inducing the genes of the cell cycle machinery; this response was not TLR2-dependent. S. aureus induced, whereas C. acnes suppressed the genes associated with apoptosis; this was also not TLR2-dependent. Moreover, S. epidermis apparently did not lead to changes in gene expression. We conclude that the breast reduction skin is a very useful model to study the global gene expression in response to bacterial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Younis
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Langone Medical Centre, Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Farah Deeba
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Women University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Rida Fatima Saeed
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ramzi A. Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Faheem
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Javed
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Miroslav Blumenberg
- Langone Medical Centre, Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, USA
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Hypoxia inhibits TNF-α-induced TSLP expression in keratinocytes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224705. [PMID: 31682627 PMCID: PMC6827910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine which greatly contributes to the induction of type I allergy, is upregulated in chronic inflammation such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. As hypoxia in the epidermis is important for maintaining skin homeostasis, we examined the regulation of TSLP expression by hypoxic conditions in normal skin epithelial tissues. TNF-α-induced expression of TSLP in human keratinocyte HaCaT and in mouse keratinocyte PAM212 cell lines were inhibited under hypoxic condition (1% O2), although the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and VEGF-A were not inhibited. Hypoxia-mimicking conditions, which include NiCl2, CoCl2, and DMOG, an inhibitor of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzymes, also selectively inhibited TNF-α-induced TSLP expression. These results suggested that inactivation of prolyl hydroxylase by hypoxia and hypoxia-mimicking conditions is involved in the repression of TNF-α-induced TSLP expression. Interestingly, the inhibition of TSLP production by hypoxic treatment was significantly reversed by treatment with the HIF-2α antagonist but not with the HIF-1α inhibitor. DMOG-induced inhibition of TSLP promoter activity was dependent on the -71 to +185 bp promoter region, suggesting that the binding of HIF-2 to hypoxia response element (HRE) in this region repressed the TSLP expression. These results indicated that hypoxia and hypoxia-mimicking conditions inhibited TSLP expression via HIF-2 and HRE-dependent mechanisms. Therefore, PHD and HIF-2α could be a new strategy for treatment of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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Wickersham M, Wachtel S, Wong Fok Lung T, Soong G, Jacquet R, Richardson A, Parker D, Prince A. Metabolic Stress Drives Keratinocyte Defenses against Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2742-2751. [PMID: 28297676 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin is commonly colonized and infected by Staphylococcus aureus. Exactly how these organisms are sensed by keratinocytes has not been clearly delineated. Using a combination of metabolic and transcriptomic methodologies, we found that S. aureus infection is sensed as a metabolic stress by the hypoxic keratinocytes. This induces HIF1α signaling, which promotes IL-1β production and stimulates aerobic glycolysis to meet the metabolic requirements of infection. We demonstrate that staphylococci capable of glycolysis, including WT and agr mutants, readily induce HIF1α responses. In contrast, Δpyk glycolytic mutants fail to compete with keratinocytes for their metabolic needs. Suppression of glycolysis using 2-DG blocked keratinocyte production of IL-1β in vitro and significantly exacerbated the S. aureus cutaneous infection in a murine model. Our data suggest that S. aureus impose a metabolic stress on keratinocytes that initiates signaling necessary to promote both glycolysis and the proinflammatory response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wickersham
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sarah Wachtel
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tania Wong Fok Lung
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Grace Soong
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rudy Jacquet
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anthony Richardson
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Dane Parker
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alice Prince
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Gao W, Jin W, Li Y, Wan L, Wang C, Lin C, Chen X, Lei B, Mao C. A highly bioactive bone extracellular matrix-biomimetic nanofibrous system with rapid angiogenesis promotes diabetic wound healing. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7285-7296. [PMID: 32264178 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01484h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BGN-containing CPB nanofibrous scaffolds with rapid angiogenesis promotes diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325027
- China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissues Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
| | - Wanwan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325027
- China
| | - Yannan Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710000
- China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Burn, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Chenggui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325027
- China
| | - Cai Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissues Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Department of Burn, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissues Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Bo Lei
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710000
- China
| | - Cong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325027
- China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissues Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
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