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Wu C, You M, Nguyen D, Wangpaichitr M, Li YY, Feun LG, Kuo MT, Savaraj N. Enhancing the Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Signaling and Arginine Deprivation in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147628. [PMID: 34299249 PMCID: PMC8306073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma as a very aggressive type of cancer is still in urgent need of improved treatment. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) are two of many suggested drugs for treating melanoma. Both have shown anti-tumor activities without harming normal cells. However, resistance to both drugs has also been noted. Studies on the mechanism of action of and resistance to these drugs provide multiple targets that can be utilized to increase the efficacy and overcome the resistance. As a result, combination strategies have been proposed for these drug candidates with various other agents, and achieved enhanced or synergistic anti-tumor effect. The combination of TRAIL and ADI-PEG20 as one example can greatly enhance the cytotoxicity to melanoma cells including those resistant to the single component of this combination. It is found that combination treatment generally can alter the expression of the components of cell signaling in melanoma cells to favor cell death. In this paper, the signaling of TRAIL and ADI-PEG20-induced arginine deprivation including the main mechanism of resistance to these drugs and exemplary combination strategies is discussed. Finally, factors hampering the clinical application of both drugs, current and future development to overcome these hurdles are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjing Wu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.W.); (M.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Min You
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.Y.); (D.N.); (L.G.F.)
| | - Dao Nguyen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.Y.); (D.N.); (L.G.F.)
- Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.W.); (M.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.Y.); (D.N.); (L.G.F.)
- Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.W.); (M.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Lynn G. Feun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.Y.); (D.N.); (L.G.F.)
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Macus T. Kuo
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.W.); (M.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.Y.); (D.N.); (L.G.F.)
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-575-3143; Fax: +1-305-575-3375
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Sarif Z, Tolksdorf B, Fechner H, Eberle J. Mcl-1 targeting strategies unlock the proapoptotic potential of TRAIL in melanoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1256-1268. [PMID: 32885857 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis selectively in cancer cells. For melanoma, the targeting of TRAIL signaling appears highly attractive, due to pronounced TRAIL receptor expression in tumor tissue. However, mechanisms of TRAIL resistance observed in melanoma cells may limit its clinical use. The Bcl-2 family members are critical regulators of cell-intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Thus, the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) is overexpressed in many tumor types and was linked to chemotherapy resistance in melanoma. In this study, we evaluated the involvement of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL , Bcl-w, Mcl-1, Bcl-A1, and Bcl-B) in TRAIL resistance. They were targeted by small interfering RNA-mediated silencing in TRAIL-sensitive (A-375, Mel-HO) and in TRAIL-resistant melanoma cell lines (Mel-2a, MeWo). This highlighted Mcl-1 as the most efficient target to overcome TRAIL resistance. In this context, we investigated the effects of Mcl-1-targeting microRNAs as well as the Mcl-1-selective inhibitor S63845. Both miR-193b and S63845 resulted in significant enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis, associated with decreased cell viability. Apoptosis induction was mediated by caspase-3 processing as well as by Bax and Bak activation, indicating the critical involvement of intrinsic apoptosis pathways. These data may indicate a high relevance of Mcl-1 targeting also in melanoma therapy. Furthermore, the data may suggest to consider the use of the tumor suppressor miR-193b as a strategy for countering TRAIL resistance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zina Sarif
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (University Medical Center Charité), Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Tolksdorf
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eberle
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (University Medical Center Charité), Berlin, Germany
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3
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Baskar R, Fienberg HG, Khair Z, Favaro P, Kimmey S, Green DR, Nolan GP, Plevritis S, Bendall SC. TRAIL-induced variation of cell signaling states provides nonheritable resistance to apoptosis. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:e201900554. [PMID: 31704709 PMCID: PMC6848270 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TNFα-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), specifically initiates programmed cell death, but often fails to eradicate all cells, making it an ineffective therapy for cancer. This fractional killing is linked to cellular variation that bulk assays cannot capture. Here, we quantify the diversity in cellular signaling responses to TRAIL, linking it to apoptotic frequency across numerous cell systems with single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF). Although all cells respond to TRAIL, a variable fraction persists without apoptotic progression. This cell-specific behavior is nonheritable where both the TRAIL-induced signaling responses and frequency of apoptotic resistance remain unaffected by prior exposure. The diversity of signaling states upon exposure is correlated to TRAIL resistance. Concomitantly, constricting the variation in signaling response with kinase inhibitors proportionally decreases TRAIL resistance. Simultaneously, TRAIL-induced de novo translation in resistant cells, when blocked by cycloheximide, abrogated all TRAIL resistance. This work highlights how cell signaling diversity, and subsequent translation response, relates to nonheritable fractional escape from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. This refined view of TRAIL resistance provides new avenues to study death ligands in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Baskar
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Harris G Fienberg
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zumana Khair
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Favaro
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sam Kimmey
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sylvia Plevritis
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Eberle J. Countering TRAIL Resistance in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050656. [PMID: 31083589 PMCID: PMC6562618 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma of the skin has become a prime example for demonstrating the success of targeted cancer therapy. Nevertheless, high mortality has remained, mainly related to tumor heterogeneity and inducible therapy resistance. But the development of new therapeutic strategies and combinations has raised hope of finally defeating this deadly disease. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) represents a promising antitumor strategy. The principal sensitivity of melanoma cells for TRAIL was demonstrated in previous studies; however, inducible resistance appeared as a major problem. To address this issue, combination strategies were tested, and survival pathway inhibitors were shown to sensitize melanoma cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Finally, cell cycle inhibition was identified as a common principle of TRAIL sensitization in melanoma cells. Mitochondrial apoptosis pathways, pro- and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins as well as the rheostat consisted of Smac (Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase) and XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) appeared to be of particular importance. Furthermore, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was recognized in this setting. Inducible TRAIL resistance in melanoma can be explained by (i) high levels of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, (ii) high levels of XIAP, and (iii) suppressed Bax activity. These hurdles have to be overcome to enable the use of TRAIL in melanoma therapy. Several strategies appear as particularly promising, including new TRAIL receptor agonists, Smac and BH3 mimetics, as well as selective kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Eberle
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (University Medical Center Charité), 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Zhang B, Liu B, Chen D, Setroikromo R, Haisma HJ, Quax WJ. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Sensitize TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050645. [PMID: 31083396 PMCID: PMC6562715 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is considered as a promising anti-cancer therapeutic. However, many cancers have been found to be or to become inherently resistant to TRAIL. A combination of epigenetic modifiers, such as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi's), with TRAIL was effective to overcome TRAIL resistance in some cancers. Broad spectrum HDACi's, however, show considerable toxicity constraining clinical use. Since overexpression of class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) has been found in colon tumors relative to normal mucosa, we have focused on small spectrum HDACi's. We have now tested agonistic receptor-specific TRAIL variants rhTRAIL 4C7 and DHER in combination with several class I specific HDACi's on TRAIL-resistant colon cancer cells DLD-1 and WiDr. Our data show that TRAIL-mediated apoptosis is largely improved in WiDr cells by pre-incubation with Entinostat-a HDAC1, 2, and 3 inhibitor- and in DLD-1 cells by RGFP966-a HDAC3-specific inhibitor- or PCI34051-a HDAC8-specific inhibitor. We are the first to report that using RGFP966 or PCI34051 in combination with rhTRAIL 4C7 or DHER represents an effective cancer therapy. The intricate relation of HDACs and TRAIL-induced apoptosis was confirmed in cells by knockdown of HDAC1, 2, or 3 gene expression, which showed more early apoptotic cells upon adding rhTRAIL 4C7 or DHER. We observed that RGFP966 and PCI34051 increased DR4 expression after incubation on DLD-1 cells, while RGFP966 induced more DR5 expression on WiDr cells, indicating a different role for DR4 or DR5 in these combinations. At last, we show that combined treatment of RGFP966 with TRAIL variants (rhTRAIL 4C7/DHER) increases apoptosis on 3D tumor spheroid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojie Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Deng Chen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hidde J Haisma
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim J Quax
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Brin E, Wu K, Dagostino E, Meng-Chiang Kuo M, He Y, Shia WJ, Chen LC, Stempniak M, Hickey R, Almassy R, Showalter R, Thomson J. TRAIL stabilization and cancer cell sensitization to its pro-apoptotic activity achieved through genetic fusion with arginine deiminase. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36914-36928. [PMID: 30651925 PMCID: PMC6319333 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) binds to death receptors and induces apoptosis in various cancer cell lines while sparing normal cells. Recombinant TRAIL has shown good safety and efficacy profiles in preclinical cancer models. However, clinical success has been limited due to poor PK and development of resistance to death receptor-induced apoptosis. We have addressed these issues by creating a fusion protein of TRAIL and arginine deiminase (ADI). The fusion protein benefits from structural and functional synergies between its two components and has an extended half-life in vivo. ADI downregulates survivin, upregulates DR5 receptor and sensitizes cancer cells to TRAIL induced apoptosis. ADI-TRAIL fusion protein was efficacious in a number of cell lines and synergized with some standard of care drugs. In an HCT116 xenograft model ADI-TRAIL localized to the tumor and induced dose-dependent tumor regression, the fusion protein was superior to rhTRAIL administered at the same molar amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Brin
- Polaris Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yudou He
- Polaris Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
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7
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Zhivkova V, Kiecker F, Langer P, Eberle J. Crucial role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the proapoptotic effects of indirubin derivative DKP-073 in melanoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2018; 58:258-269. [PMID: 30320471 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma represents a prime example demonstrating the success of targeted therapy in cancer. Nevertheless, it remained a deadly disease until now, and the identification of new, independent strategies as well as the understanding of their molecular mechanisms may help to finally overcome the high mortality. Both indirubins and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) represent promising candidates. Here, the indirubin derivative DKP-073 is shown to trigger apoptosis in melanoma cells, which is enhanced by the combination with TRAIL and is accompanied by complete loss of cell viability. Addressing the signaling cascade, characteristic molecular steps were identified as caspase-3 activation, downregulation of XIAP, upregulation of p53 and TRAIL receptor 2, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and STAT-3 dephosphorylation. The decisive step, however, turned out to be the early production of ROS already at 1 h. This was proven by antioxidant pretreatment, which completely abolished apoptosis induction and loss of cell viability as well as abrogated all signaling effects listed above. Thus, ROS appeared as upstream of all proapoptotic signaling. The data indicate a dominant role of ROS in apoptosis regulation, and the new pathway may expose a possible Achilleś heel of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselina Zhivkova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Science, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felix Kiecker
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Langer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Catalysis at the University of Rostock e.V., Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eberle
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Saraf RS, Datta A, Sima C, Hua J, Lopes R, Bittner M. An in-silico study examining the induction of apoptosis by Cryptotanshinone in metastatic melanoma cell lines. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:855. [PMID: 30157799 PMCID: PMC6116360 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer that evades various anti-cancer treatments including surgery, radio-,immuno- and chemo-therapy. TRAIL-induced apoptosis is a desirable method to treat melanoma since, unlike other treatments, it does not harm non-cancerous cells. The pro-inflammatory response to melanoma by nF κB and STAT3 pathways makes the cancer cells resist TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We show that due to to its dual action on DR5, a death receptor for TRAIL and on STAT3, Cryptotanshinone can be used to increase sensitivity to TRAIL. METHODS The development of chemoresistance and invasive properties in melanoma cells involves several biological pathways. The key components of these pathways are represented as a Boolean network with multiple inputs and multiple outputs. RESULTS The possible mutations in genes that can lead to cancer are captured by faults in the combinatorial circuit and the model is used to theoretically predict the effectiveness of Cryptotanshinone for inducing apoptosis in melanoma cell lines. This prediction is experimentally validated by showing that Cryptotanshinone can cause enhanced cell death in A375 melanoma cells. CONCLUSION The results presented in this paper facilitate a better understanding of melanoma drug resistance. Furthermore, this framework can be used to detect additional drug intervention points in the pathway that could amplify the action of Cryptotanshinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika S. Saraf
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, US
| | - Aniruddha Datta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, US
| | - Chao Sima
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, US
| | - Jianping Hua
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, US
| | - Rosana Lopes
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, US
| | - Michael Bittner
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, US
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, US
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Xu Y, Wang Q, Zhang L, Zheng M. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells through downregulating JNK-mediated cytoprotective autophagy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 81:555-564. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Lin S, Li Y, Zamyatnin AA, Werner J, Bazhin AV. Reactive oxygen species and colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5119-5132. [PMID: 29215746 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has become the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the worldwide. It is urgent to find more effective therapeutic strategies for it. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play multiple roles in normal cellular physiology processes. Thus, a certain level of ROS is essential to keep normal cellular function. However, the accumulation of ROS shows dual roles for cells, which is mainly dependent on the concentration of ROS, the origin of the cancer cell and the activated signaling pathways during tumor progression. In general, moderate level of ROS leads to cell damage, DNA mutation and inflammation, which promotes the initiation and development of cancer. Excessive high level of ROS induces cancer cell death, showing an anti-cancer role. ROS are commonly higher in CRC cells than their normal counterpart cells. Therefore, it is possible that ROS induce cell death in cancer cells while not affecting the normal cells, demonstrating lower side effects. Besides, ROS also play a role in tumor microenvironment and drug resistance. These multiple roles of ROS make them a promising therapeutic target for cancer. To explore potential ROS-target therapies against CRC, it is worth to comprehensively understanding the role of ROS in CRC and therapy. In this review, we mainly discuss the strategies of ROS in CRC therapy, including direct CRC cell target and indirect tumor environment target. In addition, the influences of ROS in drug resistance will also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Digestive Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yongyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Digestive Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Cell Signalling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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11
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Du J, Wu J, Fu X, Tse AKW, Li T, Su T, Yu ZL. Icariside II overcomes TRAIL resistance of melanoma cells through ROS-mediated downregulation of STAT3/cFLIP signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52218-52229. [PMID: 27418138 PMCID: PMC5239546 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising antitumor agent. However, many melanoma cells show weak responses to TRAIL. Here, we investigated whether Icariside II (IS), an active component of Herba Epimedii, could potentiate antitumor effects of TRAIL in melanoma cells. Melanoma cells were treated with IS and/or TRAIL and cell death, apoptosis and signal transduction were analyzed. We showed that IS promoted TRAIL-induced cell death and apoptosis in A375 melanoma cells. Mechanistically, IS reduced the expression levels of cFLIP in a phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3)-dependent manner. Ectopic expression of STAT3 abolished IS-induced cFLIP down-regulation and the associated potentiation of TRAIL-mediated cell death. Moreover, IS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production preceded down-regulation of pSTAT3/cFLIP via activating AKT, and the consequent sensitization of cells to TRAIL. We also found that IS treatment down-regulated cFLIP via ROS-mediated NF-κB pathway. In addition, IS converted TRAIL-resistant melanoma MeWo and SK-MEL-28 cells into TRAIL-sensitive cells. Taken together, our results indicated that IS potentiated TRAIL-induced apoptosis through ROS-mediated down-regulation of STAT3/cFLIP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.,Department of Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medicine University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.,Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuqiong Fu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Anfernee Kai-Wing Tse
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Ting Li
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Su
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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12
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Apoptotic resistance of human skin mast cells is mediated by Mcl-1. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17048. [PMID: 28845295 PMCID: PMC5563844 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are major effector cells of allergic reactions and contribute to multiple other pathophysiological processes. MCs are long-lived in the tissue microenvironment, in which they matured, but it remains ill-defined how longevity is established by the natural habitat, as research on human MCs chiefly employs cells generated and expanded in culture. In this study, we report that naturally differentiated skin MCs exhibit substantial resilience to cell death with considerable portions surviving up to 3 days in the complete absence of growth factors (GF). This was evidenced by kinetic resolution of membrane alterations (Annexin-V, YoPro), DNA degradation (propidium iodide), mitochondrial membrane disruption (Depsipher), and Caspase-3 activity. Because of the high basal survival, further protection by SCF was modest. Conversely, survival was severely compromised by staurosporine, implying functional caspase machinery. Contrary to the resistance of freshly purified MCs, their culture-expanded counterpart readily underwent cell death upon GF deprivation. Searching for the molecular underpinnings explaining the difference, we identified Mcl-1 as a critical protector. In fact, silencing Mcl-1 by RNAi led to impaired survival in skin MCs ex vivo, but not their cultured equivalent. Therefore, MCs matured in the skin have not only higher expression of Mcl-1 than proliferating MCs, but also greater reliance on Mcl-1 for their survival. Collectively, we report that human skin MCs display low susceptibility to cell death through vast expression of Mcl-1, which protects from mortality and may contribute to MC longevity in the tissue.
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