Persistent vancomycin and high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia and intra-aortic thrombus in an extremely low birth-weight infant

A Case of Enterococcal Patent Ductus Arteriosus-associated Endarteritis in a Preterm Neonate

INTRODUCTION

The persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus frequently occurs in premature neonates and can cause infective endocarditis (IE) or ductal endarteritis (DE) during sepsis. Even though neonatal IE and DE are believed to be a rare eventuality, their incidence has been increasing in the last decades due to the improved survival of even more preterm babies, favored by highly invasive procedures and therapies. In parallel, antimicrobial resistance is another rising problem in neonatal intensive care units, which frequently compels to treat infections with broad-spectrum or last generation antibiotics.

CASE PRESENTATION

We report the case of a preterm neonate affected by patent ductus arteriosus-associated DE that followed an episode of sepsis caused by a high-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococcus. The neonate was successfully treated with the synergistic combination of ampicillin and cefotaxime.

DISCUSSION

IE and patent ductus arteriosus-associated DE are rising inside neonatal intensive care units and neonatologists should be aware of these conditions. Enterococcal IE and patent ductus arteriosus-associated DE sustained by high-level aminoglycoside-resistant strains can be successfully treated with the synergistic combination of ampicillin and cefotaxime even in preterm neonates.

Risk factors for umbilical vascular catheter-related adverse events: A scoping review

INTRODUCTION

Adverse events associated with umbilical catheters include malposition, bloodstream infections, thrombosis, tip migration, and extravasation, resulting in loss of vascular access and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. There is a need for greater understanding of risk factors associated with adverse events to inform safe practice.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to summarise the existing evidence regarding risk factors for umbilical catheter-related adverse events to inform the undertaking of future research.

REVIEW METHOD USED

A scoping review of peer-reviewed original research and theses was performed.

DATA SOURCES

The US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, Embase, EMcare, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses were the data sources.

REVIEW METHODS

Informed by the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual, all types of original research studies reporting adverse events published in English from 2009 to 2020 were eligible for inclusion. Studies where umbilical artery catheter and umbilical venous catheter data could not be extracted separately were excluded.

RESULTS

Searching identified 1954 publications and theses, 1533 were excluded at screening, and 418 were assessed for eligibility at full text. A total of 89 studies met the inclusion criteria. A range of potential risk factors for umbilical arterial and venous catheters were identified. Longer dwell time and prematurity were associated with increased risk of bloodstream infection and thrombosis in cohort studies. Case studies detailed analogous factors such as insertion techniques and lack of catheter surveillance during dwell warrant further investigation.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified a vast range of patient, device, and provider risk factors that warrant further investigation. There was a lack of large cohort studies and randomised controlled trials to demonstrate the significance of these risk factors. Improvement in methods to ensure correct catheter tip location and to detect adverse events early is essential. In addition, policy needs to be developed to guide clinicians in catheter surveillance measures to reduce the risk of adverse events.

Neonatal septicaemia caused by vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecium-a case report

Neonatal bacterial sepsis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates. 10% cases of neonatal bacteraemia and septicaemia are caused by Enterococci. The increasing incidence of Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) is of particular concern because of limited treatment options and increased mortality. We report here a case of neonatal sepsis in a premature baby caused by vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium Van A phenotype from a tertiary care Hospital in South India. A preterm baby boy with low birth weight was admitted to the NICU with Respiratory distress and meconium aspiration. On 5(th) day the baby succumbed to death and a final diagnosis of respiratory distress and meconium aspiration with sepsis was made. Blood cultures sent yielded vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium (minimum inhibitory concentration ≥ 256 μg/ml). It was confirmed as Enterococcus feacium Van A phenotype by Automated Vitek system.