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Galvin AM, Lewis MA, Walters ST, Thompson EL. Homelessness in the Perinatal Period and Associations With Reproductive Interconception Care: 2016-2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Public Health Rep 2024; 139:458-466. [PMID: 37924255 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231204658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Women experiencing homelessness have higher rates of unintended pregnancy than stably housed women and may benefit from reproductive interconception care. How reproductive interconception care differs between women who did and did not experience perinatal homelessness is not known. We estimated prevalence ratios of reproductive interconception behaviors among US women experiencing homelessness during the perinatal period. METHODS We used data from the 2016-2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System to calculate the prevalence of 5 reproductive interconception care outcomes: attending a maternal postpartum checkup, participating in a conversation with a health care provider about birth intervals, receiving family planning counseling, obtaining a prescription for short-acting contraception, and having a long-acting reversible contraceptive inserted. We used complex survey weights, stratified by perinatal homelessness, and converted adjusted logistic regression odds ratios between housing status and outcome variables to adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS Among participants, approximately 2.4% (weighted percentage; unweighted 2953 of 100 706) experienced homelessness sometime in the 12 months before their children were born; the majority were non-Hispanic (83.2%) and White (69.4%), were not married (82.2%), and had public health insurance (56.8%). Perinatal homelessness was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of attending a postpartum maternal visit (aPR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.87-0.94) and a higher prevalence of having a conversation about birth intervals with their health care providers (aPR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.21). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that improving attendance at postpartum visits and evaluating birth interval conversations may strengthen interconception care practices while contextualizing social determinants such as housing stability. Improving uptake of postpartum visits may reduce unintended pregnancy, short birth intervals, and adverse birth outcomes in future pregnancies among women experiencing homelessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalynn M Galvin
- Department of Research, Cizik School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Scott T Walters
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Erika L Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Galvin AM, Akpan IN, Lewis MA, Walters ST, Thompson EL. Reproductive Interconception Care Among Women Recently Pregnant and Homeless: A Qualitative Analysis. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2024; 51:302-310. [PMID: 37846846 PMCID: PMC10981174 DOI: 10.1177/10901981231204583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive interconception care provided at maternal postpartum visits may help reduce unintended pregnancies and elongate birth intervals for women experiencing homelessness. To improve interconception care uptake, this qualitative study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to reproductive interconception care from the perspectives of women who were recently pregnant and homeless. A semi-structured interview guide and demographic survey were developed based on epidemiological findings, Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skill framework components, and a review by community health workers for content validity. After conducting 12 interviews with women recently pregnant and homeless in a local continuum of care in 2022, audio-recorded interviews were transcribed, iteratively coded using a priori and emerging codes, and thematically analyzed. Key themes were identified to determine implications and next steps to improving reproductive interconception care uptake. Interrelated themes focused on information (e.g., knowledge and misconceptions about pregnancy, birth intervals, contraception), motivation (e.g., attitudes about interconception care experiences, perinatal social influences), behavioral skills (e.g., objective ability to obtain interconception care and perceived self-efficacy related to attending maternal postpartum visits and increasing birth intervals), and macro-level factors (e.g., obtaining housing, contextualizing socioeconomic factors, navigating COVID-19). The findings suggest the need for flexible, streamlined, and personalized interconception care delivery that acknowledges pressing housing and relationship considerations and supports women's autonomy. Improvements to reproductive interconception care may reduce future unintended pregnancies, increase birth intervals, and improve birth outcomes among women experiencing homelessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalynn M. Galvin
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Idara N. Akpan
- The University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Melissa A. Lewis
- The University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Scott T. Walters
- The University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Erika L. Thompson
- The University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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3
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Ahmmed F, Hasan MN, Hossain MF, Khan MTF, Rahman MM, Hussain MP, Hossain MJ. Association between short birth spacing and child malnutrition in Bangladesh: a propensity score matching approach. BMJ Paediatr Open 2024; 8:e002240. [PMID: 38499349 PMCID: PMC10953308 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2023-002240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the effects of short birth spacing (SBS), which is defined as a period of less than 33 months between two successive births, on multiple concurrent forms of child malnutrition (MCFCM) and at least one form of child malnutrition (ALOFCM) using propensity score matching (PSM). METHODS This study used data extracted from the 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. PSM with four different distance functions, including logistic regression, classification and regression tree, single hidden layer neural network and random forest, were performed to evaluate the effects of SBS on MCFCM and ALOFCM. We also explored how the effects were modified in different subsamples, including women's empowerment, education and economic status (women's 3E index)-constructed based on women's decision-making autonomy, education level, and wealth index, and age at marriage, and place of residence. RESULTS The prevalence of SBS was 22.16% among the 4652 complete cases. The matched samples of size 2062 generated by PSM showed higher odds of MCFCM (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.25, 95% CI=1.02 to 1.56, p=0.038) and ALOFCM (AOR=1.20, 95% CI=1.01 to 1.42, p=0.045) for the SBS children compared with their counterparts. In the subsample of women with 3E index≥50% coverage, the SBS children showed higher odds of MCFCM (AOR: 1.43, 95% CI=1.03 to 2.00, p=0.041] and ALOFCM (AOR: 1.33, 95% CI=1.02 to 1.74, p=0.036). Higher odds of MCFCM (AOR=1.27, 95% CI=1.02 to 1.58, p=0.036) and ALOFCM (AOR=1.23, 95% CI=1.02 to 1.51, p=0.032) for SBS children than normal children were also evident for the subsample of mothers married at age≤18 years. CONCLUSION SBS was significantly associated with child malnutrition, and the effect was modified by factors such as women's autonomy and age at marriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foyez Ahmmed
- Department of Statistics, Comilla University, Cumilla, Bangladesh
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Md Nahid Hasan
- Department of Statistics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Mathematics, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas, USA
| | - Md Faruk Hossain
- Institute of Statistical Research and Training, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tareq Ferdous Khan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mohammod Mahmudur Rahman
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Parvej Hussain
- Department of Economics, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Holland ML, Taylor RM, Condon E, Rinne GR, Bleicher S, Seldin ML, Sadler LS, Li C. Using probabilistic record linkage and propensity-score matching to identify a community-based comparison population. Res Nurs Health 2022; 45:390-400. [PMID: 35388528 PMCID: PMC9064948 DOI: 10.1002/nur.22226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In retrospective cohort studies of interventions disseminated to communities, it is challenging to find comparison groups with high-quality data for evaluation. We present one methodological approach as part of our study of birth outcomes of second-born children in a home visiting (HV) program targeting first-time mothers. We used probabilistic record linkage to link Connecticut's Nurturing Families Network (NFN) HV program and birth-certificate data for children born from 2005 to 2015. We identified two potential comparison groups: a propensity-score-matched group from the remaining birth certificate sample and eligible-but-unenrolled families. An analysis of interpregnancy interval (IPI) is presented to exemplify the approach. We identified the birth certificates of 4822 NFN families. The propensity-score-matched group had 14,219 families (3-to-1 matching) and we identified 1101 eligible-but-unenrolled families. Covariates were well balanced for the propensity-score-matched group, but poorly balanced for the eligible-but-unenrolled group. No program effect on IPI was found. By combining propensity-score matching and probabilistic record linkage, we were able to retrospectively identify relatively large comparison groups for quasi-experimental research. Using birth certificate data, we accessed outcomes for all of these individuals from a single data source. Multiple comparison groups allow us to confirm findings when each method has some limitations. Other researchers seeking community-based comparison groups could consider a similar approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Holland
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rose M Taylor
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eileen Condon
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gabrielle R Rinne
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sarah Bleicher
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret L Seldin
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lois S Sadler
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Connie Li
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Congdon JL, Baer RJ, Arcara J, Feuer SK, Gómez AM, Karasek D, Oltman SP, Pantell MS, Ryckman K, Jelliffe-Pawlowski L. Interpregnancy Interval and Birth Outcomes: A Propensity Matching Study in the California Population. Matern Child Health J 2022; 26:1115-1125. [PMID: 35260953 PMCID: PMC9023393 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-022-03388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies that used traditional multivariable and sibling matched analyses to investigate interpregnancy interval (IPI) and birth outcomes have reached mixed conclusions about a minimum recommended IPI, raising concerns about confounding. Our objective was to isolate the contribution of interpregnancy interval to the risk for adverse birth outcomes using propensity score matching. METHODS For this retrospective cohort study, data were drawn from a California Department of Health Care Access and Information database with linked vital records and hospital discharge records (2007-2012). We compared short IPIs of < 6, 6-11, and 12-17 months to a referent IPI of 18-23 months using 1:1 exact propensity score matching on 13 maternal sociodemographic and clinical factors. We used logistic regression to calculate the odds of preterm birth, early-term birth, and small for gestational age (SGA). RESULTS Of 144,733 women, 73.6% had IPIs < 18 months, 5.5% delivered preterm, 27.0% delivered early-term, and 6.0% had SGA infants. In the propensity matched sample (n = 83,788), odds of preterm birth were increased among women with IPI < 6 and 6-11 months (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.71-2.0; OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.13-1.31, respectively) and not with IPI 12-17 months (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.94-1.09); a similar pattern emerged for early-term birth. The odds of SGA were slightly elevated only for intervals < 6 months (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.00-1.20, p < .05). DISCUSSION This study demonstrates a dose response association between short IPI and adverse birth outcomes, with no increased risk beyond 12 months. Findings suggest that longer IPI recommendations may be overly proscriptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L Congdon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Rebecca J Baer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jennet Arcara
- Sexual Health and Reproductive Equity Program, School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, 120 Haviland Hall #7400, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7400, USA
| | - Sky K Feuer
- California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Anu Manchikanti Gómez
- Sexual Health and Reproductive Equity Program, School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, 120 Haviland Hall #7400, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7400, USA
| | - Deborah Karasek
- California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Scott P Oltman
- California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Matthew S Pantell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Kelli Ryckman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Laura Jelliffe-Pawlowski
- California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Holland ML, Condon EM, Rinne GR, Good MM, Bleicher S, Li C, Taylor RM, Sadler LS. Birth-Related Outcomes for Second Children Following Home Visiting Program Enrollment for New Parents of First Children. Matern Child Health J 2022; 26:941-952. [PMID: 34982339 PMCID: PMC8724643 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Home visiting (HV) programs aim to promote child and family health through perinatal intervention. HV may benefit second children through improving subsequent pregnancy and birth outcomes. However, HV impacts on birth outcomes of second children have not been examined in a naturalistic setting. Methods Using data from Connecticut Nurturing Families Network (NFN) home visiting program of families enrolled from 2005 to 2015, we compared birth-related outcomes (birthweight, preterm birth, Cesarean section delivery, prenatal care utilization) of second children (n = 1758) to demographically similar propensity-score-matched families that were not enrolled in NFN (n = 5200). We examined whether the effects of NFN differed by maternal age, race and ethnicity, or visit attendance pattern. Results There was no program effect for the full sample. The effect of NFN did not differ by maternal age or visit attendance pattern but did differ by maternal race and ethnicity. Black women in NFN were more likely to receive adequate prenatal care during their second pregnancy (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01, 1.09) and Hispanic women in NFN were less likely to deliver by Cesarean section for their second birth (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.94, 0.99), compared to Black and Hispanic women in the comparison group respectively. There was a protective program effect on prematurity of the second child (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.85, 0.996) for women with a preterm first birth. Discussion These findings suggest that benefits of HV extend to subsequent birth-related outcomes for women from marginalized racial/ethnic groups. HV may help buffer some harmful social determinants of health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10995-021-03365-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Holland
- Yale Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA. .,Yale School of Nursing, 400 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, 06477, USA.
| | - Eileen M Condon
- Yale School of Nursing, 400 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, 06477, USA.,School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, 231 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Gabrielle R Rinne
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Sarah Bleicher
- Yale School of Nursing, 400 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, 06477, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Connie Li
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Rose M Taylor
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lois S Sadler
- Yale Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.,Yale School of Nursing, 400 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
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Liu N, Li P, Wang J, Chen D, Sun W, Zhang W. Effects of home visits for pregnant and postpartum women on premature birth, low birth weight and rapid repeat birth: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Fam Pract 2019; 36:533-543. [PMID: 30925194 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Home visits seem promising for improving the health of women and infants during pregnancy and postpartum. This review aimed to quantitatively analyse the effects of home visits delivered during pregnancy and postpartum on premature birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW) and rapid repeat birth (RRB). METHODS Literature was retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from January 1960 to October 2018 and the references lists of related studies and reviews were also screened. Eligible papers were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that focussed on home visits conducted with women during pregnancy or postpartum and reported at least one of the following results: PTB, LBW and RRB. Fixed- or random-effects models were used to analyse the pooled results. RESULTS Fourteen RCTs were included. Pooled estimates showed a beneficial effect on LBW (odds ratio (OR) = 0.83; P = 0.03; low-quality evidence) and RRB in the professional-visit subgroup (OR = 0.62; P = 0.003; moderate-quality evidence). However, there was insufficient evidence to support the favourable effects of home visits on PTB (OR = 0.96; P = 0.59, moderate-quality evidence) and RRB in the non-professional-visit subgroup (OR = 0.86; P = 0.53, moderate-quality evidence). The overall methodological quality was moderate. Egger's test suggested no publication bias for PTB and LBW. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis is the first to suggest that home visits can prevent and decrease LBW and RRB; however, it remains unclear whether home visits benefit PTB. Therefore, home visits can be an alternative and complementary part of primary health care for women, especially those with risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Nursing School, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Li
- Developmental Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Nursing School, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Nursing School, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weijia Sun
- Nursing School, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Nursing School, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Holland ML, Condon EM, Younts CW, Sadler LS. Birth outcomes of second children after community-based home visiting: A research protocol. Res Nurs Health 2019; 42:96-106. [PMID: 30838676 DOI: 10.1002/nur.21931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Birth-related outcomes, such as birth weight, have lifelong impacts on health. Home visiting (HV) is an established approach to improve the health of children and families, parenting practices, and connections to social and health services. Many HV programs target first-time mothers, in part because HV activities related to a first-birth may improve birth outcomes for subsequent children, but few researchers have examined these effects. We will link data from a statewide HV program (Nurturing Families Network [NFN]) to birth certificate data to create comparison groups and measure outcomes in this observational study. Specifically, we will compare birth outcomes for NFN second-children (n = 3000) to those for: (a) first-child older siblings whose birth/gestation led to NFN enrollment (n = 3000); (b) second children of families who were screened as eligible for NFN, but not offered the program due to home visitor availability and other logistical reasons (n = 650); and (c) non-NFN second children in a propensity-score-matched group created using the likelihood of enrollment in NFN based on maternal health, demographics, and neighborhood characteristics (n = 6000). The outcomes we will examine are birth spacing, prenatal care received, cesarean section rate, gestational age, and birth weight in second-children. We will also examine the associations between program attendance (i.e., missed visits, dropout) and birth outcomes, that will generate evidence that may be used in programmatic decisions regarding continued funding and/or modification of NFN, prioritization of specific retention efforts, and targeting of first-time mothers. Use of this evidence should improve outcomes for future NFN families and may inform similar programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lois S Sadler
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale Child Study Center, Orange, Connecticut
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Hutcheon JA, Harper S. Invited Commentary: Promise and Pitfalls of the Sibling Comparison Design in Studies of Optimal Birth Spacing. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:17-21. [PMID: 30188975 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous observational studies have shown that infants born after short interpregnancy intervals (the interval between birth and subsequent conception) are more likely to experience adverse perinatal outcomes than infants born following longer intervals. Yet it remains controversial whether the link between short interpregnancy interval and adverse outcomes is causal or is confounded by factors such as low socioeconomic position, inadequate access to health care, and unintended pregnancy. Sibling comparison studies, which use a woman as her own control by comparing exposure and outcome status of her different pregnancies (i.e., comparing sibling offspring), have gained popularity as a strategy to reduce confounding by these difficult-to-measure factors that are nevertheless relatively stable within women. A variant of this approach, used by Regan et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(1):9-16) and reported in this issue of the Journal, is a maternally matched design based on a single interpregnancy interval per woman. Using real and simulated data, we highlight underappreciated shortcomings of these designs that could limit the validity of study findings. In particular, we illustrate how the single-interval variant appears to derive estimates from comparisons between different mothers, not within mothers. Future studies of optimal birth spacing using sibling comparison designs should examine in detail the potential consequences of these methodological limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Hutcheon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sam Harper
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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10
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Ahrens KA, Nelson H, Stidd RL, Moskosky S, Hutcheon JA. Short interpregnancy intervals and adverse perinatal outcomes in high-resource settings: An updated systematic review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2019; 33:O25-O47. [PMID: 30353935 PMCID: PMC7379643 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review summarises association between short interpregnancy intervals and adverse perinatal health outcomes in high-resource settings to inform recommendations for healthy birth spacing for the United States. METHODS Five databases and a previous systematic review were searched for relevant articles published between 1966 and 1 May 2017. We included studies meeting the following criteria: (a) reporting of perinatal health outcomes after a short interpregnancy interval since last livebirth; (b) conducted within a high-resource setting; and (c) estimates were adjusted for maternal age and at least one socio-economic factor. RESULTS Nine good-quality and 18 fair-quality studies were identified. Interpregnancy intervals <6 months were associated with a clinically and statistically significant increased risk of adverse outcomes in studies of preterm birth (eg, aOR ≥ 1.20 in 10 of 14 studies); spontaneous preterm birth (eg, aOR ≥ 1.20 in one of two studies); small-for-gestational age (eg, aOR ≥ 1.20 in 5 of 11 studies); and infant mortality (eg, aOR ≥ 1.20 in four of four studies), while four studies of perinatal death showed no association. Interpregnancy intervals of 6-11 and 12-17 months generally had smaller point estimates and confidence intervals that included the null. Most studies were population-based and few included adjustment for detailed measures of key confounders. CONCLUSIONS In high-resource settings, there is some evidence showing interpregnancy intervals <6 months since last livebirth are associated with increased risks for preterm birth, small-for-gestational age and infant death; however, results were inconsistent. Additional research controlling for confounding would further inform recommendations for healthy birth spacing for the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Ahrens
- Office of Population AffairsOffice of the Assistant Secretary for HealthU.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesRockvilleMaryland
| | - Heidi Nelson
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical EpidemiologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
| | | | - Susan Moskosky
- Office of Population AffairsOffice of the Assistant Secretary for HealthU.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesRockvilleMaryland
| | - Jennifer A. Hutcheon
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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11
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Holland ML, Groth SW, Smith JA, Meng Y, Kitzman H. Low birthweight in second children after nurse home visiting. J Perinatol 2018; 38:1610-1619. [PMID: 30214029 PMCID: PMC6279547 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-018-0222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine low birthweight and preterm birth of second children born to home-visited first-time mothers. SUBJECTS Women were previously recruited for a randomized controlled trial of the home visiting model disseminated as Nurse-Family Partnership. 512 of these women had second children within 18 years of the first child's birth, and were included in our sample. RESULTS The intervention was associated with a lower likelihood of low birthweight for second children (odds ratio: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.97), an effect apparent only if the first-born had low birthweight and mediated by close birth spacing. These moderation and mediation patterns were similar in the preterm birth outcome. CONCLUSION A home visiting program provided for first-born children reduced low birthweight for second-born children, if the first-born had low birthweight. This finding implies a broader impact than previously documented, because few studies have included these second children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L. Holland
- Yale School of Nursing, 400 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT 06518, USA, 203-737-4929,
| | - Susan W. Groth
- University of Rochester, School of Nursing, 255 Crittenden Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA, 585-275-8895,
| | - Joyce A. Smith
- University of Rochester, School of Nursing, 255 Crittenden Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA, 585-275-3405,
| | - Ying Meng
- University of Rochester, School of Nursing, 255 Crittenden Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,
| | - Harriet Kitzman
- University of Rochester, School of Nursing, 255 Crittenden Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA, 585-275-8874,
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Evaluation of Early Childhood Home Visiting to Prevent Medically Attended Unintentional Injury. Ann Emerg Med 2017; 70:302-310.e1. [PMID: 28238500 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We evaluated the influence of home visiting on the risk for medically attended unintentional injury during home visiting (0 to 3 years) and subsequent to home visiting (3 to 5 years). METHODS A retrospective, quasi-experimental study was conducted in a cohort of mother-child pairs in Hamilton County, OH. The birth cohort (2006 to 2012) was linked to administrative home visiting records and data from a population-based injury surveillance system containing records of emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations. Cox proportional-hazard regression was used to compare medically attended unintentional injury risk (0 to 2, 0 to 3, and 3 to 5 years) in a home-visited group versus a propensity score-matched comparison group. The study population was composed of 2,729 mother-child pairs who received home visiting and 2,729 matched mother-child pairs in a comparison group. RESULTS From birth to 2 years, 17.2% of the study population had at least one medically attended unintentional injury. The risk for medically attended unintentional injury from aged 0 to 2 and 0 to 3 years was significantly higher in the home-visited group relative to the comparison group (hazard ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.35; hazard ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.31, respectively). Additional injuries in the home-visited group were superficial, and the increased risk for medically attended unintentional injury was observed for ED visits and not hospitalizations. CONCLUSION Home-visited children were more likely to have a medically attended unintentional injury from birth to aged 3 years. This finding may be partially attributed to home visitor surveillance of injuries or greater health care-seeking behavior. Implications and alternative explanations are discussed.
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