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Benzi JRDL, Melli PPDS, Duarte G, Unadkat JD, Lanchote VL. The Impact of Inflammation on the In Vivo Activity of the Renal Transporters OAT1/3 in Pregnant Women Diagnosed with Acute Pyelonephritis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2427. [PMID: 37896187 PMCID: PMC10610490 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation can regulate hepatic drug metabolism enzymes and transporters. The impact of inflammation on renal drug transporters remains to be elucidated. We aimed to quantify the effect of inflammation (caused by acute pyelonephritis) on the in vivo activity of renal OAT1/3, using the probe drug furosemide. Pregnant women (second or third trimester) received a single oral dose of furosemide 40 mg during acute pyelonephritis (Phase 1; n = 7) and after its resolution (Phase 2; n = 7; by treatment with intravenous cefuroxime 750 mg TID for 3-7 days), separated by 10 to 14 days. The IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations were higher in Phase I vs. Phase II. The pregnant women had a lower geometric mean [CV%] furosemide CLsecretion (3.9 [43.4] vs. 6.7 [43.8] L/h) and formation clearance to the glucuronide (1.1 [85.9] vs. 2.3 [64.1] L/h) in Phase 1 vs. Phase 2. Inflammation reduced the in vivo activity of renal OAT1/3 (mediating furosemide CLsecretion) and UGT1A9/1A1 (mediating the formation of furosemide glucuronide) by approximately 40% and 54%, respectively, presumably by elevating the plasma cytokine concentrations. The dosing regimens of narrow therapeutic window OAT drug substrates may need to be adjusted during inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhohann Richard de Lima Benzi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia Pereira dos Santos Melli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (P.P.d.S.M.)
| | - Geraldo Duarte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (P.P.d.S.M.)
| | - Jashvant D. Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Vera Lucia Lanchote
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, São Paulo, Brazil;
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Wang C, Chu C, Ji X, Luo G, Xu C, He H, Yao J, Wu J, Hu J, Jin Y. Biology of Peptide Transporter 2 in Mammals: New Insights into Its Function, Structure and Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182874. [PMID: 36139448 PMCID: PMC9497230 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide transporter 2 (PepT2) in mammals plays essential roles in the reabsorption and conservation of peptide-bound amino acids in the kidney and in maintaining neuropeptide homeostasis in the brain. It is also of significant medical and pharmacological significance in the absorption and disposing of peptide-like drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-lactam antibiotics and antiviral prodrugs. Understanding the structure, function and regulation of PepT2 is of emerging interest in nutrition, medical and pharmacological research. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, substrate preferences and localization of PepT2 in mammals. As PepT2 is expressed in various organs, its function in the liver, kidney, brain, heart, lung and mammary gland has also been addressed. Finally, the regulatory factors that affect the expression and function of PepT2, such as transcriptional activation and posttranslational modification, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Guoliang Luo
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Chunling Xu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Houhong He
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jianbiao Yao
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jiangning Hu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.J.)
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Hamid I, Nadeem H, Ansari SF, Khiljee S, Abbasi I, Bukhari A, Arif M, Imran M. 2-Substituted Benzoxazoles as Potent Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Synthesis, Molecular Docking and In Vivo Anti-Ulcerogenic Studies. Med Chem 2021; 18:791-809. [PMID: 34931968 DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666211220125344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the commonly used therapeutic interventions of inflammation and pain that competitively inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Several side effects like gastrointestinal and renal toxicities are associated with the use of these drugs. The therapeutic anti-inflammatory benefits of NSAIDs are produced by the inhibition of COX-2 enzymes, while undesirable side effects arise from the inhibition of COX-1 enzymes. OBJECTIVES In the present study, a new series of 2-substituted benzoxazole derivatives 2(a-f) and 3(a-e) were synthesized in our lab as potent anti-inflammatory agents with outstanding gastro-protective potential. The new analogs 2(a-f) and 3(a-e) were designed depending upon the literature review to serve as ligands for the development of selective COX-2 inhibitors. METHODS The synthesized analogs were characterized using different spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR) and elemental analysis. All synthesized compounds were screened for their binding potential in the protein pocket of COX-2 and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory potential in animals using the carrageenan-induced paw edema method. Further 5 compounds were selected to assess the in vivo anti-ulcerogenic activity in an ethanol-induced anti-ulcer rat model. RESULTS Five compounds (2a, 2b, 3a, 3b and 3c) exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity and significant binding potential in the COX-2 protein pocket. Similarly, these five compounds demonstrated a significant gastro-protective effect (p<0.01) in comparison to the standard drug, Omeprazole. CONCLUSION Depending upon our results, we hypothesize that 2-substituted benzoxazole derivatives have excellent potential to serve as candidates for the development of selective anti-inflammatory agents (COX-2 inhibitors). However, further assessments are required to delineate their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Hamid
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Nadeem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sameen Fatima Ansari
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sonia Khiljee
- Shahida Islam College of Pharmacy, Lodhran, Punjab , Pakistan
| | - Inzamam Abbasi
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Asma Bukhari
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muazzam Arif
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Pharmacy, Iqra University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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Time-Dependent miRNA Profile during Septic Acute Kidney Injury in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155316. [PMID: 32727087 PMCID: PMC7432314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation is associated with septic acute kidney injury (AKI). We investigated the time-dependent miRNA expression changes in the kidney caused by LPS. (2) Methods: Male outbred NMRI mice were injected with LPS and sacrificed at 1.5 and 6 h (40 mg/kg i.p., early phase, EP) or at 24 and 48 h (10 mg/kg i.p., late phase, LP). The miRNA profile was established using miRCURY LNA™ microarray and confirmed with qPCR. Total renal proteome was analyzed by LC-MS/MS (ProteomeXchange: PXD014664). (3) Results: Septic AKI was confirmed by increases in plasma urea concentration and in renal TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression. Most miRNAs were altered at 6 and 24 h and declined by 48 h. In EP miR-762 was newly identified and validated and was the most elevated miRNA. The predicted target of miR-762, Ras related GTPase 1B (Sar1b) was downregulated. In LP miR-21a-5p was the most influenced miRNA followed by miR-451a, miR-144-3p, and miR-146a-5p. Among the potential protein targets of the most influenced miRNAs, only aquaporin-1, a target of miR-144-3p was downregulated at 24 h. (4) Conclusion: Besides already known miRNAs, septic AKI upregulated miR-762, which may regulate GTP signaling, and miR-144-3p and downregulated its target, aquaporin-1.
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Karimian Pour N, Piquette-Miller M. Dysregulation of renal transporters in a rodent model of viral Infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106135. [PMID: 31951958 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation elicited by viral mimetic poly I:C has been shown to impose changes in the expression of drug transporters in the placenta and maternal liver in rats at term pregnancy. This was associated with altered drug disposition in the mother and fetus. Renal transporters play an important role in the elimination of several drugs taken by pregnant women. We examined the impact of poly I:C on the expression of renal transporters in pregnant rats at term. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received single intraperitoneal dose of either poly I:C (5 mg/kg) or saline at gestation day 18 (n = 8/group). Animals were euthanized 24 h after the injection. The mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and transporters were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot. Poly I:C caused a fourfold increase in the mRNA of IL-6 in the kidney. As compared to saline controls, the mRNA expression of Mrp2, Bcrp, Octn1, Oat1, Oat2, Oat3, Urat1, Oatp4c1, and Pept2 was downregulated, whereas the Ent1 mRNA was increased. Protein expression of Bcrp, Urat1 and Pept2 were significantly decreased. While there was a trend towards reduced Mrp2, Oat2 and Oat3 protein expression, this did not reach significance. Poly I:C did not impact mRNA levels of Mdr1a, Mdr1b, Mrp4, Oct1, Oct2, Oct3, Octn2, Mate1, Ent2 or Pept1. Viral-induced inflammation mediates significant changes in the expression of several key drug transporters in the kidney of pregnant rats. Many clinically important drugs are substrates for these transporters. Therefore, inflammation-mediated alterations in transporter expression could affect their maternal and fetal disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaz Karimian Pour
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Karimian Pour N, McColl ER, Piquette-Miller M. Impact of Viral Inflammation on the Expression of Renal Drug Transporters in Pregnant Rats. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E624. [PMID: 31766631 PMCID: PMC6956294 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation impacts the expression and function of drug transporters at term-gestation; however, the impact of inflammation on the expression of drug transporters at mid-gestation is largely unknown. Since renal drug transporters play a key role in the clearance of many drugs prescribed during pregnancy, our objective was to study the impact of the viral mimetic poly I:C on the expression of renal transporters in pregnant rats at mid-gestation. Poly I:C (10 mg/kg) or saline was administered intraperitoneally to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats on gestational day 14. Expression of renal transporters was measured at 6, 24, and 48 h by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The mRNA levels of Mdr1a, Mrp4, Oct2, Octn1, Octn2, Mate1, Oat1-3, Urat1, Oatp4c1, Ent1, and Pept2 were significantly lower in the poly I:C group at 6 h. At 24 h, only the mRNA levels of Oct2, Oatp4c1, and Ent1 were decreased compared to saline. Poly I:C significantly decreased protein expression of Urat1 at 24 h, and P-gp, Oct2, Mate1, Oat1, Oat3 at 48 h,. Poly I:C imposed significant reductions in the expression of several key renal transporters at mid-gestation in pregnant rats. Thus, viral infection may impact renal excretion of drug transporter substrates, potentially leading to drug-disease interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Micheline Piquette-Miller
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3M2, Canada; (N.K.P.); (E.R.M.)
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Meurer M, Höcherl K. Deregulated renal magnesium transport during lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:619-631. [PMID: 30726531 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) abnormalities during sepsis have been reported, but the underlying mechanisms during acute inflammation are poorly understood. We hypothesized that a decrease in GFR and/or changes in transporters or channels for Mg2+ could be responsible for the observed Mg2+ abnormalities. Therefore, we studied the metabolism of Mg2+ in a murine model of endotoxemia. LPS-induced hypermagnesemia was paralleled by a decrease in creatinine clearance and an increase in the fractional excretion of Mg2+. In agreement with an altered renal Mg2+ handling, endotoxemia decreased the renal expression of claudin (Cldn) 10b, Cldn16, Cldn19, parvalbumin, and of the solute carrier family (Slc) 41a3. Further, LPS increased the renal expression of Cldn14 and Slc41a1. The renal expression of the transient receptor potential melastin (Trpm) 6, Trpm7, and of cyclin M (Cnnm) 2 was unaltered in response to LPS. In vitro studies support a direct effect on the expression of Cldn10b, Cldn14, Cldn16, and Cldn19. Further, endotoxemia increased the fractional excretion of sodium, which was paralleled by a decrease of important renal sodium transporters. In the large intestine, the expression of Trpm7 was increased in response to LPS, whereas the expression of Trpm6 was decreased. Cnnm4 mRNA levels were unchanged in the large intestine. Further, Cldn12 and Na+-H+ exchanger 3 (Slc9a3) expressions were decreased in the small intestine in response to LPS. Our findings indicate that endotoxemia is associated with hypermagnesemia and a disturbed Mg2+ handling. It seems likely that LPS-induced hypermagnesemia is due to the decrease in renal function in response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Meurer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Fahrstr. 17, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Höcherl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Fahrstr. 17, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Yatam S, Jadav SS, Gundla R, Gundla KP, Reddy GM, Ahsan MJ, Chimakurthy J. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2 (((5-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)thio)benzo[d]oxazoles: New Antiinflammatory and Antioxidant Agents. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Yatam
- Department of Chemistry; School of Technology; GITAM University, Hyderabad, T.S, 502 102; India
| | - Surender Singh Jadav
- Department of Chemistry; School of Technology; GITAM University, Hyderabad, T.S, 502 102; India
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of Chemistry; School of Technology; GITAM University, Hyderabad, T.S, 502 102; India
| | - Krishna Prasadh Gundla
- Department of Chemistry; School of Technology; GITAM University, Hyderabad, T.S, 502 102; India
| | | | - Mohamed Jawed Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Pharmacy; King Khalid University; Abha 62529 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jithendra Chimakurthy
- Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhrapradesh; India
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Zhu JB, Xu S, Li J, Song J, Luo B, Song YP, Zhang ZH, Chen YH, Xie DD, Yu DX, Xu DX. Farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid inhibits renal inflammation and oxidative stress during lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 838:60-68. [PMID: 30196109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The present study investigated the effects of obeticholic acid (OCA), a novel synthetic FXR agonist, on renal inflammation and oxidative stress in a model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. All mice except controls were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2.0 mg/kg). In the OCA + LPS group, mice were orally pretreated with three doses of OCA (5 mg/kg) at 48, 24 and 1 h before LPS injection. Interestingly, OCA pretreatment alleviated LPS-induced renal dysfunction and pathological damage. Moreover, OCA pretreatment repressed renal inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during LPS-induced acute kidney injury. In addition, OCA blocked nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and p50 subunits in tubular epithelial cells of renal cortex. Additional experiment showed that OCA pretreatment attenuated LPS-induced renal glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation and protein nitration. Moreover, OCA pretreatment inhibited the upregulation of renal NADPH oxidase and inos genes during LPS-induced acute kidney injury. In conclusion, OCA pretreatment protects against sepsis-induced acute kidney injury through inhibiting renal inflammation and oxidative stress. These results provide evidence for roles of FXR as an important regulator of inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bo Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shen Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin Song
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Luo
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-Ping Song
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan-Hua Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dong-Dong Xie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - De-Xin Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hefei, China.
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Meurer M, Ebert K, Schweda F, Höcherl K. The renal vasodilatory effect of prostaglandins is ameliorated in isolated-perfused kidneys of endotoxemic mice. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1691-1703. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Effects of a Single Dose of Parecoxib on Inflammatory Response and Ischemic Tubular Injury Caused by Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2018. [PMID: 29535870 PMCID: PMC5817310 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8375746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, is used to improve analgesia in postoperative procedures. Here we evaluated whether pretreatment with a single dose of parecoxib affects the function, cell injury, and inflammatory response of the kidney of rats subjected to acute hemorrhage. Inflammatory response was determined according to serum and renal tissue cytokine levels (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α). Forty-four adult Wistar rats anesthetized with sevoflurane were randomized into four groups: placebo/no hemorrhage (Plc/NH); parecoxib/no hemorrhage (Pcx/NH); placebo/hemorrhage (Plc/H); and parecoxib/hemorrhage (Pcx/H). Pcx groups received a single dose of intravenous parecoxib while Plc groups received a single dose of placebo (isotonic saline). Animals in hemorrhage groups underwent bleeding of 30% of blood volume. Renal function and renal histology were then evaluated. Plc/H showed the highest serum levels of cytokines, suggesting that pretreatment with parecoxib reduced the inflammatory response in rats subjected to hemorrhage. No difference in tissue cytokine levels between groups was observed. Plc/H showed higher percentage of tubular dilation and degeneration, indicating that parecoxib inhibited tubular injury resulting from renal hypoperfusion. Our findings indicate that pretreatment with a single dose of parecoxib reduced the inflammatory response and tubular renal injury without altering renal function in rats undergoing acute hemorrhage.
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12
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Prasad VGNV, Achanta S, Tammineni YR, Alla GR, Thirtham MR, Rao GS. Effect of Multi Drug Resistance Protein 4 (MRP4) Inhibition on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ciprofloxacin in Normal and Rats with LPS-Induced Inflammation. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 41:733-741. [PMID: 26458556 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-015-0302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Infection and inflammation are known to cause wide variability in disposition of drugs through modulation of drug transporters. However, the effects of inhibition of multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are poorly understood in normal and inflamed conditions. We hypothesized that inflammation alters the pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin; and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic indices, such as ratio of peak plasma concentration to minimum inhibitory concentration (C max/MIC) and ratio of area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve to minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC/MIC) of ciprofloxacin will be improved with the co-administration of a MRP4 inhibitor, dipyridamole, in inflammatory conditions. METHODS In this study, the role of MRP4 on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of ciprofloxacin was investigated by the co-administration of dipyridamole in rats with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. The pharmacokinetic parameters for ciprofloxacin were calculated by non-compartmental approach. MIC of ciprofloxacin was determined using broth microdilution technique. RESULTS Induction of inflammation in rats resulted in marked reduction in C max and AUC; and an increase in the volume of distribution (V d/F) and clearance (Cl/F) of ciprofloxacin, compared to normal rats. Co-administration of dipyridamole with ciprofloxacin in inflamed rats resulted in a threefold increase in AUC, a twofold decrease in V d/F and a threefold decrease in Cl/F of ciprofloxacin with significantly prolonged half-life compared to inflamed rats who received ciprofloxacin alone. Co-administration of dipyridamole enhanced AUC/MIC values of ciprofloxacin in both normal and inflamed rats. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that MRP4 inhibition increases the systemic exposure of ciprofloxacin in both normal and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gangadhara N V Prasad
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, 500 030, India
| | - Satyanarayana Achanta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Yathiraja Rao Tammineni
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, 521102, India
| | - Gopala Reddy Alla
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, 500 030, India
| | | | - G S Rao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, 521102, India.
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Matejovic M, Valesova L, Benes J, Sykora R, Hrstka R, Chvojka J. Molecular differences in susceptibility of the kidney to sepsis-induced kidney injury. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:183. [PMID: 28569136 PMCID: PMC5452356 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic acute kidney injury affects 40-50% of all septic patients. Molecular differences between septic patients with and without acute kidney injury (AKI) are only poorly understood. Here, we investigated gene expression changes that differentiated the subjects who developed septic AKI from those who did not and coupled this approach with traditional parameters of renal physiology. METHODS In 15 anesthetized, mechanically ventilated and instrumented pigs, progressive sepsis was induced either by peritonitis or by continuous intravenous infusion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Animals received standard intensive care including goal-directed hemodynamic management. Analyses were performed on kidneys from sham operated animals, septic pigs without AKI, and pigs with septic AKI. Before, and at 12, 18 and 22 h of progressive sepsis, systemic and renal hemodynamics, cortex microcirculation and plasma IL-6 and TNF-α were measured. At 22 h whole kidney expression of pre-selected genes was analyzed by quantitative Real Time PCR. RESULTS Animals with septic AKI had systemic hemodynamic phenotype (normo- or hyperdynamic) comparable with non-AKI subjects, but demonstrated higher plasma levels of cytokines, an increase in renal vascular resistance and early fall in cortical microcirculatory blood flow. The genes whose expression discriminated septic AKI from non-AKI included Toll like receptor 4 (up-regulated 2.7-fold, P = 0.04); Cyclooxygenase-2 (up-regulated 14.6-fold, P = 0.01), Angiotensin II Receptor (up-regulated 8.1-fold, P = 0.01), Caspase 3 (up-regulated 5.1-fold, P = 0.02), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha (down-regulated 2-fold, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In this preliminary experimental study, kidney gene expression was profoundly different in animals that developed septic AKI as opposed to septic animals that did not. The biological functions of the genes differentially expressed support a role of inflammatory overstimulation coupled with metabolic and apoptotic molecular responses in early septic AKI. Cyclooxygenase-2 and angiotensin type 2 receptor-dependent downstream mechanisms appear fruitful targets for future mechanistic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Matejovic
- 1st Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic. .,Experimental Intensive Care Unit, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, Plzen, Czech Republic. .,1st Medical Department, Teaching Hospital, alej Svobody 80, 304 60, Plzen, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Valesova
- 1st Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic.,Experimental Intensive Care Unit, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Benes
- Experimental Intensive Care Unit, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, Plzen, Czech Republic.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Sykora
- 1st Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Chvojka
- 1st Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic.,Experimental Intensive Care Unit, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, Plzen, Czech Republic
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14
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Murray M, Zhou F. Trafficking and other regulatory mechanisms for organic anion transporting polypeptides and organic anion transporters that modulate cellular drug and xenobiotic influx and that are dysregulated in disease. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1908-1924. [PMID: 28299773 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), encoded by a number of solute carrier (SLC)22A and SLC organic anion (SLCO) genes, mediate the absorption and distribution of drugs and other xenobiotics. The regulation of OATs and OATPs is complex, comprising both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Plasma membrane expression is required for cellular substrate influx by OATs/OATPs. Thus, interest in post-translational regulatory processes, including membrane targeting, endocytosis, recycling and degradation of transporter proteins, is increasing because these are critical for plasma membrane expression. After being synthesized, transporters undergo N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and are delivered to the plasma membrane by vesicular transport. Their expression at the cell surface is maintained by de novo synthesis and recycling, which occurs after clathrin- and/or caveolin-dependent endocytosis of existing protein. Several studies have shown that phosphorylation by signalling kinases is important for the internalization and recycling processes, although the transporter protein does not appear to be directly phosphorylated. After internalization, transporters that are targeted for degradation undergo ubiquitination, most likely on intracellular loop residues. Epigenetic mechanisms, including methylation of gene regulatory regions and transcription from alternate promoters, are also significant in the regulation of certain SLC22A/SLCO genes. The membrane expression of OATs/OATPs is dysregulated in disease, which affects drug efficacy and detoxification. Several transporters are expressed in the cytoplasmic subcompartment in disease states, which suggests that membrane targeting/internalization/recycling may be impaired. This article focuses on recent developments in OAT and OATP regulation, their dysregulation in disease and the significance for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Various clinical and epidemiologic studies show that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin and cyclooxygenase inhibitors (COXIBs) help prevent cancer. Since eicosanoid metabolism is the main inhibitory targets of these drugs the resulting molecular and biological impact is generally accepted. As our knowledge base and technology progress we are learning that additional targets may be involved. This review attempts to summarize these new developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Umar
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Vernon E Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David G Menter
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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16
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Mederle K, Meurer M, Castrop H, Höcherl K. Inhibition of COX-1 attenuates the formation of thromboxane A2 and ameliorates the acute decrease in glomerular filtration rate in endotoxemic mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F332-40. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00567.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thromboxane (Tx) A2 has been suggested to be involved in the development of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Therefore, we investigated the impact of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced renal TxA2 formation, and on endotoxemia-induced AKI in mice. Injection of LPS (3 mg/kg ip) decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the amount of thrombocytes to ∼50% of basal values after 4 h. Plasma and renocortical tissue levels of TxB2 were increased ∼10- and 1.7-fold in response to LPS, respectively. The COX-1 inhibitor SC-560 attenuated the LPS-induced fall in GFR and in platelet count to ∼75% of basal levels. Furthermore, SC-560 abolished the increase in plasma and renocortical tissue levels of TxB2 in response to LPS. The COX-2 inhibitor SC-236 further enhanced the LPS-induced decrease in GFR to ∼40% of basal values. SC-236 did not alter thrombocyte levels nor the LPS-induced increase in plasma and renocortical tissue levels of TxB2. Pretreatment with clopidogrel inhibited the LPS-induced drop in thrombocyte count, but did not attenuate the LPS-induced decrease in GFR and the increase in plasma TxB2 levels. This study demonstrates that endotoxemia-induced TxA2 formation depends on the activity of COX-1. Our study further indicates that the COX-1 inhibitor SC-560 has a protective effect on the decrease in renal function in response to endotoxin. Therefore, our data support a role for TxA2 in the development of AKI in response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Mederle
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - Manuel Meurer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - Klaus Höcherl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Kadova Z, Dolezelova E, Cermanova J, Hroch M, Laho T, Muchova L, Staud F, Vitek L, Mokry J, Chladek J, Havlinova Z, Holecek M, Micuda S. IL-1 receptor blockade alleviates endotoxin-mediated impairment of renal drug excretory functions in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F388-99. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00266.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate whether two potent anti-inflammatory agents, dexamethasone and anakinra, an IL-1 receptor antagonist, may influence acute kidney injury (AKI) and associated drug excretory functions during endotoxemia (LPS) in rats. Ten hours after LPS administration, untreated endotoxemic rats developed typical symptoms of AKI, with reduced GFR, impaired tubular excretion of urea and sodium, and decreased urinary excretion of azithromycin, an anionic substrate for multidrug resistance-transporting proteins. Administration of both immunosuppressants attenuated the inflammatory response, liver damage, AKI, and increased renal clearance of azithromycin mainly by restoration of GFR, without significant influence on its tubular secretion. The lack of such an effect was related to the differential effect of both agents on the renal expression of individual drug transporters. Only dexamethasone increased the urinary clearance of bile acids, in accordance with the reduction of the apical transporter (Asbt) for their tubular reabsorption. In summary, our data demonstrated the potency of both agents used for the prevention of AKI, imposed by endotoxins, and for the restoration of renal drug elimination, mainly by the improvement of GFR. The influence of both drugs on altered tubular functions and the expression of drug transporters was differential, emphasizing the necessity of knowledge of transporting pathways for individual drugs applied during sepsis. The effect of anakinra suggests a significant contribution of IL-1 signaling to the pathogenesis of LPS-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kadova
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Dolezelova
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jolana Cermanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Hroch
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Laho
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Muchova
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Vitek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; and
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mokry
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Chladek
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Havlinova
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Holecek
- Department of Physiology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Micuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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18
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Grover J, Bhatt N, Kumar V, Patel NK, Gondaliya BJ, Elizabeth Sobhia M, Bhutani KK, Jachak SM. 2,5-Diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles as selective COX-2 inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01428j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of compounds comprising of 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles was synthesized and evaluated as potential COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Grover
- Department of Natural Products
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Mohali
- India
| | - Nirav Bhatt
- Department of Natural Products
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Mohali
- India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- India
| | - Neeraj K. Patel
- Department of Natural Products
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Mohali
- India
| | - Bhagirath J. Gondaliya
- Department of Natural Products
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Mohali
- India
| | - M. Elizabeth Sobhia
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- India
| | - Kamlesh K. Bhutani
- Department of Natural Products
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Mohali
- India
| | - Sanjay M. Jachak
- Department of Natural Products
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Mohali
- India
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19
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Seth K, Garg SK, Kumar R, Purohit P, Meena VS, Goyal R, Banerjee UC, Chakraborti AK. 2-(2-Arylphenyl)benzoxazole As a Novel Anti-Inflammatory Scaffold: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:512-6. [PMID: 24900871 DOI: 10.1021/ml400500e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-(2-arylphenyl)benzoxazole moiety has been found to be a new and selective ligand for the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The 2-(2-arylphenyl)benzoxazoles 3a-m have been synthesized by Suzuki reaction of 2-(2-bromophenyl)benzoxazole. Further synthetic manipulation of 3f and 3i led to 3o and 3n, respectively. The compounds 3g, 3n, and 3o selectively inhibited COX-2 with selectivity index of 3n much better than that of the COX-2 selective NSAID celecoxib. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potency of 3g and 3n is comparable to that of celecoxib and the nonselective NSAID diclofenac at two different doses, and 3o showed better potency compared to these clinically used NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rohit Goyal
- Indo-Soviet
Friendship (ISF) College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142 001 Punjab, India
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20
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Bischoff A, Bucher M, Gekle M, Sauvant C. Differential effect of COX1 and COX2 inhibitors on renal outcomes following ischemic acute kidney injury. Am J Nephrol 2014; 40:1-11. [PMID: 24943263 DOI: 10.1159/000363251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We have previously shown that 1 mg/kg indomethacin improves expression and functionality of renal organic anion transporters Oat1 and Oat3 after renal ischemia and furthermore improves renal outcome after ischemia. As we detected differential effects of COX1 or COX2 inhibitors on organic anion transport after ischemia and reperfusion in culture, we investigated the effect of the SC560 (COX1 inhibitor) and SC58125 (COX2 inhibitor) on expression of Oat1/3 and renal outcome after ischemic acute kidney injury (iAKI). METHODS iAKI was induced in rats by bilateral clamping of renal arteries for 45 min. SC560 or SC58125 (1 mg/kg each) were given intraperitoneally as soon as reperfusion started. Sham-treated animals served as controls. Oat1/3 were determined by qPCR and Western blot. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), p-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance and PAH extraction ratio was determined. All parameters were detected 24 h after ischemia. Renal plasma flow was calculated. RESULTS In clamped animals SC560 (COX1 inhibitor) restored expression of Oat1/3, as well as renal perfusion. Additionally, SC560 substantially improved kidney function as measured by GFR. Application of the COX2 inhibitor SC58125 did not exert these beneficial effects. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that COX1 inhibitor SC560 applied after ischemia prevents ischemia-induced downregulation of Oat1/3 during reperfusion and has a substantial protective effect on kidney function. Whether and to what particular extent this apparent improvement of function is mechanistically due to beneficial effects on tubular function, renal perfusion or glomerular filtration will be the scope of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Bischoff
- Klinik für Anästhesie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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21
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Impact of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation on the disposition of the aminocephalosporin cefadroxil. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:6171-8. [PMID: 24080658 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01497-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if the disposition of cefadroxil, an α-amino-containing β-lactam antibiotic, changes during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammation. Six hours after LPS or saline treatment, mice received 1 nmol/g cefadroxil intravenously along with inulin for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determination. Serial blood samples, along with tissue and urine samples, were collected at predetermined time points. In order to determine inflammation-induced changes in GFR, renal tubular secretion, and reabsorption, it was necessary to coadminister 70 mg/kg probenecid. Changes in the expression of the mRNA of transporters involved in cefadroxil disposition in the kidneys and choroid plexus were also investigated 6 h after LPS treatment. The results demonstrated marked increases in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue cefadroxil concentrations with LPS treatment. Tissue-to-blood concentration ratios were decreased by 4.6-fold in the choroid plexus and by 2.5-fold in the kidneys during LPS-induced inflammation. Renal, but not choroid plexus, mRNA expression of peptide transporter 2, organic-anion transporter 1 (OAT1), OAT3, and multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 was mildly reduced in LPS-treated mice. The renal clearance of cefadroxil was substantially decreased by LPS treatment (3-fold). GFR was also reduced by 3-fold in LPS-treated mice, but no significant differences in the fractional reabsorption of cefadroxil and renal secretion once normalized by GFR were observed. These findings demonstrated that LPS-induced inflammation has a dramatic effect on the renal excretion of cefadroxil. It appears that changes in transporter expression played a minor role during LPS treatment but that renal dysfunction, associated with GFR reduction, was responsible for the substantial increase in plasma cefadroxil concentration-time profiles.
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22
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Koepsell H. The SLC22 family with transporters of organic cations, anions and zwitterions. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:413-35. [PMID: 23506881 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SLC22 family contains 13 functionally characterized human plasma membrane proteins each with 12 predicted α-helical transmembrane domains. The family comprises organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic zwitterion/cation transporters (OCTNs), and organic anion transporters (OATs). The transporters operate as (1) uniporters which mediate facilitated diffusion (OCTs, OCTNs), (2) anion exchangers (OATs), and (3) Na(+)/zwitterion cotransporters (OCTNs). They participate in small intestinal absorption and hepatic and renal excretion of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds and perform homeostatic functions in brain and heart. Important endogeneous substrates include monoamine neurotransmitters, l-carnitine, α-ketoglutarate, cAMP, cGMP, prostaglandins, and urate. It has been shown that mutations of the SLC22 genes encoding these transporters cause specific diseases like primary systemic carnitine deficiency and idiopathic renal hypouricemia and are correlated with diseases such as Crohn's disease and gout. Drug-drug interactions at individual transporters may change pharmacokinetics and toxicities of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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23
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Wang L, Sweet DH. Renal organic anion transporters (SLC22 family): expression, regulation, roles in toxicity, and impact on injury and disease. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 15:53-69. [PMID: 23054972 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Organic solute flux across the basolateral and apical membranes of renal proximal tubule cells is a key process for maintaining systemic homeostasis. It represents an important route for the elimination of metabolic waste products and xenobiotics, as well as for the reclamation of essential compounds. Members of the organic anion transporter (OAT, SLC22) family expressed in proximal tubules comprise one pathway mediating the active renal secretion and reabsorption of organic anions. Many drugs, pesticides, hormones, heavy metal conjugates, components of phytomedicines, and toxins are OAT substrates. Thus, through transporter activity, the kidney can be a target organ for their beneficial or detrimental effects. Detailed knowledge of the OATs expressed in the kidney, their membrane targeting, substrate specificity, and mechanisms of action is essential to understanding organ function and dysfunction. The intracellular processes controlling OAT expression and function, and that can thus modulate kidney transport capacity, are also critical to this understanding. Such knowledge is also providing insight to new areas such as renal transplant research. This review will provide an overview of the OATs for which transport activity has been demonstrated and expression/function in the kidney observed. Examples establishing a role for renal OATs in drug clearance, food/drug-drug interactions, and renal injury and pathology are presented. An update of the current information regarding the regulation of OAT expression is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, 410 N 12th Street, PO Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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24
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Burckhardt G. Drug transport by Organic Anion Transporters (OATs). Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:106-30. [PMID: 22841915 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Common to all so far functionally characterized Organic Anion Transporters (OATs) is their broad substrate specificity and their ability to exchange extracellular against intracellular organic anions. Many OATs occur in renal proximal tubules, the site of active drug secretion. Exceptions are murine Oat6 (nasal epithelium), human OAT7 (liver), and rat Oat8 (renal collecting ducts). In human kidneys, OAT1, OAT2, and OAT3 are localized in the basolateral membrane, and OAT4, OAT10, and URAT1 in the apical cell membrane of proximal tubule cells, respectively. In rats and mice, Oat1 and Oat3 are located basolaterally, and Oat2, Oat5, Oat9, Oat10, and Urat1 apically. Several classes of drugs interact with human OAT1-3, including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, diuretics, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, β-lactam antibiotics, antineoplastic and antiviral drugs, and uricosuric drugs. For most drugs, interaction was demonstrated in vitro by inhibition of OAT-mediated transport of model substrates; for some drugs, transport by OATs was directly proven. Based on IC₅₀ values reported in the literature, OAT1 and OAT3 show comparable affinities for diuretics, cephalosporins, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs whereas OAT2 has a lower affinity to most of these compounds. Drug-drug interactions at OAT1 and OAT3 may retard renal drug secretion and cause untoward effects. OAT4, OAT10, and URAT1 in the apical membrane contribute to proximal tubular urate absorption, and OAT10 to nicotinate absorption. OAT4 is in addition able to release drugs, e.g. diuretics, into the tubule lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Burckhardt
- Abteilung Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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25
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Schreiber A, Theilig F, Schweda F, Höcherl K. Acute endotoxemia in mice induces downregulation of megalin and cubilin in the kidney. Kidney Int 2012; 82:53-9. [PMID: 22437417 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Severe sepsis is often accompanied by acute renal failure with renal tubular dysfunction. Albuminuria is a common finding in septic patients and we studied whether it was due to an impairment of proximal tubular endocytosis of filtered albumin. We studied the regulation of megalin and cubilin, the two critical multiligand receptors responsible for albumin absorption, during severe experimental endotoxemia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused a time- and dose-dependent suppression of megalin and cubilin expression that was paralleled by a decrease in plasma albumin levels and an increase in the urine concentration of albumin in mice. Incubation of rat renal cortical slices with LPS also reduced the mRNA expression of megalin and cubilin. Further, LPS suppressed megalin and cubilin mRNA expression in murine primary proximal tubule cells and decreased the uptake of FITC albumin in these cells. In addition, the increase in urine levels of albumin in response to ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute renal failure was paralleled by a decrease in the expression of megalin and cubilin. Thus, our data indicate that the expression of megalin and cubilin is decreased during experimental endotoxemia and in response to renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. This downregulation may contribute, in part, to an increase in urine levels of albumin during acute renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schreiber
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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26
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Burckhardt G, Burckhardt BC. In vitro and in vivo evidence of the importance of organic anion transporters (OATs) in drug therapy. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:29-104. [PMID: 21103968 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14541-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion transporters 1-10 (OAT1-10) and the urate transporter 1 (URAT1) belong to the SLC22A gene family and accept a huge variety of chemically unrelated endogenous and exogenous organic anions including many frequently described drugs. OAT1 and OAT3 are located in the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubule cells and are responsible for drug uptake from the blood into the cells. OAT4 in the apical membrane of human proximal tubule cells is related to drug exit into the lumen and to uptake of estrone sulfate and urate from the lumen into the cell. URAT1 is the major urate-absorbing transporter in the apical membrane and is a target for uricosuric drugs. OAT10, also located in the luminal membrane, transports nicotinate with high affinity and interacts with drugs. Major extrarenal locations of OATs include the blood-brain barrier for OAT3, the placenta for OAT4, the nasal epithelium for OAT6, and the liver for OAT2 and OAT7. For all transporters we provide information on cloning, tissue distribution, factors influencing OAT abundance, interaction with endogenous compounds and different drug classes, drug/drug interactions and, if known, single nucleotide polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Burckhardt
- Abteilung Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Göttingen, Germany.
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Hörl WH. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and the Kidney. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:2291-2321. [PMID: 27713354 PMCID: PMC4036662 DOI: 10.3390/ph3072291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit the isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2 of cyclooxygenase (COX). Renal side effects (e.g., kidney function, fluid and urinary electrolyte excretion) vary with the extent of COX-2-COX-1 selectivity and the administered dose of these compounds. While young healthy subjects will rarely experience adverse renal effects with the use of NSAIDs, elderly patients and those with co-morbibity (e.g., congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis or chronic kidney disease) and drug combinations (e.g., renin-angiotensin blockers, diuretics plus NSAIDs) may develop acute renal failure. This review summarizes our present knowledge how traditional NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors may affect the kidney under various experimental and clinical conditions, and how these drugs may influence renal inflammation, water transport, sodium and potassium balance and how renal dysfunction or hypertension may result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Hörl
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Yeh JH, Chiu HF, Wang JS, Lee JK, Chou TC. Protective Effect of Baicalein Extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Glomerulonephritis in Mice. INT J PHARMACOL 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2010.81.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhou F, Zhu L, Cui PH, Church WB, Murray M. Functional characterization of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human organic anion transporter 4 (hOAT4). Br J Pharmacol 2009; 159:419-27. [PMID: 20015291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The human organic anion transporter (hOAT) family of transmembrane carrier proteins mediate the cellular flux of anionic substances, including certain hormones and anti-cancer drugs. hOAT4 is highly expressed at the apical membrane of the renal tubular cell and facilitates drug re-absorption in the kidney. In the present study, the impact of 10 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of hOAT4 on transport function in COS-7 cells was characterized. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Transport uptake assay was used to assess the function of the variant transporters. Cell surface biotinylation and western blot analysis were used to investigate the expression characteristics of the transporter proteins. Comparative modelling was used to interpret the influence of nonsynonymous changes in terms of hOAT4 structure. KEY RESULTS Four naturally occurring hOAT4 variants (L29P, R48Y, V155G and T392I) exhibited a significant loss of function. Substitution of leucine-29, which is a conserved residue in OATs, with a proline residue, impaired the synthesis or the apparent stability of the transporter and membrane insertion was disrupted in the R48Y variant. In the case of the V155G and T392I variants, impaired function was due to decreased affinity of the transporter for oestrone sulphate and impaired transporter-substrate turnover respectively. The T392I variant was inhibited more extensively than the wild-type transporter by the cationic substrate tetraethyl ammonium. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Several naturally occurring SNPs encode variant hOAT4s that may impair the renal tubular re-absorption of important drug substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Zhou
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Zhou F, Zhu L, Cui PH, Church WB, Murray M. Functional characterization of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human organic anion transporter 4 (hOAT4). Br J Pharmacol 2009. [PMID: 20015291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00545.xbph545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The human organic anion transporter (hOAT) family of transmembrane carrier proteins mediate the cellular flux of anionic substances, including certain hormones and anti-cancer drugs. hOAT4 is highly expressed at the apical membrane of the renal tubular cell and facilitates drug re-absorption in the kidney. In the present study, the impact of 10 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of hOAT4 on transport function in COS-7 cells was characterized. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Transport uptake assay was used to assess the function of the variant transporters. Cell surface biotinylation and western blot analysis were used to investigate the expression characteristics of the transporter proteins. Comparative modelling was used to interpret the influence of nonsynonymous changes in terms of hOAT4 structure. KEY RESULTS Four naturally occurring hOAT4 variants (L29P, R48Y, V155G and T392I) exhibited a significant loss of function. Substitution of leucine-29, which is a conserved residue in OATs, with a proline residue, impaired the synthesis or the apparent stability of the transporter and membrane insertion was disrupted in the R48Y variant. In the case of the V155G and T392I variants, impaired function was due to decreased affinity of the transporter for oestrone sulphate and impaired transporter-substrate turnover respectively. The T392I variant was inhibited more extensively than the wild-type transporter by the cationic substrate tetraethyl ammonium. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Several naturally occurring SNPs encode variant hOAT4s that may impair the renal tubular re-absorption of important drug substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Zhou
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Schneider R, Meusel M, Renker S, Bauer C, Holzinger H, Roeder M, Wanner C, Gekle M, Sauvant C. Low-dose indomethacin after ischemic acute kidney injury prevents downregulation of Oat1/3 and improves renal outcome. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1614-21. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00268.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that expression of renal organic anion transporters Oat1 and Oat3 is diminished by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and that both transporters are downregulated after renal ischemia. Because PGE2 is increased after renal ischemia and is generated by cyclooxygenases (COX), we investigated the effect of the COX inhibitor indomethacin on expression of Oat1/3 after ischemic acute kidney injury (iAKI). iAKI was induced in rats by bilateral clamping of renal arteries for 45 min. Indomethacin (1 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally as soon as reperfusion started. Sham-treated animals served as controls. Oat1/3 were determined by qPCR and Western blot. PGE2 in blood and urine was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Invasion of monocytes/macrophages was determined. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were determined. All parameters were detected 24 h after ischemia. PAH net secretion, as well as clearance and secretion of PGE2 were calculated. In clamped animals, indomethacin restored expression of Oat1/3, as well as PAH net secretion, PGE2 clearance, or PGE2 secretion. Additionally, indomethacin substantially improved kidney function as measured by glomerular filtration and PAH clearance. Indomethacin did not affect ischemia-induced invasion of monocytes/macrophages. In conclusion, our study indicates that low-dose indomethacin applied after ischemia prevents ischemia-induced downregulation of Oat1/3 during reperfusion and has a substantial protective effect on kidney function after iAKI. The beneficial effect of low-dose indomethacin on renal outcome is likely due to an effect different from inhibition of inflammation. In accordance to the decreased PAH net secretion, renal excretion of an endogenous organic anion (PGE2) is also impaired after ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Schneider
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I. Abt. Nephrologie, Würzburg; and
| | - M. Meusel
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I. Abt. Nephrologie, Würzburg; and
| | - S. Renker
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I. Abt. Nephrologie, Würzburg; and
| | - C. Bauer
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I. Abt. Nephrologie, Würzburg; and
| | - H. Holzinger
- Physiologisches Institut, Bay, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg
| | - M. Roeder
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I. Abt. Nephrologie, Würzburg; and
| | - C. Wanner
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I. Abt. Nephrologie, Würzburg; and
| | - M. Gekle
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - C. Sauvant
- Physiologisches Institut, Bay, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg
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