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Hosoda H, Nakamura T, Yoshihara F. Plasma Clearance of Intravenously Infused Adrenomedullin in Rats with Acute Renal Failure. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091281. [PMID: 36139120 PMCID: PMC9496228 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma adrenomedullin concentrations are reportedly elevated in patients with renal failure; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we investigated the plasma clearance of synthetic human adrenomedullin (AM) in two models of rats with renal dysfunction; one was induced by subcutaneous injection of mercury chloride (RD-Ag) and the other by completely blocking bilateral renal blood flow (RD-Bl). Sixty minutes after starting intravenous AM infusion, AM levels in RD-Ag, RD-Bl, and rats with normal renal function (NF) were still increased slightly; however, plasma AM levels in RD-Ag rats were approximately three times as high as in RD-Bl and NF rats. Plasma AM disappearance after the end of treatment was similar among the three groups. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that elevated plasma AM in RD-Ag rats may be caused by a reduced volume of distribution. The adrenomedullin functional receptor is composed of heterodimers, including GPCR, CLR (calcitonin receptor-like receptor, CALCRL), and the single transmembrane proteins, RAMP2 or RAMP3 (receptor activity modifying protein). Calcrl expression was downregulated in the lungs and kidneys of RD-Ag rats. Furthermore, the plasma concentration of exogenous AM was elevated in mice deficient in vascular endothelium-specific Ramp2. These results suggest that decreased plasma AM clearance in RD-Ag is not due to impaired renal excretion but to a decreased volume of distribution caused by a reduction in adrenomedullin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hosoda
- Department of Hypertension and Nephrology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita 564-8565, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Tsutomu Nakamura
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki 569-1094, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiki Yoshihara
- Department of Hypertension and Nephrology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita 564-8565, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Potier L, Mohammedi K, Saulnier PJ, Fumeron F, Halimi JM, Venteclef N, Marre M, Hadjadj S, Roussel R, Velho G. Plasma Adrenomedullin, Allelic Variations in the ADM Gene, and Risk for Lower-Limb Amputation in People With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:1631-1639. [PMID: 35583678 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with diabetes have an increased risk for lower-limb amputation (LLA), but biomarkers to assess risk of LLA are lacking. Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a vasodilator peptide that also plays a role in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in the kidney, increasing natriuresis and diuresis. ADM was shown to be associated with cardiovascular and renal events in diabetes, but it was not investigated in terms of LLA risk. We investigated the hypothesis that ADM is associated with LLA in people with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 4,375 participants in the DIABHYCAR and SURDIAGENE cohorts (men, 68%; mean 66 years of age; mean duration of diabetes 12 years; and median follow-up 5.3 years). Plasma midregional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM; a surrogate for ADM) was measured by immunofluorescence. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ADM gene region were genotyped. RESULTS LLA requirement during follow-up by increasing tertiles of plasma MR-proADM distribution was 1.0% (tertile 1 [T1]), 2.3% (T2), and 4.4% (T3) (P < 0.0001). In Cox multivariate analysis, the adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) for LLA was 4.40 (2.30-8.88) (P < 0.0001) for T3 versus T1. Moreover, MR-proADM significantly improved indices for risk stratification of LLA. Four SNPs were associated with plasma MR-proADM concentration at baseline and with LLA during follow-up. Alleles associated with higher MR-proADM were associated with increased LLA risk. CONCLUSIONS We observed associations of plasma MR-proADM with LLA and of ADM SNPs with plasma MR-proADM and with LLA in people with type 2 diabetes. This pattern of Mendelian randomization supports the causality of the association of ADM with LLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Potier
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Service d'Endocrinologie Diabétologie Nutrition, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kamel Mohammedi
- Bordeaux University and Hospital, INSERM U1034, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Saulnier
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1402, INSERM, Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Frédéric Fumeron
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Halimi
- CHU de Tours, Service Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation, Tours, France.,INSERM CIC 0202, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michel Marre
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Clinique Ambroise Paré, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ronan Roussel
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Service d'Endocrinologie Diabétologie Nutrition, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gilberto Velho
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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3
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PP2A Catalytic Subunit α promotes fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis via ERK pathway. Cell Signal 2021; 90:110187. [PMID: 34780974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a main serine/threonine phosphatase, plays a profibrotic role in the development of different organs. However, the role and mechanisms of PP2Acα in fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis are not fully known. Here we found that PP2Acα expression was upregulated in kidney tissue of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and unilateral ureter obstructive (UUO) mice. Ablation of fibroblast PP2Acα alleviates fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis in mouse kidneys with UUO nephropathy compared with the control littermates. In primary cultured fibroblasts, PP2Acα deletion restrains TGFβ1-induced fibroblast activation, which is accompanied by increased phosphorylation of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK). Blocking ERK pathway activation by PD98059 could promote fibroblast activation, indicating that PP2Acα promotes TGFβ1-induced fibroblast activation via suppressing ERK pathway. Consistently, in vivo, the activation of ERK pathway was upregulated by PP2Acα ablation in kidney fibroblasts. Together, these data uncover that PP2Acα may promote fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis via suppressing ERK pathway, suggesting that targeting PP2Acα may provide a therapeutic effect for CKD.
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Wei S, Xu C, Rychak JJ, Luong A, Sun Y, Yang Z, Li M, Liu C, Fu N, Yang B. Short Hairpin RNA Knockdown of Connective Tissue Growth Factor by Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction Improves Renal Fibrosis. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:2926-2937. [PMID: 27597128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction transfer of interfering RNA against connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the kidney would ameliorate renal fibrosis in vivo. A short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting CTGF was cloned into a tool plasmid and loaded onto the surface of a cationic microbubble product. A unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model in mice was used to evaluate the effect of CTGF knockdown. Mice were administered the plasmid-carrying microbubble intravenously, and ultrasound was applied locally to the obstructed kidney. Mice undergoing a sham UUO surgery and untreated UUO mice were used as disease controls, and mice administered plasmid alone, plasmid with ultrasound treatment and microbubbles and plasmid without ultrasound were used as treatment controls. Mice were treated once and then evaluated at day 14. CTGF in the kidney was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Expression of CTGF, transforming growth factor β1, α smooth muscle actin and type I collagen in the obstructed kidney was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The cohort treated with plasmid-carrying microbubbles and ultrasound exhibited reduced mRNA and protein expression of CTGF (p < 0.01). Furthermore, CTGF gene silencing decreased the interstitial deposition of transforming growth factor β1, α smooth muscle actin and type I collagen as assessed in immunohistochemistry, as well as reduced renal fibrosis in pathologic alterations (p < 0.01). No significant changes in target mRNA, protein expression or disease pathology were observed in the control cohorts. A single treatment of ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction is able to deliver sufficient shRNA to inhibit the expression of CTGF and provide a meaningful reduction in disease severity. This technique may be a potential therapy for treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Wei
- Department of Ultrasound, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chaoli Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | | | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacological Study, Origin Biosciences, Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Department of Pharmacological Study, Origin Biosciences, Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingxia Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunrui Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ninghua Fu
- Department of Ultrasound, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Genovese F, Kàrpàti ZS, Nielsen SH, Karsdal MA. Precision-Cut Kidney Slices as a Tool to Understand the Dynamics of Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Renal Fibrosis. Biomark Insights 2016; 11:77-84. [PMID: 27257368 PMCID: PMC4877083 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s38439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to set up an ex vivo model for renal interstitial fibrosis in order to investigate the extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover profile in the fibrotic kidney. We induced kidney fibrosis in fourteen 12-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) surgery of the right ureter. The left kidney (contralateral) was used as internal control. Six rats were sham operated and used as the control group. Rats were terminated two weeks after the surgery; the kidneys were excised and precision-cut kidney slices (PCKSs) were cultured for five days in serum-free medium. Markers of collagen type I formation (P1NP), collagen type I and III degradation (C1M and C3M), and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were measured in the PCKS supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. P1NP, C1M, C3M, and α-SMA were increased up to 2- to 13-fold in supernatants of tissue slices from the UUO-ligated kidneys compared with the contralateral kidneys (P < 0.001) and with the kidneys of sham-operated animals (P < 0.0001). The markers could also reflect the level of fibrosis in different animals. The UUO PCKS ex vivo model provides a valuable translational tool for investigating the extracellular matrix remodeling associated with renal interstitial fibrosis.
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Qiao X, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhao N, Zhang R, Han W, Peng Z. Intermedin is upregulated and attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibition of oxidative stress in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction. Nephrology (Carlton) 2016; 20:820-31. [PMID: 26014968 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays a pivotal role in the progression of renal fibrosis. Reactive oxygen species mediate profibrotic action of TGF-β1. Intermedin (IMD) has been shown to inhibit oxidative stress, but its role in renal fibrosis remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of IMD on renal fibrosis in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). METHODS The expression of IMD and its receptors, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP1/2/3), in the obstructed kidney was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting and immunohistochemistry. To evaluate the effects of IMD on renal fibrosis, we locally overexpressed exogenous IMD in the obstructed kidney using an ultrasound-microbubble-mediated delivery system. Renal fibrosis was determined by Masson trichrome staining. The expression of TGF-β1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin was measured. Smad2/3 activation and macrophage infiltration were evaluated. We also studied oxidative stress by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. RESULTS mRNA and protein expression of IMD increased after UUO. CRLR, RAMP1, RAMP2 and RAMP3 were also induced by ureteral obstruction. IMD overexpression remarkably attenuated UUO-induced tubular injury and blunted fibrotic response as shown by decreased interstitial collagen deposition and downregulation of fibronectin. Macrophage infiltration, α-SMA and CTGF upregulation caused by UUO were all relieved by IMD, whereas TGF-β1 upregulation and Smad2/3 activation were not affected. Meanwhile, we noted increased oxidative stress in obstruction, which was also attenuated by IMD gene delivery. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that IMD is upregulated after UUO. IMD plays a protective role in renal fibrosis via its antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Qiao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruijing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Weixia Han
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhiqiang Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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7
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Velho G, Ragot S, Mohammedi K, Gand E, Fraty M, Fumeron F, Saulnier PJ, Bellili-Munoz N, Bouby N, Potier L, Alhenc-Gelas F, Marre M, Hadjadj S, Roussel R. Plasma Adrenomedullin and Allelic Variation in the ADM Gene and Kidney Disease in People With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:3262-72. [PMID: 25948679 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Production of adrenomedullin (ADM), a vasodilator peptide, increases in response to ischemia and hypoxia in the vascular wall and the kidney. This may be an adaptive response providing protection against organ damage. We investigated the hypothesis that ADM has a nephroprotective effect in two prospective cohorts of patients with type 2 diabetes recruited in France. The highest tertile of plasma MR-proADM (a surrogate for ADM) concentration at baseline was associated with the risk of renal outcomes (doubling of plasma creatinine concentration and/or progression to end-stage renal disease) during follow-up in both cohorts. Four SNPs in the ADM gene region were associated with plasma MR-proADM concentration at baseline and with eGFR during follow-up in both cohorts. The alleles associated with lower eGFR were also associated with lower plasma MR-proADM level. In conclusion, plasma MR-proADM concentration was associated with renal outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our data suggest that the ADM gene modulates the genetic susceptibility to nephropathy progression. Results are consistent with the hypothesis of a reactive rise of ADM in diabetic nephropathy, blunted in risk alleles carriers, and with a nephroprotective effect of ADM. A possible therapeutic effect of ADM receptor agonists in diabetic renal disease would be worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Velho
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Ragot
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1402, Poitiers, France UFR de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Kamel Mohammedi
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Bichat Hospital, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Elise Gand
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Mathilde Fraty
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1402, Poitiers, France
| | - Frédéric Fumeron
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Saulnier
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1402, Poitiers, France UFR de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France INSERM, Research Unit 1082, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Nadine Bouby
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Louis Potier
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Bichat Hospital, DHU FIRE, Paris, France UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - François Alhenc-Gelas
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Michel Marre
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Bichat Hospital, DHU FIRE, Paris, France UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1402, Poitiers, France UFR de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France INSERM, Research Unit 1082, Poitiers, France
| | - Ronan Roussel
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Bichat Hospital, DHU FIRE, Paris, France UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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8
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Jiang JS, Chou HC, Yeh TF, Chen CM. Neonatal Hyperoxia Exposure Induces Kidney Fibrosis in Rats. Pediatr Neonatol 2015; 56:235-41. [PMID: 25572324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human and animal studies have demonstrated that neonatal hyperoxia increases oxidative stress and adversely affects glomerular and tubular maturity. This study was undertaken to determine how exposure to neonatal hyperoxia affected kidney morphology and fibrosis and to elucidate the relationship between connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and collagen expression in rat kidneys. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rat pups were exposed to either hyperoxia or ambient air. The control groups were maintained in ambient air for 1 week and 3 weeks. The hyperoxia groups were exposed to >95% O2 for 1 week and subsequently placed in an environment of 60% O2 for an additional 2 weeks. The animals were euthanized on Postnatal Day 7 or 21 and the kidneys underwent histological analyses and oxidative stress and total collagen measurements. RESULTS The rats reared in O2-enriched air exhibited significantly higher tubular injury scores (1.4 ± 0.5 vs. 0.7 ± 0.7 on Day 7; 1.4 ± 0.5 vs. 0.6 ± 0.5 on Day 21), a larger proportion of the cortex occupied by glomeruli (25.5 ± 4.1 vs. 21.3 ± 3.1% on Day 7; 20.1 ± 3.5 vs. 17.1 ± 1.7% on Day 21), larger glomerular sizes (84.7 ± 5.8 vs. 77.5 ± 6.1 μm on Day 7; 88.4 ± 2.9 vs. 84.9 ± 3.1 μm on Day 21), and higher total collagen content (54.1 ± 27.5 vs. 18.3 ± 6.3 μg/mg protein on Day 7; 397.4 ± 32.8 vs. 289.5 ± 80.0 μg/mg protein on Day 21) than did rats reared in ambient air. Immunohistochemical expressions of oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and CTGF immunoreactivities were significantly higher in the rats reared in O2-enriched air compared with the rats reared in ambient air on Postnatal Days 7 and 21. CONCLUSION Neonatal hyperoxia exposure contributes to kidney fibrosis, which is probably caused by activated CTGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Song Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chu Chou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Fu Yeh
- Maternal Child Health Research Center, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Chen
- Maternal Child Health Research Center, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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Poosti F, Pham BT, Oosterhuis D, Poelstra K, van Goor H, Olinga P, Hillebrands JL. Precision-cut kidney slices (PCKS) to study development of renal fibrosis and efficacy of drug targeting ex vivo. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1227-36. [PMID: 26112172 PMCID: PMC4610232 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a serious clinical problem resulting in the greatest need for renal replacement therapy. No adequate preventive or curative therapy is available that could be clinically used to target renal fibrosis specifically. The search for new efficacious treatment strategies is therefore warranted. Although in vitro models using homogeneous cell populations have contributed to the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in renal fibrosis, these models poorly mimic the complex in vivo milieu. Therefore, we here evaluated a precision-cut kidney slice (PCKS) model as a new, multicellular ex vivo model to study the development of fibrosis and its prevention using anti-fibrotic compounds. Precision-cut slices (200-300 μm thickness) were prepared from healthy C57BL/6 mouse kidneys using a Krumdieck tissue slicer. To induce changes mimicking the fibrotic process, slices were incubated with TGFβ1 (5 ng/ml) for 48 h in the presence or absence of the anti-fibrotic cytokine IFNγ (1 µg/ml) or an IFNγ conjugate targeted to PDGFRβ (PPB-PEG-IFNγ). Following culture, tissue viability (ATP-content) and expression of α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen I and collagen III were determined using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Slices remained viable up to 72 h of incubation, and no significant effects of TGFβ1 and IFNγ on viability were observed. TGFβ1 markedly increased α-SMA, fibronectin and collagen I mRNA and protein expression levels. IFNγ and PPB-PEG-IFNγ significantly reduced TGFβ1-induced fibronectin, collagen I and collagen III mRNA expression, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The PKCS model is a novel tool to test the pathophysiology of fibrosis and to screen the efficacy of anti-fibrotic drugs ex vivo in a multicellular and pro-fibrotic milieu. A major advantage of the slice model is that it can be used not only for animal but also for (fibrotic) human kidney tissue. Drug Discovery Collection: TGFβ induces renal fibrosis in ex vivo cultured precision-cut kidney slices, which can be attenuated by IFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Poosti
- Departments of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Bao Tung Pham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Dorenda Oosterhuis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Poelstra
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Departments of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Departments of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
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10
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Cyclic nucleotide signalling in kidney fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2320-51. [PMID: 25622251 PMCID: PMC4346839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is an important factor for the progression of kidney diseases, e.g., diabetes mellitus induced kidney failure, glomerulosclerosis and nephritis resulting in chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were implicated to suppress several of the above mentioned renal diseases. In this review article, identified effects and mechanisms of cGMP and cAMP regarding renal fibrosis are summarized. These mechanisms include several signalling pathways of nitric oxide/ANP/guanylyl cyclases/cGMP-dependent protein kinase and cAMP/Epac/adenylyl cyclases/cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Furthermore, diverse possible drugs activating these pathways are discussed. From these diverse mechanisms it is expected that new pharmacological treatments will evolve for the therapy or even prevention of kidney failure.
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ZHU TIECHUI, YANG JUN, LIU XIANGDONG, ZHANG LIANYUN, ZHANG JIE, WANG YONGTAO, MA HAIJUN, REN ZHENHUI. Hypoxia-inducible adrenomedullin ameliorates the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human proximal tubular epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3760-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation induces kidney injury and fibrosis in rat offspring. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:56-63. [PMID: 25279991 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal tobacco smoke exposure adversely affected fetal kidney development. Nicotine stimulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in the renal epithelium. We hypothesized that maternal nicotine exposure would induce kidney fibrosis and involve CTGF in newborn rats. METHODS Nicotine was administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 6 mg/kg/d from gestational days 7-21 and gestational day 7 to postnatal day 14. A control group was injected with normal saline. Neonatal kidney tissues underwent histological analysis, collagen measurement, and western blot analysis. RESULTS Tubular injury scores and total collagen contents were significantly higher in rats born to nicotine-treated dams than in rats born to normal saline-treated dams on postnatal days 7 and 21. Masson's trichrome staining further verified the presence of kidney fibrosis. Prenatal and/or postnatal nicotine exposure increased CTGF expression on postnatal days 7 and 21. CONCLUSION Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation induces neonatal kidney fibrosis, and CTGF may be involved in the pathogenesis of kidney fibrosis. These results may be relevant to premature low-birth-weight infants who are conveyed a high risk of developing chronic kidney disease and exposed to breast milk of smoking mothers during the neonatal period.
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Nishimatsu H, Suzuki E, Nomiya A, Niimi A, Suzuki M, Fujimura T, Fukuhara H, Homma Y. Adrenomedullin and angiopoietin-1 additively restore erectile function in diabetic rats: comparison with the combination therapy of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1. J Sex Med 2013; 10:1707-19. [PMID: 23651347 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major health problem. We have shown that adrenomedullin (AM) restores erectile function in diabetic rats. AIM The aim of this study is to explore a better treatment for ED, we examined whether combination of AM and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) was more effective to treat ED than treatment with AM alone or Ang-1 alone. We also compared the effect of the combination therapy with that of treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). METHODS Male Wistar rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. Adenoviruses expressing AM (AdAM), Ang-1 (AdAng-1), and VEGF-A (AdVEGF-A) were injected into the penis 6 weeks after STZ administration. Erectile function, penile histology, and protein expression were analyzed 4 weeks after the injection of the adenoviruses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intracavernous pressure and mean arterial pressure were measured to evaluate erectile function. The morphology of the penis was analyzed by Elastica van Gieson stain and immunohistochemistry. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), VE-cadherin and type I collagen was assessed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Infection with AdAM plus AdAng-1 more effectively restored erectile function than infection with AdAM alone or AdAng-1 alone. This combination therapy restored erectile function to a level similar to that observed in the age-matched Wistar rats. Expression of SMA and VE-cadherin increased more significantly in the AdAM plus AdAng-1-treated group than in the AdAM- or AdAng-1-treated group. Although AdVEGF-A infection restored erectile function significantly, it also caused enlargement of the trabeculae of the cavernous body, aberrant angiogenesis, and overproduction of type I collagen. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that combination therapy with AM and Ang-1 potently restored erectile function and normal morphology of the cavernous body compared with VEGF-A administration. This combination therapy will be useful to treat ED patients with a severely damaged cavernous body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nishimatsu
- The Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Westra IM, Pham BT, Groothuis GMM, Olinga P. Evaluation of fibrosis in precision-cut tissue slices. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:98-112. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.723151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ding Z, Chen Z, Chen X, Cai M, Guo H, Chen X, Gong N. Adenovirus-mediated anti-sense ERK2 gene therapy inhibits tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition and ameliorates renal allograft fibrosis. Transpl Immunol 2011; 25:34-41. [PMID: 21530658 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in progress of renal allograft fibrosis. The adenovirus-mediated anti-sense extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (Adanti-ERK2) gene therapy was used to block ERK signaling pathway, and its effect on EMT and renal allograft fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro was explored. METHODS We first generated an in vitro EMT model by connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) stimulation in a HK-2 cell culture system, and then applied Adanti-ERK2 gene therapy on it. The transition of epithelial marker (E-cadherin) to mesenchymal markers (α-SMA, Vimentin) and the cell mobility function alteration were monitored for the observation of EMT progress. In vivo, a rat renal transplant model with Fisher-Lewis combination was employed and the Adanti-ERK2 gene therapy was given. The tubular EMT changes and pathology of allograft fibrosis were examined. RESULTS In vitro, Adanti-ERK2 gene therapy inhibited CTGF-induced tubular EMT and attenuated the cell motility function induced by CTGF. In vivo, Adanti-ERK2 gene therapy attenuated tubular EMT, modulated the infiltration of macrophages and CD8(+), CD4(+)T lymphocytes, and ameliorated fibrosis effectively in the renal allografts 24weeks after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Adanti-ERK2 gene therapy inhibits tubular EMT and attenuates renal allograft fibrosis. It is possible to develop promising molecular drug(s) in the future based on ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ding
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Ito K, Yoshii H, Asano T, Seta K, Mizuguchi Y, Yamanaka M, Tokonabe S, Hayakawa M, Asano T. Adrenomedullin Increases Renal Nitric Oxide Production and Ameliorates Renal Injury in Mice With Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction. J Urol 2010; 183:1630-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ito
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Yoshii
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takako Asano
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kaori Seta
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasunori Mizuguchi
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masanori Yamanaka
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeki Tokonabe
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masamichi Hayakawa
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Asano
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Takahashi K, Hirose T, Mori N, Morimoto R, Kohzuki M, Imai Y, Totsune K. The renin-angiotensin system, adrenomedullins and urotensin II in the kidney: possible renoprotection via the kidney peptide systems. Peptides 2009; 30:1575-85. [PMID: 19477209 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of chronic kidney disease, such as diabetic nephropathy, is increasing throughout the world. Many biologically active peptides play important roles in the kidney. The classical example is the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensin II plays critical roles in the progression of chronic kidney disease through its vasoconstrictor action, stimulatory action on cell proliferation, and reactive oxygen-generating activity. A renin inhibitor, aliskiren, has recently been shown to be a clinically effective drug to reduce proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. (Pro)renin receptor, a specific receptor for renin and prorenin, was newly identified as a member of the RAS. When bound to prorenin, (pro)renin receptor activates the angiotensin I-generating activity of prorenin in the absence of cleavage of the prosegment, and directly stimulates the pathway of mitogen-activated protein kinase independently from the RAS. The kidney peptides that antagonize the intrarenal RAS may have renoprotective actions. Adrenomedullins, potent vasodilator peptides, have been shown to have renoprotective actions. On the other hand, urotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor peptide, may promote the renal dysfunction in chronic kidney disease together with the renal RAS. Thus, in addition to the renin inhibitor and (pro)renin receptor, adrenomedullins and urotensin II may be novel targets to develop therapeutic strategies against chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Xue H, Yuan P, Zhou L, Yao T, Huang Y, Lu LM. Effect of adrenotensin on cell proliferation is mediated by angiotensin II in cultured rat mesangial cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1132-7. [PMID: 19597528 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Both adrenomedullin (ADM) and adrenotensin (ADT) are derived from the same propeptide precursor, and both act as circulating hormones and local paracrine mediators with multiple biological activities. Compared with ADM, little is known about how ADT achieves its functions. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ADT on cell proliferation and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) secretion in cultured renal mesangial cells (MCs) and determined whether angiotensin II (Ang II) was involved in mediating this process. METHODS Cell proliferation was measured by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay, Ang II levels were assayed using an enzyme immunoassay, and real time PCR was used to measure Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor, Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptor, angiotensinogen (AGT), renin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and TGF-beta1 mRNA levels. TGF-beta1 and collagen type IV protein levels in cell media were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassays. RESULTS ADT treatment induced cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner; it also increased the levels of TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein as well as collagen type IV excretion by cultured MCs. ADT treatment increased renin and AGT mRNAs as well as Ang II protein, but did not affect the ACE mRNA level. ADT up-regulated angiotensin AT1 receptor mRNA, but not that of the AT2 receptor. The angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist losartan blocked the effects of ADT-induced cell proliferation, TGF-beta1 and collagen type IV synthesis and secretion. CONCLUSION ADT has a stimulating role in cell proliferation in cultured MCs. Increases in the levels of Ang II and the AT1 receptor after ADT treatment mediate the stimulating effects of ADT on cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis and secretion.
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Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels reflect damage to glomeruli, proximal tubules, and distal nephrons. Kidney Int 2008; 75:285-94. [PMID: 19148153 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (Ngal or lipocalin 2) is a very early and sensitive biomarker of kidney injury. Here we determined the origin and time course of Ngal appearance in several experimental and clinically relevant renal diseases. Urinary Ngal levels were found to be markedly increased in lipoatrophic- and streptozotocin-induced mouse models of diabetic nephropathy. In the latter mice, the angiotensin receptor blocker candesartan dramatically decreased urinary Ngal excretion. The reabsorption of Ngal by the proximal tubule was severely reduced in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, but upregulation of its mRNA and protein in the kidney was negligible, compared to those of control mice, suggesting that increased urinary Ngal was mainly due to impaired renal reabsorption. In the mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction, Ngal protein synthesis was dramatically increased in the dilated thick ascending limb of Henle and N was found in the urine present in the swollen pelvis of the ligated kidney. Five patients with nephrotic syndrome or interstitial nephritis had markedly elevated urinary Ngal levels at presentation, but these decreased in response to treatment. Our study shows that the urinary Ngal level may be useful for monitoring the status and treatment of diverse renal diseases reflecting defects in glomerular filtration barrier, proximal tubule reabsorption, and distal nephrons.
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