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Demos-Davies K, Lawrence J, Ferreira C, Seelig D. The Distant Molecular Effects on the Brain by Cancer Treatment. Brain Sci 2023; 14:22. [PMID: 38248237 PMCID: PMC10813787 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer survivors experience cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) secondary to treatment. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy independently contribute to cognitive dysfunction; however, the underlying mechanisms leading to dysfunction remain unclear. We characterized brain gene expression changes in a mouse model of CRCI to identify the mechanistic underpinnings. Eleven-to-twelve-week-old SKH1 mice were treated with doxorubicin (DOX), hindlimb radiation (RT), concurrent hindlimb radiation and doxorubicin (DOX-RT), or no treatment (control). Sixteen days following treatment, gene expression was measured from murine brains using the NanoString nCounter® glial profiling panel. Gene expression was normalized and compared between groups. No two groups shared the same expression pattern, and only Gnb1 and Srpr were upregulated in multiple treatment groups. Brains from DOX-treated mice had upregulated Atf2, Atp5b, Gnb1, Rad23b, and Srpr and downregulated Sirt5 expression compared to control brains. Brains from RT-treated mice demonstrated increased Abcg2 and Fgf2 and decreased C1qa and C1qb expression compared to control brains. Brains from DOX-RT-treated mice had upregulated Adar, E2f3, Erlec1, Gnb1, Srpr, Vim, and Pdgfra expression and downregulated Rock2 and Inpp5f expression compared to control brains. The gene expression changes demonstrated here highlight roles for neuronal transmission and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of doxorubicin-related CRCI and inflammation in RT-related CRCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Demos-Davies
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.L.); (D.S.)
| | - Jessica Lawrence
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.L.); (D.S.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455,USA
| | - Clara Ferreira
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Davis Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.L.); (D.S.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455,USA
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Chakkingal Bhaskaran B, Meyermans R, Gorssen W, Maes GE, Buyse J, Janssens S, Buys N. The forgotten variable? Does the euthanasia method and sample storage condition influence an organisms transcriptome - a gene expression analysis on multiple tissues in pigs. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:769. [PMID: 38093185 PMCID: PMC10720124 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptomic studies often require collection of fresh tissues post euthanasia. The chosen euthanasia method might have the potential to induce variations in gene expressions that are unlinked with the experimental design. The present study compared the suitability of 'nitrogen gas in foam' (ANOXIA) in comparison to a non-barbiturate anaesthetic, T-61® (T61), for euthanizing piglets used in transcriptome research. Further, the effect of common tissue storage conditions, RNAlater™ (RL) and snap freezing in liquid nitrogen (LN2), on gene expression profiles were also analysed. RESULTS On comparison of the 3'mRNA-Seq data generated from pituitary, hypothalamus, liver and lung tissues, no significant differential expression in the protein coding genes were detected between the euthanasia methods. This implies that the nitrogen anoxia method could be a suitable alternative for euthanasia of piglets used in transcriptomic research. However, small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) that constitute the eukaryotic spliceosomal machinery were found to be significantly higher (log2fold change ≥ 2.0, and adjusted p value ≤ 0.1) in pituitary samples collected using ANOXIA. Non-protein coding genes like snRNAs that play an important role in pre-mRNA splicing can subsequently modify gene expression. Storage in RL was found to be superior in preserving RNA compared to LN2 storage, as evidenced by the significantly higher RIN values in representative samples. However, storage in RL as opposed to LN2, also influenced differential gene expression in multiple tissues, perhaps as a result of its inability to inhibit biological activity during storage. Hence such external sources of variations should be carefully considered before arriving at research conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Source of biological variations like euthanasia method and storage condition can confound research findings. Even if we are unable to prevent the effect of these external factors, it will be useful to identify the impact of these variables on the parameter under observation and thereby prevent misinterpretation of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chakkingal Bhaskaran
- Department of Biosystems, Centre for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - R Meyermans
- Department of Biosystems, Centre for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - W Gorssen
- Department of Biosystems, Centre for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - G E Maes
- Centre for Human Genetics, Genomics Core, UZ-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Buyse
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - S Janssens
- Department of Biosystems, Centre for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - N Buys
- Department of Biosystems, Centre for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
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Bindila L, Eid T, Mills JD, Hildebrand MS, Brennan GP, Masino SA, Whittemore V, Perucca P, Reid CA, Patel M, Wang KK, van Vliet EA. A companion to the preclinical common data elements for proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics data in rodent epilepsy models. A report of the TASK3-WG4 omics working group of the ILAE/AES joint translational TASK force. Epilepsia Open 2022. [PMID: 36259125 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The International League Against Epilepsy/American Epilepsy Society (ILAE/AES) Joint Translational Task Force established the TASK3 working groups to create common data elements (CDEs) for various preclinical epilepsy research disciplines. This is the second in a two-part series of omics papers, with the other including genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics. The aim of the CDEs was to improve the standardization of experimental designs across a range of epilepsy research-related methods. We have generated CDE tables with key parameters and case report forms (CRFs) containing the essential contents of the study protocols for proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics of samples from rodent models and people with epilepsy. We discuss the important elements that need to be considered for the proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics methodologies, providing a rationale for the parameters that should be documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bindila
- Clinical Lipidomics Unit, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - James D Mills
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael S Hildebrand
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary P Brennan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan A Masino
- Neuroscience Program and Psychology Department, Life Sciences Center, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vicky Whittemore
- Division of Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Piero Perucca
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Bladin-Berkovic Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher A Reid
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kevin K Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarker Research (NNBR), Department of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Clarkson JM, Martin JE, McKeegan DEF. A review of methods used to kill laboratory rodents: issues and opportunities. Lab Anim 2022; 56:419-436. [PMID: 35611553 DOI: 10.1177/00236772221097472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Rodents are the most widely used species for scientific purposes. A critical pre-requisite of their use, based on utilitarian ethical reasoning, is the provision of a humane death when necessary for scientific or welfare grounds. Focussing on the welfare challenges presented by current methods, we critically evaluate the literature, consider emerging methodologies that may have potential for refinement and highlight knowledge gaps for future research. The evidence supports the conclusion that scientists and laboratory personnel should seek to avoid killing laboratory rodents by exposing them to carbon dioxide (CO2), unless exploiting its high-throughput advantage. We suggest that stakeholders and policymakers should advocate for the removal of CO2 from existing guidelines, instead making its use conditionally acceptable with justification for additional rationale for its application. With regards to physical methods such as cervical dislocation, decapitation and concussion, major welfare concerns are based on potential inaccuracy in application and their susceptibility to high failure rates. There is a need for independent quality-controlled training programmes to facilitate optimal success rates and the development of specialist tools to improve outcomes and reliability. Furthermore, we highlight questions surrounding the inconsistent inclusion criteria and acceptability of physical methods in international regulation and/or guidance, demonstrating a lack of cohesion across countries and lack of a comprehensive 'gold standard' methodology. We encourage better review of new data and championing of open access scientific resources to advocate for best practice and enable significant changes to policy and legislation to improve the welfare of laboratory rodents at killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M Clarkson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Jessica E Martin
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dorothy E F McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
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Shomer NH, Allen-Worthington KH, Hickman DL, Jonnalagadda M, Newsome JT, Slate AR, Valentine H, Williams AM, Wilkinson M. Review of Rodent Euthanasia Methods. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:242-253. [PMID: 32138808 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The optimal choice of euthanasia method for laboratory rodents depends on a number of factors, including the scientific goals of the study, the need to minimize animal pain and/or distress, applicable guidelines and laws, the training and proficiency of personnel, and the safety and emotional needs of the personnel performing the euthanasia. This manuscript aims to provide guidance to researchers so they may select the method of euthanasia that results in minimal experimental confounds, such as the creation of artifact and alteration of tissues and analytes. Specific situations addressed include euthanasia of large numbers of rodents and euthanasia of neonates. Recent literature supports the notion of significant strain-dependent differences in response to euthanasia methods such as CO₂ inhalation. To assist researchers in selecting a strain-appropriate method of euthanasia, the authors present a summary of methodologies for assessing the effectiveness of euthanasia techniques, including elements and parameters for a scoring rubric to assess them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirah H Shomer
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri;,
| | | | - Debra L Hickman
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mahesh Jonnalagadda
- Laboratory Animal Medical Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Joseph T Newsome
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea R Slate
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Helen Valentine
- Division of Animal Resources, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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