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Chandrasekaran P, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Structure, Functions, and Implications of Selected Lipocalins in Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4290. [PMID: 38673873 PMCID: PMC11050150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The lipocalin proteins are a large family of small extracellular proteins that demonstrate significant heterogeneity in sequence similarity and have highly conserved crystal structures. They have a variety of functions, including acting as carrier proteins, transporting retinol, participating in olfaction, and synthesizing prostaglandins. Importantly, they also play a critical role in human diseases, including cancer. Additionally, they are involved in regulating cellular homeostasis and immune response and dispensing various compounds. This comprehensive review provides information on the lipocalin family, including their structure, functions, and implications in various diseases. It focuses on selective important human lipocalin proteins, such as lipocalin 2 (LCN2), retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS), and α1-microglobulin (A1M).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
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2
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Montenegro D, Zhao J, Kim HJ, Shmarakov IO, Blaner WS, Sparrow JR. Products of the visual cycle are detected in mice lacking retinol binding protein 4, the only known vitamin A carrier in plasma. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102722. [PMID: 36410431 PMCID: PMC9768380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of vitamin A to the retinal pigment epithelium is vital to the production of the light-sensitive visual chromophore 11-cis-retinal. Nevertheless, retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is the only known carrier of vitamin A in plasma. Here, we present new findings that further characterize the visual cycle in the presence of Rbp4 deficiency. In the face of impaired delivery of retinol in Rbp4-/- mice, we determined that 11-cis-retinaldehyde reached levels that were ∼60% of WT at 4 months of age and all-trans-retinyl ester was 18% of normal yet photoreceptor cell loss was apparent by 8 months of age. The lack of Rbp4 appeared to have a greater impact on scotopic rod-mediated responses than on cone function at early ages. Also, despite severely impaired delivery of retinol, bisretinoid lipofuscin that forms as a byproduct of the visual cycle was measurable by HPLC and by quantitative fundus autofluorescence. In mice carrying an Rpe65 amino acid variant that slows visual cycle kinetics, Rbp4 deficiency had a less pronounced effect on 11-cis-retinal levels. Finally, we found that ocular retinoids were not altered in mice expressing elevated adipose-derived total Rbp4 protein (hRBP4+/+AdiCre+/-). In conclusion, our findings are consistent with a model in which vitamin A can be delivered to the retina by Rbp4-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Montenegro
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jin Zhao
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Igor O Shmarakov
- Departments of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - William S Blaner
- Departments of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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3
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Li Z, Kanazashi H, Tokashiki Y, Fujikawa R, Okagaki A, Katoh S, Kojima K, Haruna K, Matsushita N, Ishikawa TO, Chen H, Yamamura K. TTR exon-humanized mouse optimal for verifying new therapies for FAP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 599:69-74. [PMID: 35176627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) is caused by a mutation in the transthyretin (TTR) gene. In addition, deposition of wild-type TTR can cause senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA). To date, we have produced several transgenic mouse models for FAP and SSA by introducing TTR genes with different promoters or mutations. However, mouse TTR can associate with human TTR to produce hybrid tetramers in transgenic mice. Thus, these transgenic mice cannot be used to test the efficacy of a new therapy. In this study, we attempted to construct an optimized mouse model to verify a new therapy. The TTR gene consists of 4 exons and 3 introns. We prepared two gRNAs, one for the exon 1 and the other for exon 4, and a single donor vector carrying the whole TTR gene in which mouse exons were replaced with human exons. Using these vectors, we produced a TTR exon-humanized mouse with human exons and mouse introns using genome editing technology. These TTR exon-humanized mice showed normal TTR expression patterns in terms of serum TTR level and spatial specificity. These TTR exon-humanized mice will be useful for devising new treatment methods for FAP, including gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan; TransGenic, Inc., Fukuoka, 810-0001, Japan
| | | | | | - Rie Fujikawa
- Biosafety Research Center, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Sho Katoh
- Biosafety Research Center, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenta Kojima
- Biosafety Research Center, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kyoko Haruna
- Biosafety Research Center, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | | | | | - Hong Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Kenichi Yamamura
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan; TransGenic, Inc., Fukuoka, 810-0001, Japan.
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O’Connor C, Varshosaz P, Moise AR. Mechanisms of Feedback Regulation of Vitamin A Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061312. [PMID: 35334970 PMCID: PMC8950952 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient required throughout life. Through its various metabolites, vitamin A sustains fetal development, immunity, vision, and the maintenance, regulation, and repair of adult tissues. Abnormal tissue levels of the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, can result in detrimental effects which can include congenital defects, immune deficiencies, proliferative defects, and toxicity. For this reason, intricate feedback mechanisms have evolved to allow tissues to generate appropriate levels of active retinoid metabolites despite variations in the level and format, or in the absorption and conversion efficiency of dietary vitamin A precursors. Here, we review basic mechanisms that govern vitamin A signaling and metabolism, and we focus on retinoic acid-controlled feedback mechanisms that contribute to vitamin A homeostasis. Several approaches to investigate mechanistic details of the vitamin A homeostatic regulation using genomic, gene editing, and chromatin capture technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O’Connor
- MD Program, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 317-MSE Bldg., 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | - Parisa Varshosaz
- Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | - Alexander R. Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 317-MSE Bldg., 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-705-662-7253
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Steinhoff JS, Lass A, Schupp M. Retinoid Homeostasis and Beyond: How Retinol Binding Protein 4 Contributes to Health and Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:1236. [PMID: 35334893 PMCID: PMC8951293 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is the specific transport protein of the lipophilic vitamin A, retinol, in blood. Circulating RBP4 originates from the liver. It is secreted by hepatocytes after it has been loaded with retinol and binding to transthyretin (TTR). TTR association prevents renal filtration due to the formation of a higher molecular weight complex. In the circulation, RBP4 binds to specific membrane receptors, thereby delivering retinol to target cells, rendering liver-secreted RBP4 the major mechanism to distribute hepatic vitamin A stores to extrahepatic tissues. In particular, binding of RBP4 to 'stimulated by retinoic acid 6' (STRA6) is required to balance tissue retinoid responses in a highly homeostatic manner. Consequently, defects/mutations in RBP4 can cause a variety of conditions and diseases due to dysregulated retinoid homeostasis and cover embryonic development, vision, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases. Aside from the effects related to retinol transport, non-canonical functions of RBP4 have also been reported. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the regulation and function of RBP4 in health and disease derived from murine models and human mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S. Steinhoff
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal (CMR)-Research Center, 10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria;
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Schupp
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal (CMR)-Research Center, 10115 Berlin, Germany;
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Steinhoff JS, Lass A, Schupp M. Biological Functions of RBP4 and Its Relevance for Human Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:659977. [PMID: 33790810 PMCID: PMC8006376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.659977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a member of the lipocalin family and the major transport protein of the hydrophobic molecule retinol, also known as vitamin A, in the circulation. Expression of RBP4 is highest in the liver, where most of the body’s vitamin A reserves are stored as retinyl esters. For the mobilization of vitamin A from the liver, retinyl esters are hydrolyzed to retinol, which then binds to RBP4 in the hepatocyte. After associating with transthyretin (TTR), the retinol/RBP4/TTR complex is released into the bloodstream and delivers retinol to tissues via binding to specific membrane receptors. So far, two distinct RBP4 receptors have been identified that mediate the uptake of retinol across the cell membrane and, under specific conditions, bi-directional retinol transport. Although most of RBP4’s actions depend on its role in retinoid homeostasis, functions independent of retinol transport have been described. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent findings on the structure, regulation, and functions of RBP4 and lay out the biological relevance of this lipocalin for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Steinhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Schupp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Rosa-Fernandes L, Barbosa RH, dos Santos MLB, Angeli CB, Silva TP, Melo RCN, de Oliveira GS, Lemos B, Van Eyk JE, Larsen MR, Cardoso CA, Palmisano G. Cellular Imprinting Proteomics Assay: A Novel Method for Detection of Neural and Ocular Disorders Applied to Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4496-4515. [PMID: 32686424 PMCID: PMC7640952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Zika syndrome was first described due to increased incidence of congenital abnormalities associated with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. Since the eye develops as part of the embryo central nervous system (CNS) structure, it becomes a specialized compartment able to display symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases and has been proposed as a noninvasive approach to the early diagnosis of neurological diseases. Ocular lesions result from defects that occurred during embryogenesis and can become apparent in newborns exposed to ZIKV. Furthermore, the absence of microcephaly cannot exclude the occurrence of ocular lesions and other CNS manifestations. Considering the need for surveillance of newborns and infants with possible congenital exposure, we developed a method termed cellular imprinting proteomic assay (CImPA) to evaluate the ocular surface proteome specific to infants exposed to ZIKV during gestation compared to nonexposure. CImPA combines surface cells and fluid capture using membrane disks and a large-scale quantitative proteomics approach, which allowed the first-time report of molecular alterations such as neutrophil degranulation, cell death signaling, ocular and neurological pathways, which are associated with ZIKV infection with and without the development of congenital Zika syndrome, CZS. Particularly, infants exposed to ZIKV during gestation and without early clinical symptoms could be detected using the CImPA method. Lastly, this methodology has broad applicability as it could be translated in the study of several neurological diseases to identify novel diagnostic biomarkers. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD014038.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- GlycoProteomics
Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Raquel Hora Barbosa
- GlycoProteomics
Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Molecular
and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental
Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Maternal
and Child Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Genetics
Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza B. dos Santos
- Maternal
and Child Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia B. Angeli
- GlycoProteomics
Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago P. Silva
- Laboratory
of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rossana C. N. Melo
- Laboratory
of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Santos de Oliveira
- GlycoProteomics
Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Lemos
- Molecular
and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental
Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Advanced
Clinical BioSystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Precision Biomarker
Laboratories, Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Martin R. Larsen
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Claudete Araújo Cardoso
- Maternal
and Child Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics
Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Li X, Lyu Y, Shen J, Mu Y, Qiang L, Liu L, Araki K, Imbimbo BP, Yamamura KI, Jin S, Li Z. Amyloid deposition in a mouse model humanized at the transthyretin and retinol-binding protein 4 loci. J Transl Med 2018; 98:512-524. [PMID: 29330472 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-017-0019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a point mutation in the transthyretin (TTR) gene. The process of TTR amyloidogenesis begins with rate-limiting dissociation of the TTR tetramer. Thus, the TTR stabilizers, such as Tafamidis and Diflunisal, are now in clinical trials. Mouse models will be useful to testing the efficacy of these drugs. Although several mouse models have been generated, they all express mouse Rbp4. Thus, human TTR associates with mouse RBP4, resulting in different kinetic and thermodynamic stability profiles of TTR tetramers. To overcome this problem, we previously produced humanized mouse strains at both the TTR and Rbp4 loci (Ttr hTTRVal30 , Ttr hTTRMet30 , and Rbp4 hRBP4 ). By mating these mice, we produced double-humanized mouse strains, Ttr hTTRVal30/hTTRVal30 :Rbp4 hRBP4/hRBP4 and Ttr hTTRVal30/Met30 :Rbp4 hRBP4/hRBP4 . We used conventional transgenic mouse strains on a wild-type (Ttr +/+ :Tg[6.0hTTRMet30]) or knockout Ttr background (Ttr-/-:Tg[6.0hTTRMet30]) as reference strains. The double-humanized mouse showed 1/25 of serum hTTR and 1/40 of serum hRBP4 levels. However, amyloid deposition was more pronounced in Ttr hTTRVal30/Met30 :Rbp4 hRBP4/hRBP4 than in conventional transgenic mouse strains. In addition, a similar amount of amyloid deposition was also observed in Ttr hTTRVal30/ hTTRVal30 :Rbp4 hRBP4/ hRBP4 mice that carried the wild-type human TTR gene. Furthermore, amyloid deposition was first observed in the sciatic nerve without any additional genetic change. In all strains, anti-TTR antibody-positive deposits were found in earlier age and at higher percentage than amyloid fibril deposition. In double-humanized mice, gel filtration analysis of serum revealed that most hTTR was free of hRBP4, suggesting importance of free TTR for amyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshun Li
- Division of Respiratory Disease, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanyi Lyu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingling Shen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanshuang Mu
- Yamamura Project Laboratory, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Lixia Qiang
- Division of Respiratory Disease, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kimi Araki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Ken-Ichi Yamamura
- Yamamura Project Laboratory, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shoude Jin
- Division of Respiratory Disease, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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