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Xie M, Park D, Sica GL, Deng X. Bcl2-induced DNA replication stress promotes lung carcinogenesis in response to space radiation. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1565-1575. [PMID: 32157295 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Space radiation is characterized by high-linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiation. The relationships between the early biological effects of space radiation and the probability of cancer in humans are poorly understood. Bcl2 not only functions as a potent antiapoptotic molecule but also as an oncogenic protein that induces DNA replication stress. To test the role and mechanism of Bcl2 in high-LET space radiation-induced lung carcinogenesis, we created lung-targeting Bcl2 transgenic C57BL/6 mice using the CC10 promoter to drive Bcl2 expression selectively in lung tissues. Intriguingly, lung-targeting transgenic Bcl2 inhibits ribonucleotide reductase activity, reduces dNTP pool size and retards DNA replication fork progression in mouse bronchial epithelial cells. After exposure of mice to space radiation derived from 56iron, 28silicon or protons, the incidence of lung cancer was significantly higher in lung-targeting Bcl2 transgenic mice than in wild-type mice, indicating that Bcl2-induced DNA replication stress promotes lung carcinogenesis in response to space radiation. The findings provide some evidence for the relative effectiveness of space radiation and Bcl-2 at inducing lung cancer in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dongkyoo Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabriel L Sica
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xingming Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Naizhen X, Kido T, Yokoyama S, Linnoila RI, Kimura S. Spatiotemporal Expression of Three Secretoglobin Proteins, SCGB1A1, SCGB3A1, and SCGB3A2, in Mouse Airway Epithelia. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:453-463. [PMID: 30768367 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419829050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretoglobins (SCGBs) are cytokine-like small molecular weight secreted proteins with largely unknown biological functions. Three SCGB proteins, SCGB1A1, SCGB3A1, and SCGB3A2, are predominantly expressed in lung airways. To gain insight into the possible functional relationships among the SCGBs, their protein and mRNA expression patterns were examined in lungs during gestation and in adult mice, using Scgb3a1-null and Scgb3a2-null mice as negative controls, by immunohistochemistry and by qRT-PCR analysis, respectively. The three SCGBs exhibited unique spatiotemporal expression patterns during embryogenesis. The lack of Scgb3a1 or Scgb3a2 did not affect expression of the other Scgb genes as determined by mRNA measurements. Moreover, the lack of Scgb3a1 or Scgb3a2 did not affect development of the pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies during embryogenesis, while the lack of Scgb3a2 may have resulted in slightly fewer ciliated cells than in the wild-type. These results suggest that SCGB1A1, SCGB3A1, and SCGB3A2 each may possess its own unique biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Naizhen
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Taketomo Kido
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R Ilona Linnoila
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Chen C, Breslin MB, Lan MS. Ectopic expression of a small cell lung cancer transcription factor, INSM1 impairs alveologenesis in lung development. BMC Pulm Med 2016; 16:49. [PMID: 27072116 PMCID: PMC4830008 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insulinoma associated-1 (INSM1) gene is expressed exclusively in early embryonic neuroendocrine tissues, but has been found highly re-activated in most of the neuroendocrine tumors including small cell lung carcinoma. Methods In order to elucidate the functional effects of INSM1 in normal lung development, we used a conditional lung-specific INSM1 transgenic mouse model. Transgenic (Tet-on system) CMV-INSM1 responder mice were bred with the lung-specific, club cell secretory protein (CCSP) promoter-rtTA activator mice to produce bi-transgenic progeny carrying both alleles, CCSP-rtTA and Tet-on-INSM1. Mice were fed with doxycycline containing food at the initial mating day to the postnatal day 21. Lung samples were collected at embryonic day 17.5, newborn, and postnatal day 21 for analyses. Results Northern blot, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that doxycycline induced respiratory epithelium-specific INSM1 expression in bi-transgenic mice. Samples from postnatal day 21 mice revealed a larger lung size in the bi-transgenic mouse as compared to the single-transgenic or wild-type littermates. The histopathology results showed that the alveolar space in the bi-transgenic mice were 4 times larger than those in the single transgenic or wild-type littermates. In contrast, the size was not significantly different in the lungs collected at E17.5 or newborn among the bi-transgenic, single transgenic, or wild type mice. The respiratory epithelium with INSM1 ectopic expression suppressed cyclin D1 signal. Further in vitro studies revealed that the ectopic expression of INSM1 suppresses cyclin D1 expression and delays cell cycle progression. Conclusion The current study suggests that CCSP promoter-driven INSM1 ectopic expression impairs normal lung development especially in postnatal alveologenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiachen Chen
- Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, Research and Education Building, Room. 2211, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Mary B Breslin
- Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, Research and Education Building, Room. 2211, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Michael S Lan
- Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, Research and Education Building, Room. 2211, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA. .,Departments of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Departments of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Clauss M, Voswinckel R, Rajashekhar G, Sigua NL, Fehrenbach H, Rush NI, Schweitzer KS, Yildirim AÖ, Kamocki K, Fisher AJ, Gu Y, Safadi B, Nikam S, Hubbard WC, Tuder RM, Twigg HL, Presson RG, Sethi S, Petrache I. Lung endothelial monocyte-activating protein 2 is a mediator of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2470-9. [PMID: 21576822 DOI: 10.1172/jci43881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is a disease characterized by alveolar cellular loss and inflammation. Recently, excessive apoptosis of structural alveolar cells has emerged as a major mechanism in the development of emphysema. Here, we investigated the proapoptotic and monocyte chemoattractant cytokine endothelial monocyte-activating protein 2 (EMAPII). Lung-specific overexpression of EMAPII in mice caused simplification of alveolar structures, apoptosis, and macrophage accumulation, compared with that in control transgenic mice. Additionally, in a mouse model of cigarette smoke-induced (CS-induced) emphysema, EMAPII levels were significantly increased in murine lungs. This upregulation was necessary for emphysema development, as neutralizing antibodies to EMAPII resulted in reduced alveolar cell apoptosis, inflammation, and emphysema-associated structural changes in alveoli and small airways and improved lung function. The mechanism of EMAPII upregulation involved an apoptosis-dependent feed-forward loop, since caspase-3 instillation in the lung markedly increased EMAPII expression, while caspase inhibition decreased its production, even in transgenic EMAPII mice. These findings may have clinical significance, as both current smokers and ex-smoker chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients had increased levels of secreted EMAPII in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with that of nonsmokers. In conclusion, we suggest that EMAPII perpetuates the mechanism of CS-induced lung emphysema in mice and, given its secretory nature, is a suitable target for neutralization antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Clauss
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Jensen-Taubman S, Wang XY, Linnoila RI. Achaete-scute homologue-1 tapers neuroendocrine cell differentiation in lungs after exposure to naphthalene. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:238-48. [PMID: 20554700 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor achaete-scute homologue-1 (ASH1) plays a critical role in regulating the neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype in normal and neoplastic lung. Transgenic (TG) mice that constitutively express human ASH1 (hASH1) under control of the Clara cell 10-kDa protein (CC10) promoter in non-NE airway lining cells display progressive epithelial hyperplasia and bronchiolar metaplasia or bronchiolization of the alveoli (BOA). However, little is known about the involvement of hASH1 in regeneration of the conducting airway. In this study, we investigated the impact of hASH1 on airway cell injury and repair in the TG mice following an intraperitoneal injection of naphthalene, which specifically ablates bronchiolar Clara cells and induces pulmonary NE cell hyperplasia. We discovered an overall attenuation of NE maturation coupled with increased proliferation in TG mice during post-naphthalene repair. In addition, BOA lesions revealed enhanced epithelial cell proliferation while preserving Clara cell markers CC10 and the principal naphthalene-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P4502F2. These data suggest that ASH1 may play an important role in maintaining a progenitor phenotype that promotes renewal of both NE and epithelial cells. Moreover, ASH1 may propagate a stem cell microenvironment in BOA where epithelium becomes resistant to naphthalene toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jensen-Taubman
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Rajashekhar G, Mitnacht-Kraus R, Ispe U, Garrison J, Hou Y, Taylor B, Petrache I, Vestweber D, Clauss M. A monoclonal rat anti-mouse EMAP II antibody that functionally neutralizes pro- and mature-EMAP II in vitro. J Immunol Methods 2009; 350:22-8. [PMID: 19683532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
EMAP II is an endothelial cell and monocyte activating proinflammatory cytokine, which has been demonstrated to induce endothelial cell apoptosis. In order to analyze its role in disease models linked to inflammation and endothelial cell death, we aimed to develop a neutralizing antibody against mouse EMAP II. Therefore, we generated rat monoclonal anti-mouse EMAP II antibodies by immunization with recombinant full length, mouse pro-EMAP II protein. We could identify by ELISA, hybridoma clones from fusion with mouse myeloma SP2/0 cells which produced antibodies recognizing both full length and mature EMAP II. We further characterized one antibody, M7/1 and demonstrated its ability to detect both EMAP II forms in Western blotting and to neutralize EMAP II directed migration of human peripheral blood monocytes as well as EMAP II induced apoptosis of tumor and endothelial cells. We conclude that this antibody can be useful to both target and analyze murine disease models, in which EMAP II may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangaraju Rajashekhar
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, IU School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Morimoto Y, Ogami A, Nagatomo H, Hirohashi M, Oyabu T, Kuroda K, Kawanami Y, Murakami M, Myojo T, Higashi T, Tanaka I. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) as Hazard Marker for Lung Injury Induced by Dusts. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 19:283-9. [PMID: 17365031 DOI: 10.1080/08958370601069364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which has a function as a growth factor of epithelial cells, is thought to play a role in pulmonary epithelium repair. In order to establish whether or not CGRP is associated with repair in lung damaged by dust, we examined gene expression of CGRP in the lungs of animal models exposed to different dusts. Male Wistar rats were administered 2 mg of crystalline silica, crocidolite, potassium octatitanate whisker (PT-1), and silicon carbide whisker (SiCW) suspended in saline by a single intratracheal instillation and were sacrificed at 3 d, 1 wk, 1 mo, 3 mo, and 6 mo of recovery time. Pathological findings of advanced pulmonary fibrosis were present in the rats exposed to crystalline silica and crocidolite through the experiment, whereas findings of mild or reversible pulmonary fibrosis were present in those exposed to SiCW and PT-1. The expression of CGRP in rat lung was observed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme immunometric assay (EIA). In RT-PCR, CGRP gene expression was decreased at the interval of 3 d and 1 wk in the case of crystalline silica and crocidolite; on the other hand, it was increased at 3 d and 1 wk in SiCW and at 3 d, 1 wk, and 3 mo in PT-1-exposed rats. CGRP protein level in lungs exposed to PT-1 and SiCW was also higher than that to silica and crocidolite at 3 d of recovery time. These data suggest that CGRP is associated with repair in lung damaged by different dusts, and that CGRP could be used as a sensitive biomarker to indicate the pathogenicity of dusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Morimoto
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi, Kitayushu, Japan.
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Neptune ER, Podowski M, Calvi C, Cho JH, Garcia JGN, Tuder R, Linnoila RI, Tsai MJ, Dietz HC. Targeted disruption of NeuroD, a proneural basic helix-loop-helix factor, impairs distal lung formation and neuroendocrine morphology in the neonatal lung. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21160-9. [PMID: 18339630 PMCID: PMC2475704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708692200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of airspace integrity in vertebrate gas exchange,
the molecular pathways that instruct distal lung formation are poorly
understood. Recently, we found that fibrillin-1 deficiency in mice impairs
alveolar formation and recapitulates the pulmonary features of human Marfan
syndrome. To further elucidate effectors involved in distal lung formation, we
performed expression profiling analysis comparing the fibrillin-1-deficient
and wild-type developing lung. NeuroD, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription
factor, fulfilled the expression criteria for a candidate mediator of distal
lung development. We investigated its role in murine lung development using
genetically targeted NeuroD-deficient mice. We found that NeuroD deficiency
results in both impaired alveolar septation and altered morphology of the
pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. NeuroD-deficient mice had enlarged alveoli
associated with reduced epithelial proliferation in the airway and airspace
compartments during development. Additionally, the neuroendocrine compartment
in these mice manifested an increased number of neuroepithelial bodies but a
reduced number of solitary pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in the neonatal
lung. Overexpression of NeuroD in a murine lung epithelial cell line conferred
a neuroendocrine phenotype characterized by the induction of neuroendocrine
markers as well as increased proliferation. These results support an
unanticipated role for NeuroD in the regulation of pulmonary neuroendocrine
and alveolar morphogenesis and suggest an intimate connection between the
neuroendocrine compartment and distal lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enid R Neptune
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Elie N, Plancoulaine B, Signolle JP, Herlin P. A simple way of quantifying immunostained cell nuclei on the whole histologic section. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 56:37-45. [PMID: 14566937 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.10075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of nuclei, immunostained for proliferation or differentiation markers, is widely recommended for prognostication and treatment of numerous solid tumors. However, many problems concerning reproducibility of the results obtained still remain, partially due to the lack of standardization of the method used and to the difficulty of taking into account tumor tissue heterogeneity. Technical solutions exist but they are expensive and time consuming, and their complexity limits their diffusion in routine pathology departments. METHODS In the present study, we use a simple, fast and inexpensive system of acquisition, a 4,000 dots-per-inch slide scanner, to get a single true color numerical image of the whole histologic section. The analysis is done thanks to fully automatic image processing, allowing computation of the stain proportion on the whole histologic section, as well as in "hot spots." RESULTS After having precisely fixed settings of the slide scanner, one can easily detect counterstained and immunostained structures, by image analysis. This simple and stable processing can be done under 6 min. CONCLUSIONS The association of immunohistochemistry, stable acquisition device and computer-assisted image analysis provides an objective, reproducible, and easy to standardize quantification of the nuclear markers, in relation to the total tumor tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Elie
- Groupe Régional d'Etudes sur le Cancer, Equipe d'Accueil Universitaire 1772, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer François Baclesse, route de Lion sur Mer, F-14076 Caen cedex 5, France.
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Leng L, Metz CN, Fang Y, Xu J, Donnelly S, Baugh J, Delohery T, Chen Y, Mitchell RA, Bucala R. MIF signal transduction initiated by binding to CD74. J Exp Med 2003; 197:1467-76. [PMID: 12782713 PMCID: PMC2193907 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 842] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) accounts for one of the first cytokine activities to have been described, and it has emerged recently to be an important regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. MIF is an upstream activator of monocytes/macrophages, and it is centrally involved in the pathogenesis of septic shock, arthritis, and other inflammatory conditions. The protein is encoded by a unique but highly conserved gene, and X-ray crystallography studies have shown MIF to define a new protein fold and structural superfamily. Although recent work has begun to illuminate the signal transduction pathways activated by MIF, the nature of its membrane receptor has not been known. Using expression cloning and functional analysis, we report herein that CD74, a Type II transmembrane protein, is a high-affinity binding protein for MIF. MIF binds to the extracellular domain of CD74, and CD74 is required for MIF-induced activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 MAP kinase cascade, cell proliferation, and PGE2 production. A recombinant, soluble form of CD74 binds MIF with a dissociation constant of approximately 9 x 10-9 Kd, as defined by surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore analysis), and soluble CD74 inhibits MIF-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in defined cell systems. These data provide a molecular basis for MIF's interaction with target cells and identify it as a natural ligand for CD74, which has been implicated previously in signaling and accessory functions for immune cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., P.O. Box 208031, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA
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