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Natale G, Fini E, Calabrò PF, Carli M, Scarselli M, Bocci G. Valproate and lithium: Old drugs for new pharmacological approaches in brain tumors? Cancer Lett 2023; 560:216125. [PMID: 36914086 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Beyond its use as an antiepileptic drug, over time valproate has been increasingly used for several other therapeutic applications. Among these, the antineoplastic effects of valproate have been assessed in several in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies, suggesting that this agent significantly inhibits cancer cell proliferation by modulating multiple signaling pathways. During the last years various clinical trials have tried to find out if valproate co-administration could enhance the antineoplastic activity of chemotherapy in glioblastoma patients and in patients suffering from brain metastases, demonstrating that the inclusion of valproate in the therapeutic schedule causes an improved median overall survival in some studies, but not in others. Thus, the effects of the use of concomitant valproate in brain cancer patients are still controversial. Similarly, lithium has been tested as an anticancer drug in several preclinical studies mainly using the unregistered formulation of lithium chloride salts. Although, there are no data showing that the anticancer effects of lithium chloride are superimposable to the registered lithium carbonate, this formulation has shown preclinical activity in glioblastoma and hepatocellular cancers. However, few but interesting clinical trials have been performed with lithium carbonate on a very small number of cancer patients. Based on published data, valproate could represent a potential complementary therapeutic approach to enhance the anticancer activity of brain cancer standard chemotherapy. Same advantageous characteristics are less convincing for lithium carbonate. Therefore, the planning of specific phase III studies is necessary to validate the repositioning of these drugs in present and future oncological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Natale
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy; Museum of Human Anatomy "Filippo Civinini", University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Bocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Yang C, Zhu B, Zhan M, Hua ZC. Lithium in Cancer Therapy: Friend or Foe? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041095. [PMID: 36831437 PMCID: PMC9954674 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium, a trace element important for fetal health and development, is considered a metal drug with a well-established clinical regime, economical production process, and a mature storage system. Several studies have shown that lithium affects tumor development by regulating inositol monophosphate (IMPase) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Lithium can also promote proliferation and programmed cell death (PCD) in tumor cells through a number of new targets, such as the nuclear receptor NR4A1 and Hedgehog-Gli. Lithium may increase cancer treatment efficacy while reducing side effects, suggesting that it can be used as an adjunctive therapy. In this review, we summarize the effects of lithium on tumor progression and discuss the underlying mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss lithium's limitations in antitumor clinical applications, including its narrow therapeutic window and potential pro-cancer effects on the tumor immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Yang
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (Z.-C.H.)
| | - Mingjie Zhan
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (Z.-C.H.)
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3
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Taskaeva I, Gogaeva I, Shatruk A, Bgatova N. Lithium Enhances Autophagy and Cell Death in Skin Melanoma: An Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-9. [PMID: 35592888 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithium is an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, which is traditionally used in the treatment of bipolar disorders and has antitumor effects. The aim of the current study was to determine if lithium salt causes autophagy and apoptosis in skin melanoma cells to enhance cell death. Light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to study the mechanism of action of lithium carbonate in B16 melanoma cells in vivo. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunofluorescence assay revealed that the proliferation of B16 melanoma cells was suppressed by lithium treatment for 7 days. Electron microscopy demonstrated a significant increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles in lithium-treated cells relative to control. In addition, levels of autophagy markers LC3 beta and LAMP1 found in lithium-treated tumor xenografts were higher than levels of these markers in the control tumors. Lithium induced caspase-3 expression and apoptotic cell death in tumor cells. Thus, lithium carbonate is the compound that inhibits cell proliferation and stimulates cell death in melanoma cells through induction of autophagy and apoptosis. Stimulation of autophagy by lithium could contribute to the development of autophagic cell death in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Taskaeva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Timakova str. 2, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Izabella Gogaeva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Timakova str. 2, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia Shatruk
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Timakova str. 2, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya Bgatova
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Timakova str. 2, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
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4
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Martelli AM, Evangelisti C, Paganelli F, Chiarini F, McCubrey JA. GSK-3: a multifaceted player in acute leukemias. Leukemia 2021; 35:1829-1842. [PMID: 33811246 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) consists of two isoforms (α and β) that were originally linked to glucose metabolism regulation. However, GSK-3 is also involved in several signaling pathways controlling many different key functions in healthy cells. GSK-3 is a unique kinase in that its isoforms are constitutively active, while they are inactivated mainly through phosphorylation at Ser residues by a variety of upstream kinases. In the early 1990s, GSK-3 emerged as a key player in cancer cell pathophysiology. Since active GSK-3 promotes destruction of multiple oncogenic proteins (e.g., β-catenin, c-Myc, Mcl-1) it was considered to be a tumor suppressor. Accordingly, GSK-3 is frequently inactivated in human cancer via aberrant regulation of upstream signaling pathways. More recently, however, it has emerged that GSK-3 isoforms display also oncogenic properties, as they up-regulate pathways critical for neoplastic cell proliferation, survival, and drug-resistance. The regulatory roles of GSK-3 isoforms in cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair, tumor metabolism, invasion, and metastasis reflect the therapeutic relevance of these kinases and provide the rationale for combining GSK-3 inhibitors with other targeted drugs. Here, we discuss the multiple and often conflicting roles of GSK-3 isoforms in acute leukemias. We also review the current status of GSK-3 inhibitor development for innovative leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Paganelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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5
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Kulkarni U, Mathews V. Evolving Chemotherapy Free Regimens for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:621566. [PMID: 33718181 PMCID: PMC7947681 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.621566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the treatment advances over the last three decades, acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has evolved from being the most malignant form of acute leukemia to a leukemia with excellent long term survival rates. In the present review, we have summarized data leading to the development of the currently used treatment regimens for APL, which incorporate either none or minimal chemotherapeutic drugs. We have discussed the historical aspects of APL treatment along with the challenges associated with chemotherapy-based approaches and our experience with the use of single agent arsenic trioxide (ATO) which was one of the first successful, non-chemotherapy approaches used for APL. Subsequently, we have reviewed the data from major clinical trials in low-intermediate risk APL and high risk APL which guide the current clinical practice in APL management. With accumulating data on oral ATO, we postulate that the treatment for low-intermediate risk APL will be a completely oral ATO + ATRA regimen in the future. While for high-risk APL, we believe that minimal anthracycline use with ATO + ATRA might become the standard of care soon. A number of promising non-chemotherapy drugs with pre-clinical data would merit clinical testing in the high risk and relapsed setting, with potential to translate to a complete oral chemotherapy free combination regimen in combination with ATO and ATRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Kulkarni
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Vikram Mathews
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, India
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Vališ K, Novák P. Targeting ERK-Hippo Interplay in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093236. [PMID: 32375238 PMCID: PMC7247570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which allows the transduction of various cellular signals to final effectors and regulation of elementary cellular processes. Deregulation of the MAPK signaling occurs under many pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes and cancers. Targeted inhibition of individual kinases of the MAPK signaling pathway using synthetic compounds represents a promising way to effective anti-cancer therapy. Cross-talk of the MAPK signaling pathway with other proteins and signaling pathways have a crucial impact on clinical outcomes of targeted therapies and plays important role during development of drug resistance in cancers. We discuss cross-talk of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway with other signaling pathways, in particular interplay with the Hippo/MST pathway. We demonstrate the mechanism of cell death induction shared between MAPK/ERK and Hippo/MST signaling pathways and discuss the potential of combination targeting of these pathways in the development of more effective anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Vališ
- Correspondence: (K.V.); (P.N.); Tel.: +420-325873610 (P.N.)
| | - Petr Novák
- Correspondence: (K.V.); (P.N.); Tel.: +420-325873610 (P.N.)
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7
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Ratti S, Mongiorgi S, Rusciano I, Manzoli L, Follo MY. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 and phospholipase C-beta signalling: Roles and possible interactions in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Taskaeva I, Bgatova N, Gogaeva I. Lithium effects on vesicular trafficking in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Ultrastruct Pathol 2019; 43:301-311. [PMID: 31826700 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2019.1701167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly malignant tumors worldwide, characterized by the presence of many heterogeneous molecular cell events that contribute to tumor growth and progression. Endocytic processes are intimately involved in various pathological conditions, including cancer, since they interface with various cellular signaling programs. The ability of lithium to induce cell death and autophagy and affect cell proliferation and intracellular signaling has been shown in various experimental tumor models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lithium on vesicular transport in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Using transmission electron microscopy we have characterized the endocytic apparatus in hepatocellular carcinoma-29 (HCC-29) cells in vivo and detailed changes in endocytotic vesicles after 20 mM lithium carbonate administration. Immunofluorescent analysis was used to quantify cells positive for EEA1-positive early endosomes, Rab11-positive recycling endosomes and Rab7-positive late endosomes. Lithium treatment caused an increase in EEA1- and Rab11-positive structures and a decrease in Rab7-positive vesicles. Thus, lithium affects diverse endocytic pathways in HCC-29 cells which may modulate growth and development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Taskaeva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Boron-Neutron Capture Therapy, Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya Bgatova
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Izabella Gogaeva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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9
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Talwar H, Bouhamdan M, Bauerfeld C, Talreja J, Aoidi R, Houde N, Charron J, Samavati L. MEK2 Negatively Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated IL-1β Production through HIF-1α Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1815-1825. [PMID: 30710049 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
LPS-activated macrophages require metabolic reprogramming and glucose uptake mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 α and glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) expression for proinflammatory cytokine production, especially IL-1β. This process is tightly regulated through activation of MAPK kinases, including the MEK/ERK pathway as well as several transcription factors including HIF-1α. Although MAPK kinase (MEK) 2 deficiency had no significant effect on NO, TNF-α, or IL-12 production in response to LPS challenge, MEK2-deficient murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) exhibited lower IL-10 production. Importantly, MEK2-deficient BMDMs exhibited a preserved ERK1/2 phosphorylation, higher HIF-1α and Glut1 levels, and substantially increased IL-1β as well as IL-6 production in response to LPS stimulation. Knockdown of HIF-1α expression via short interference RNA decreased the level of HIF-1α expression in MEK2-deficient BMDMs and decreased IL-1β production in response to LPS treatment. Furthermore, we performed gain of function experiments by overexpressing MEK2 protein in RAW264.7 cells. LPS stimulation of MEK2 overexpressed in RAW264.7 cells led to a marked decreased IL-1β production. Finally, we investigated the role of Mek1 and Mek2 double and triple mutation on ERK phosphorylation, HIF-1α expression, and IL-1β production. We found that MEK2 is the major kinase, which inversely proportionally regulates HIF-1α and IL-1β expression independent of ERK activation. Our findings demonstrate a novel regulatory function for MEK2 in response to TLR4 activation in IL-1β production through modulating HIF-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Talwar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Mohamad Bouhamdan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Christian Bauerfeld
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jaya Talreja
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Rifdat Aoidi
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Houde
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Jean Charron
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Lobelia Samavati
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201; .,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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10
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Luo H, Tobey A, Auh S, Cochran C, Zemskova M, Reynolds J, Lima C, Burman K, Wartofsky L, Skarulis M, Kebebew E, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J. The effect of lithium on the progression-free and overall survival in patients with metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer undergoing radioactive iodine therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 89:481-488. [PMID: 29972703 PMCID: PMC6138537 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pretreatment with lithium (Li) is associated with an increased residence time of radioactive iodine (RAI) in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) metastases. There are no data translating this observation into long-term outcomes. The study goal was to compare the efficacy of three methods of preparation for RAI therapy in metastatic DTC-thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW), THW with pretreatment with Li (THW+Li), and recombinant human TSH (rhTSH). DESIGN/PATIENTS/MEASUREMENTS We performed a cohort study comparing overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) between the three groups: THW (n = 52), THW+Li (n = 41) and rhTSH (n = 42). Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to compare OS and PFS between the groups. Cox proportional hazards regression model with a stepwise variable selection was performed to study the contribution of age, gender, histology, TNM status, a location of distant metastases and RAI dose. RESULTS During the follow-up of median 5.1 (IQR = 3.0-8.1) years, 52% of patients had disease progression and 12.6% died. Although THW+Li group was characterized by the longest OS (P = 0.007), only age (HR 1.05, CI 1.01-1.09, P = 0.01) and widespread disease (HR 3.8, CI 1.2-11.8, P = 0.02) were found to affect OS in a multivariate model. There was no difference in PFS between the groups (P = 0.47). Presence of distant metastases limited to the lungs only was associated with longer PFS (PFS HR 0.35, CI 0.20-0.60, P = 0.0002). CONCLUSION The older age is associated with shorter OS, while disease burden affects OS and PFS in patients with metastatic thyroid cancer. The method of preparation for RAI therapy does not affect the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Luo
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrew Tobey
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sungyoung Auh
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Craig Cochran
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marina Zemskova
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James Reynolds
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences Department, NIH Clinical Center, Washigton, DC
| | - Cristiane Lima
- Endocrine Section, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washigton, DC
| | - Kenneth Burman
- Endocrine Section, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washigton, DC
| | - Leonard Wartofsky
- Endocrine Section, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washigton, DC
| | - Monica Skarulis
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Electron Kebebew
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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11
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Bai L, Chang HM, Cheng JC, Chu G, Leung PCK, Yang G. Lithium chloride inhibits StAR and progesterone production through GSK-3β and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in human granulosa-lutein cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 461:89-99. [PMID: 28867214 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lithium chloride (LiCl) is a widely-used medication to treat neurological disorders that has undesirable side effects on the female reproductive system. It has been show that LiCl can inhibit ovarian folliculogenesis, promote follicle atresia and suppress steroid hormone production in rodents. However, the effects of LiCl on human ovarian steroidogenesis remain completely unknown. In this study, both primary and immortalized human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells were used to investigate the effects of LiCl on progesterone production and its related enzyme expression as well as the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that LiCl significantly down-regulated the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) expression and subsequent progesterone production in hGL cells. Additionally, LiCl induced the phosphorylation of GSK-3β and ERK1/2 but not AKT or CREB. Knockdown of endogenous GSK-3β or inhibition of ERK1/2 partially reversed LiCl-induced down-regulation of StAR. Furthermore, by using dual inhibition approaches, the results showed that both GSK-3β and ERK1/2 signaling mediated the regulatory effect of LiCl on StAR expression. Our findings deepen our understanding of the pathological effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of how lithium might affect the female reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jung-Chien Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Guiyan Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Gongshe Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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12
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Bai L, Chang HM, Cheng JC, Chu G, Leung PCK, Yang G. Lithium Chloride Increases COX-2 Expression and PGE2 Production in a Human Granulosa-Lutein SVOG Cell Line Via a GSK-3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2813-2825. [PMID: 28911173 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lithium chloride (LiCl) is widely prescribed for the treatment of bipolar disorders and is associated with a higher incidence of reproductive adverse effects. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and its derivative, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), play regulatory roles in the human ovulatory process. Whether LiCl affects ovulation by regulating COX2 expression and PGE2 production in the human ovary is still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LiCl on the expression of COX-2 and production of PGE2 in human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells, as well as the mechanisms underlying this effect. Both immortalized and primary hGL cells were used as research models. Using dual inhibition approaches, our results show that LiCl initiates the hGL cellular action by inhibiting the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β [GSK-3β (phosphorylation of GSK-3β)] and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), but not by affecting protein kinase B or cAMP response element binding protein signaling. Additionally, the phosphorylation of GSK-3β, but not ERK1/2, resulted in the stabilization and nuclear localization of β-catenin. Furthermore, knockdown of either β-catenin or GSK-3β reversed the LiCl-induced upregulation of COX-2 expression. These results indicate that LiCl upregulates the expression of COX-2 and the subsequent production of PGE2 through the canonical GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway in hGL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Jung-Chien Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Guiyan Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Gongshe Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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13
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Ricciardi MR, Mirabilii S, Licchetta R, Piedimonte M, Tafuri A. Targeting the Akt, GSK-3, Bcl-2 axis in acute myeloid leukemia. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 65:36-58. [PMID: 28549531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, there has been significant progress in the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of the Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). However, despite important advances in elucidating molecular mechanisms, the treatment of AML has not improved significantly, remaining anchored at the standard chemotherapy regimen "3 + 7", with the prognosis of patients remaining severe, especially for the elderly and for those not eligible for transplant procedures. The biological and clinical heterogeneity of AML represents the major obstacle that hinders the improvement of prognosis and the identification of new effective therapeutic approaches. To date, abundant information has been collected on the genetic and molecular alterations of AML carrying prognostic significance. However, not enough is known on how AML progenitors regulate proliferation and survival by redundant and cross-talking signal transduction pathways (STP). Furthermore, it remains unclear how such complicated network affects prognosis and therapeutic treatment options, although many of these molecular determinants are potentially attractive for their druggable characteristics. In this review, some of the key STP frequently deregulated in AML, such as PI3k/Akt/mTOR pathway, GSK3 and components of Bcl-2 family of proteins, are summarized, highlighting in addition their interplay. Based on this information, we reviewed new targeted therapeutic approaches, focusing on the aberrant networks that sustain the AML blast proliferation, survival and drug resistance, aiming to improve disease treatment. Finally, we reported the approaches aimed at disrupting key signaling cross-talk overcoming resistances based on the combination of different targeting therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Ricciardi
- Hematology, "Sant'Andrea" Hospital-Sapienza, University of Rome, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Mirabilii
- Hematology, "Sant'Andrea" Hospital-Sapienza, University of Rome, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Licchetta
- Hematology, "Sant'Andrea" Hospital-Sapienza, University of Rome, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Piedimonte
- Hematology, "Sant'Andrea" Hospital-Sapienza, University of Rome, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Agostino Tafuri
- Hematology, "Sant'Andrea" Hospital-Sapienza, University of Rome, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Rome, Italy
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14
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Liu P, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Guo R, Mei W. Lithium Chloride Facilitates Autophagy Following Spinal Cord Injury via ERK-dependent Pathway. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:535-543. [PMID: 28593525 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one major cause of death and results in long-term disability even in the most productive periods of human lives with few efficacious drugs. Autophagy is a potential therapeutic target for SCI. In the present study, we examined the role of lithium in functional recovery in the rat model of SCI and explored the related mechanism. Locomotion tests were employed to assess the functional recovery after SCI, Western blotting and RT-PCT to determine the level of p-ERK and LC3-II as well as p62, immunofluorescence imaging to localize LC3 and p62. Here, we found that both the expression of LC3-II and p62 were increased after SCI. However, lithium chloride enhanced the level of LC3-II while abrogated the abundance of p62. Furthermore, lithium treatment facilitated ERK activation in vivo, and inhibition of MEK/ERK signaling pathway suppressed lithium-evoked autophagy flux. Taken together, our results illustrated that lithium facilitated functional recovery by enhancing autophagy flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhengzhou Orthopaedic Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zijuan Zhang
- Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhengzhou Orthopaedic Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rundong Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhengzhou Orthopaedic Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhengzhou Orthopaedic Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
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15
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Zhang P, Wang H, Cao H, Xu X, Sun T. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-Related Protein 1 Inhibit Retinal Neovascularization in the Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:459-465. [PMID: 28402720 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the inhibitory effect of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1 (IGFBP-rP1) on retinal angiogenesis and its underlying molecular mechanisms in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). METHODS C57BL/6J mice were classified into three groups as control group, OIR nonintervention group, and OIR intervention group. Postnatal day 12 (P12) mice in OIR intervention group were received recombinant mouse IGFBP-rP1 (50, 100, and 200 ng/mL) intravitreal injection. Five days later, the proliferative neovascular responses were estimated by quantifying the new vessel areas in flattening retinal tissues stained by high molecular fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran and counting the numbers of neovascular cell nuclei breaking through the internal limiting membrane in cross sections. Expressions of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), ERK1/2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) proteins in retinal tissues were assessed by western blot analysis. RESULTS Irregular neovascularization, nonperfusion region, and fluorescence leakage were observed in OIR models. The expression of retinal p-ERK1/2 and VEGF proteins were significantly upregulated in OIR nonintervention group compared with control group. The area ratio of retinal new vessels and the number of neovascular cell nuclei in OIR intervention group both decreased significantly, following the downregulation of retinal p-ERK1/2 protein expression and VEGF protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, there was no significant difference in retinal ERK1/2 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS IGFBP-rP1 inhibits retinal angiogenesis by blocking ERK signaling pathway and downregulating VEGF expression in the mouse model of OIR. It highlights the potential importance of IGFBP-rP1 serving as a target of gene therapy for retinal neovascularization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
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16
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Dunoyer-Geindre S, Rivier-Cordey AS, Tsopra O, Lecompte T, Kruithof EKO. Effect of ATRA and ATO on the expression of tissue factor in NB4 acute promyelocytic leukemia cells and regulatory function of the inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1β. Ann Hematol 2017; 96:905-917. [PMID: 28343272 PMCID: PMC5406437 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-017-2970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic hemorrhages of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) are caused in part by the high expression of tissue factor (TF) on leukemic cells, which also produce TNF and IL-1β, proinflammatory cytokines known to increase TF in various cell types. Exposure of NB4 cells, an APL cell line, to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or arsenic trioxide (ATO) rapidly and strongly reduced TF mRNA. Both drugs also reduced TNF mRNA, but later, and moreover increased IL-1β mRNA. The effect on procoagulant activity of cells and microparticles, as measured with calibrated automated thrombography, was delayed and only partial at 24 h. TNF and IL-1β inhibition reduced TF mRNA and activity only partially. Inhibition of the inflammatory signaling intermediate p38 reduced TF mRNA by one third but increased TNF and IL-1β mRNA. NF-κB inhibition reduced, within 1 h, TF and TNF mRNA but did not change IL-1β mRNA, and rapidly and markedly reduced cell survival, with procoagulant properties still being present. In conclusion, although we provide evidence that TNF, IL-1β, and their signaling intermediates have a regulatory function on TF expression by NB4 APL cells, the effect of ATRA and ATO on TF can only partially be accounted for by their impact on these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Dunoyer-Geindre
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Sophie Rivier-Cordey
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olga Tsopra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lecompte
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Egbert K O Kruithof
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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FRZB and melusin, overexpressed in LGMD2A, regulate integrin β1D isoform replacement altering myoblast fusion and the integrin-signalling pathway. Expert Rev Mol Med 2017; 19:e2. [PMID: 28300015 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A) is characterised by muscle wasting and progressive degeneration of proximal muscles because of mutations in the CAPN3 gene. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of muscle degeneration are still not well understood. The objective of this study was to assess the relevance of genes with differential expression in the muscle of LGMD2A patients. For this purpose, we analysed their in vitro expression in primary cultures of human myoblasts and myotubes. Abnormal fusion was observed in the myotubes of these patients, which may be explained by the lack of physiological replacement of integrin β1D. Owing to this observation, we focused on deregulated genes coding proteins that directly interact with integrin, ITGB1BP2 and CD9, as well as FRZB gene, because of its in vitro upregulation in myotubes. Silencing studies established that these genes are closely regulated, CD9 and FRZB being positive regulators of the expression of ITGB1BP2, and in turn, this gene being a negative regulator of the expression of FRZB. Interestingly, we observed that FRZB regulates integrin β1D expression, its silencing increasing integrin β1D expression to levels similar to those in controls. Finally, the administration of LiCl, an enhancer of the Wnt-signalling pathway showed similar experimentally beneficial effects, suggesting FRZB silencing or LiCl administration as potential therapeutic targets, though further studies are required.
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18
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Piñero G, Berg R, Andersen ND, Setton-Avruj P, Monje PV. Lithium Reversibly Inhibits Schwann Cell Proliferation and Differentiation Without Inducing Myelin Loss. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8287-8307. [PMID: 27917448 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the bioactivity, specificity, and reversibility of lithium's action on the growth, survival, proliferation, and differentiation of cultured Schwann cells (SCs). In isolated SCs, lithium promoted a state of cell cycle arrest that featured extensive cell enlargement and c-Jun downregulation in the absence of increased expression of myelin-associated markers. In addition, lithium effectively prevented mitogen-induced S-phase entry without impairing cell viability. When lithium was administered together with differentiating concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogs, a dramatic inhibition of the expression of the master regulator of myelination Krox-20 was observed. Likewise, lithium antagonized the cAMP-dependent expression of various myelin markers such as protein zero, periaxin, and galactocerebroside and allowed SCs to maintain high levels of expression of immature SC markers even in the presence of high levels of cAMP and low levels of c-Jun. Most importantly, the inhibitory action of lithium on SC proliferation and differentiation was shown to be dose dependent, specific, and reversible upon removal of lithium compounds. In SC-neuron cultures, lithium suppressed myelin sheath formation while preserving axonal integrity, SC-axon contact, and basal lamina formation. Lithium was unique in its ability to prevent the onset of myelination without promoting myelin degradation or SC dedifferentiation. To conclude, our results underscored an unexpected antagonistic action of lithium on SC mitogenesis and myelin gene expression. We suggest that lithium represents an attractive pharmacological agent to safely and reversibly suppress the onset of SC proliferation, differentiation, and myelination while maintaining the integrity of pre-existing myelinated fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Piñero
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Randall Berg
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Natalia Denise Andersen
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Patricia Setton-Avruj
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Virginia Monje
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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19
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Patel S, Guerenne L, Gorombei P, Omidvar N, Schlageter MH, Alex AA, Ganesan S, West R, Adès L, Mathews V, Krief P, Pla M, Fenaux P, Chomienne C, Padua RA. pVAX14DNA-mediated add-on immunotherapy combined with arsenic trioxide and all-trans retinoic acid targeted therapy effectively increases the survival of acute promyelocytic leukemia mice. Blood Cancer J 2015; 5:e374. [PMID: 26657197 PMCID: PMC4735069 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Patel
- Université Paris Diderot, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Unité Mixte de la Recherche de Santé (UMR-S) 1131, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité (U) 1131, Paris, France
| | - L Guerenne
- Université Paris Diderot, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Unité Mixte de la Recherche de Santé (UMR-S) 1131, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité (U) 1131, Paris, France
| | - P Gorombei
- Université Paris Diderot, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Unité Mixte de la Recherche de Santé (UMR-S) 1131, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité (U) 1131, Paris, France
| | - N Omidvar
- Haematology Department, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - M-H Schlageter
- Université Paris Diderot, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Unité Mixte de la Recherche de Santé (UMR-S) 1131, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité (U) 1131, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - A A Alex
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - S Ganesan
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - R West
- Welsh Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - L Adès
- Université Paris Diderot, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Unité Mixte de la Recherche de Santé (UMR-S) 1131, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité (U) 1131, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - V Mathews
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - P Krief
- Université Paris Diderot, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Unité Mixte de la Recherche de Santé (UMR-S) 1131, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité (U) 1131, Paris, France
| | - M Pla
- Université Paris Diderot, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Unité Mixte de la Recherche de Santé (UMR-S) 1131, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité (U) 1131, Paris, France
| | - P Fenaux
- Université Paris Diderot, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Unité Mixte de la Recherche de Santé (UMR-S) 1131, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité (U) 1131, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - C Chomienne
- Université Paris Diderot, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Unité Mixte de la Recherche de Santé (UMR-S) 1131, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité (U) 1131, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - R A Padua
- Université Paris Diderot, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Unité Mixte de la Recherche de Santé (UMR-S) 1131, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité (U) 1131, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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