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Kikuchi K, Lee H, Inoue R, Noda K, Mizuno Y. Mechanisms of multi-layered Rayleigh noise in Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23513. [PMID: 39384861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR), sinusoidal modulation is applied to the output frequency of a light source, with spatial resolution inversely related to the modulation amplitude. We have developed an effective method to estimate the modulation amplitude using the width of the noise spectrum caused by Rayleigh scattering, eliminating the need for an optical spectrum analyzer or modifications to existing equipment. However, the Rayleigh noise spectrum often displays a three-layered structure, complicating the identification of the appropriate spectral components for estimating the modulation amplitude. In this work, we investigate the origins of this three-layered Rayleigh noise spectrum and identify the directivity of an optical circulator as the source of the third noise component. As replacing the circulator with alternative optical components is not easy, it remains an essential part of the system. Our analysis shows that the third noise component exhibits significantly small variation in spectral width with changes in modulation frequency compared to the first and second components. This characteristic allows for the effective separation and identification of the third noise component, thereby enhancing the accuracy and convenience of modulation amplitude estimation in BOCDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan.
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Kohei Noda
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
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2
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Kikuchi K, Lee H, Inoue R, Ozaki K, Sasage H, Mizuno Y. Accurate estimation of modulation amplitude in Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry based on Rayleigh noise spectrum. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8112. [PMID: 38582764 PMCID: PMC10998833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR), spatial resolution relies on the modulation amplitude of the light. We propose a Rayleigh-based method that utilizes the spectral width of Rayleigh-induced noise to measure this amplitude without altering the setup or requiring an optical spectrum analyzer. With high frequency resolution and ease of implementation, our approach enhances the convenience and accuracy of spatial resolution evaluation in BOCDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Kouta Ozaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Haruki Sasage
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
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3
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Otsubo K, Zhu G, Kiyozumi T, Noda K, Nakamura K, Lee H, Mizuno Y. Systematic-error suppression in low-coherence Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17531. [PMID: 37845263 PMCID: PMC10579351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brillouin optical correlation-domain analysis (BOCDA) utilizing low-coherence light sources offers high-resolution distributed strain and temperature sensing. However, conventional BOCDA requires dual-end injection of pump and probe light into the sensing fiber. To overcome this limitation, low-coherence Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR) based on spontaneous Brillouin scattering has emerged, enabling single-end light injection. While a pilot demonstration has shown a spatial resolution of 19 cm, a comparison of its measurement accuracy with standard BOCDR systems is yet to be explored. This study presents a distributed measurement with ~ 3 cm spatial resolution and demonstrates that low-coherence BOCDR eliminates systematic errors caused by direct sinusoidal modulation, offering enhanced measurement precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Otsubo
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Guangtao Zhu
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Takaki Kiyozumi
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Noda
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakamura
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- College of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
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4
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Luo Y, Sun C, Wei M, Ma H, Wu Y, Chen Z, Dai H, Jian J, Sun B, Zhong C, Li J, Richardson KA, Lin H, Li L. Integrated Flexible Microscale Mechanical Sensors Based on Cascaded Free Spectral Range-Free Cavities. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8898-8906. [PMID: 37676244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Photonic mechanical sensors offer several advantages over their electronic counterparts, including immunity to electromagnetic interference, increased sensitivity, and measurement accuracy. Exploring flexible mechanical sensors on deformable substrates provides new opportunities for strain-optical coupling operations. Nevertheless, existing flexible photonics strategies often require cumbersome signal collection and analysis with bulky setups, limiting their portability and affordability. To address these challenges, we propose a waveguide-integrated flexible mechanical sensor based on cascaded photonic crystal microcavities with inherent deformation and biaxial tensile state analysis. Leveraging the advanced multiplexing capability of the sensor, for the first time, we successfully demonstrate 2D shape reconstruction and quasi-distributed strain sensing with 110 μm spatial resolution. Our microscale mechanical sensor also exhibits exceptional sensitivity with a detected force level as low as 13.6 μN in real-time measurements. This sensing platform has potential applications in various fields, including biomedical sensing, surgical catheters, aircraft and spacecraft engineering, and robotic photonic skin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Luo
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Chunlei Sun
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Maoliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yingchun Wu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zequn Chen
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Hao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jialing Jian
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Boshu Sun
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chuyu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kathleen A Richardson
- The College of Optics & Photonics, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Hongtao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Avellar L, Frizera A, Leal-Junior A. POF Smart Pants: a fully portable optical fiber-integrated smart textile for remote monitoring of lower limb biomechanics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3689-3704. [PMID: 37497490 PMCID: PMC10368064 DOI: 10.1364/boe.492796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of an optical fiber-integrated smart textile used as an instrumented pants for biomechanical and activity recognition. The optical fiber sensor is based on the multiplexed intensity variation technique in which a side coupling between a polymer optical fiber (POF) and light sources with controlled modulation is developed. In addition, the sensor system is integrated into pants, where two POFs with 30 sensors each are placed on the left and right legs of the proposed POF Smart Pants. After the device's fabrication and assembly, the 60 optical fiber sensors are characterized as a function of the transverse displacement on the sensor's region. In this case, each sensor presented its sensitivities (108.03 ± 100 mV/mm), which are used on the sensor normalization prior to the data analysis. Then, the tests with volunteer performing different daily activities indicated the suitability of the proposed device on the assessment of biomechanics of human movement in different activities as well as the spatio-temporal parameters of the gait in different velocity conditions. For activity recognition, a neural network is applied and presented 100% accuracy on the activity recognition. Then, to provide an optimization of the number of sensors, the principal components analysis is applied and indicated a threefold reduction of the number of sensors with an accuracy of 99%. Thus, the proposed POF Smart Pants is a feasible alternative for a low-cost and highly reliable sensor system for remote monitoring of different patients, with the possibility of customizing the device for different users.
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Minardo A, Bernini R, Berruti GM, Breglio G, Bruno FA, Buontempo S, Campopiano S, Catalano E, Consales M, Coscetta A, Cusano A, Cutolo MA, Di Palma P, Esposito F, Fienga F, Giordano M, Iele A, Iadicicco A, Irace A, Janneh M, Laudati A, Leone M, Maresca L, Marrazzo VR, Pisco M, Quero G, Riccio M, Srivastava A, Vaiano P, Zeni L, Cutolo A. Innovative Photonic Sensors for Safety and Security, Part I: Fundamentals, Infrastructural and Ground Transportations. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2558. [PMID: 36904762 PMCID: PMC10007142 DOI: 10.3390/s23052558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Our group, involving researchers from different universities in Campania, Italy, has been working for the last twenty years in the field of photonic sensors for safety and security in healthcare, industrial and environment applications. This is the first in a series of three companion papers. In this paper, we introduce the main concepts of the technologies employed for the realization of our photonic sensors. Then, we review our main results concerning the innovative applications for infrastructural and transportation monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Minardo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Romeo Bernini
- Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Diocleziano 328, 81024 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gaia Maria Berruti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Palazzo Bosco Lucarelli, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giovanni Breglio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Antonio Bruno
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Palazzo Bosco Lucarelli, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Salvatore Buontempo
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), 80125 Napoli, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Campopiano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ester Catalano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
- Optosensing Ltd., Via Carlo de Marco 69, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Consales
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Palazzo Bosco Lucarelli, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Agnese Coscetta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Palazzo Bosco Lucarelli, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Maria Alessandra Cutolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasquale Di Palma
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Flavio Esposito
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Fienga
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Giordano
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche via Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Antonio Iele
- CERICT SCARL, CNOS Center, Viale Traiano, Palazzo ex Poste, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Agostino Iadicicco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Irace
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mohammed Janneh
- CERICT SCARL, CNOS Center, Viale Traiano, Palazzo ex Poste, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Marco Leone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Palazzo Bosco Lucarelli, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Luca Maresca
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romano Marrazzo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Pisco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Palazzo Bosco Lucarelli, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quero
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Palazzo Bosco Lucarelli, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Michele Riccio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anubhav Srivastava
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Patrizio Vaiano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Palazzo Bosco Lucarelli, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Luigi Zeni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
- Optosensing Ltd., Via Carlo de Marco 69, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Cutolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
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7
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Marques C, Leal-Júnior A, Kumar S. Multifunctional Integration of Optical Fibers and Nanomaterials for Aircraft Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1433. [PMID: 36837063 PMCID: PMC9967808 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Smart sensing for aeronautical applications is a multidisciplinary process that involves the development of various sensor elements and advancements in the nanomaterials field. The expansion of research has fueled the development of commercial and military aircrafts in the aeronautical field. Optical technology is one of the supporting pillars for this, as well as the fact that the unique high-tech qualities of aircrafts align with sustainability criteria. In this study, a multidisciplinary investigation of airplane monitoring systems employing optical technologies based on optical fiber and nanomaterials that are incorporated into essential systems is presented. This manuscript reports the multifunctional integration of optical fibers and nanomaterials for aircraft sector discussing topics, such as airframe monitoring, flight environment sensing (from temperature and humidity to pressure sensing), sensors for navigation (such as gyroscopes and displacement or position sensors), pilot vital health monitoring, and novel nanomaterials for aerospace applications. The primary objective of this review is to provide researchers with direction and motivation to design and fabricate the future of the aeronautical industry, based on the actual state of the art of such vital technology, thereby aiding their future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Marques
- i3N & Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Arnaldo Leal-Júnior
- Mechanical Department and Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
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8
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He H, Jiang L, Pan Y, Yi A, Zou X, Pan W, Willner AE, Fan X, He Z, Yan L. Integrated sensing and communication in an optical fibre. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:25. [PMID: 36650159 PMCID: PMC9845349 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The integration of high-speed optical communication and distributed sensing could bring intelligent functionalities to ubiquitous optical fibre networks, such as urban structure imaging, ocean seismic detection, and safety monitoring of underground embedded pipelines. This work demonstrates a scheme of integrated sensing and communication in an optical fibre (ISAC-OF) using the same wavelength channel for simultaneous data transmission and distributed vibration sensing. The scheme not only extends the intelligent functionality for optical fibre communication system, but also improves its transmission performance. A periodic linear frequency modulation (LFM) light is generated to act as the optical carrier and sensing probe in PAM4 signal transmission and phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR), respectively. After a 24.5 km fibre transmission, the forward PAM4 signal and the carrier-correspondence Rayleigh backscattering signal are detected and demodulated. Experimental results show that the integrated solution achieves better transmission performance (~1.3 dB improvement) and a larger launching power (7 dB enhancement) at a 56 Gbit/s bit rate compared to a conventional PAM4 signal transmission. Meanwhile, a 4 m spatial resolution, 4.32-nε/[Formula: see text] strain resolution, and over 21 kHz frequency response for the vibration sensing are obtained. The proposed solution offers a new path to further explore the potential of existing or future fibre-optic networks by the convergence of data transmission and status sensing. In addition, such a scheme of using shared spectrum in communication and distributed optical fibre sensing may be used to measure non-linear parameters in coherent optical communications, offering possible benefits for data transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun He
- Center for Information Photonics & Communications, School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Center for Information Photonics & Communications, School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, 518052, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Center for Information Photonics & Communications, School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anlin Yi
- Center for Information Photonics & Communications, School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xihua Zou
- Center for Information Photonics & Communications, School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Center for Information Photonics & Communications, School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Alan E Willner
- Optical Fiber Communications Laboratory, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Xinyu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuyuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianshan Yan
- Center for Information Photonics & Communications, School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, 518052, Shenzhen, China.
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9
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Yao Y, Mizuno Y. Dynamic strain measurement in Brillouin optical correlation-domain sensing facilitated by dimensionality reduction and support vector machine. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:15616-15633. [PMID: 35473278 DOI: 10.1364/oe.455454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brillouin optical correlation-domain sensing enables high-speed Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) measurement at random positions along the optical fiber. To extract the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) that reflects the real-time strain information, machine learning methods of principal components analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) are used in the signal processing for the BGSs. The performances of dimensionality reduction by PCA and SVM based on classification and regression are analyzed and compared. The experiment demonstrates an 8 kHz BGS acquisition repetition rate and an average BFS extraction time of 0.0104 ms, which is 27.3 times faster than the conventional method with no PCA. The proposed methods realize a real-time dynamic strain measurement at the frequency of 40 Hz.
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10
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Long Range Raman-Amplified Distributed Acoustic Sensor Based on Spontaneous Brillouin Scattering for Large Strain Sensing. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22052047. [PMID: 35271194 PMCID: PMC8915083 DOI: 10.3390/s22052047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A Brillouin distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) based on optical time-domain refractometry exhibiting a maximum detectible strain of 8.7 mε and a low signal fading is developed. Strain waves with frequencies of up to 120 Hz are measured with an accuracy of 12 με at a sampling rate of 1.2 kHz and a spatial resolution of 4 m over a sensing range of 8.5 km. The sensing range is further extended by using a modified inline Raman amplifier configuration. Using 80 ns Raman pump pulses, the signal-to-noise ratio is improved by 3.5 dB, while the accuracy of the measurement is enhanced by a factor of 2.5 to 62 με at the far-end of a 20 km fiber.
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11
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Qiu L, Ba D, Zhou D, Chu Q, Zhu Z, Dong Y. High-sensitivity dynamic distributed pressure sensing with frequency-scanning φ-OTDR. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:965-968. [PMID: 35167570 DOI: 10.1364/ol.440318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a high-sensitivity dynamic distributed pressure sensor using frequency-scanning phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) in a single-mode fiber (SMF), where an injection locking laser working as both filter and amplifier is used to generate the multi-frequency signals under a double-sideband modulation. The pressure sensitivity of the SMF is measured to be 702.5 MHz/MPa, which is approximately 1000 times larger than that of the Brillouin optical time-domain analysis technique. Subsequently, a dynamic pressure experiment is carried out in the case of rapid pressure relief from 2 to 0 MPa so that a maximum sampling rate of 33.3 kHz for a 25-m SMF is achieved, and the measurement uncertainty of 0.61 kPa for the proposed scheme is demonstrated.
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12
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Dexin B, Ayana LA, Ying W, Long W, Qi C, Yong Kang D. Image-matching assisted dual-frequency phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:10632-10637. [PMID: 35200926 DOI: 10.1364/ao.442665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An image-matching assisted dual-frequency phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) is proposed and demonstrated. Compared to the conventional dual-frequency Φ-OTDR, which retrieves data via curve matching, the proposed scheme can effectively improve the temporal resolution and measurement precision while keeping the spatial resolution without additional hardware. In the experiments, with a 10 s temporal window, the proposed scheme realized the same measurement precision as the conventional method that used a 40 s window, suggesting a fourfold improvement of temporal resolution. When both used the 10 s temporal window, the measurement error was suppressed from 21.4% to 1.2% in the sensing for a 2 m hot zone at the end of a 90-m fiber.
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13
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Yao Y, Mizuno Y. Neural network-assisted signal processing in Brillouin optical correlation-domain sensing for potential high-speed implementation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:35474-35489. [PMID: 34808980 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The general neural networks (NNs) based on classification convert the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) extraction in Brillouin-based distributed sensing to a problem in which the possible BFS output of the sensing system belongs to a finite number of discrete values. In this paper, we demonstrate a method of applying NNs with adaptive BFS incremental steps to signal processing for Brillouin optical correlation-domain sensing and achieve higher accuracy and operation speed. The comparison with the conventional curving fitting method shows that the NN improves the BFS measurement accuracy by 2-3 times and accelerates the signal processing speed by 1000 times for simulated signals. The experimental results demonstrate the NN provides 1.6-2.7 times enhancement for BFS measurement accuracy and 5000 times acceleration for the BFS extraction speed. This method supplies a potential solution to online signal processing for real-time Brillouin sensing.
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14
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Optical Fiber Sensor for Temperature and Strain Measurement Based on Multimode Interference and Square-Core Fiber. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101239. [PMID: 34683290 PMCID: PMC8537301 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A variety of specialty fibers such as no-core fiber (NCF) have already been studied to reveal their sensing abilities. In this work, we investigate a specialty fiber, square-core fiber, for temperature and strain sensing. A simple single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) fiber sensor was fabricated, consisting of a 30-cm-long square-core fiber. The experimental results indicate that the maximal wavelength-temperature and wavelength-strain sensitivities are -15.3 pm/∘C and -1.5 pm/με, respectively, while the maximal power-temperature and power-strain sensitivities are 0.0896 dBm/∘C and 0.0756 dBm/με. Analysis of the results suggests that the fiber sensor has the potential to be used as a high-sensitivity temperature sensor with a low strain sensitivity.
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15
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Zhou D, Ba D, Wang B, Qiu L, Hasi W, Dong Y. Millimeter-level recognition capability of BOTDA based on a transient pump pulse and algorithm enhancement. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3440-3443. [PMID: 34264233 DOI: 10.1364/ol.424856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brillouin optical time-domain analysis requires a pulsed pump to obtain a distributed Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) containing environmental information, whose width corresponds to spatial resolution (SR). We propose a rising edge demodulation (RED) algorithm acting on Brillouin information generated by a transient pump pulse (<phonon lifetime) via a nonlinear weight matrix to enhance SR. The distributed BGS generated by using an 8-ns transient pump pulse is processed by the RED algorithm, and its SR is enhanced from 0.8 m to 1 mm (i.e., 800-fold improvement) in the simulation and 8 mm (i.e., 100-fold improvement) in the experiment.
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16
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Noda K, Lee H, Nakamura K, Mizuno Y. Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry based on arbitrary waveform modulation: a theoretical study. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:13794-13805. [PMID: 33985108 DOI: 10.1364/oe.422873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We put forward a new theory on Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR) based on arbitrary waveform modulation. We derive a universal representation for the spatial resolution using the foot convexity of the beat spectrum. This result well explains the previous results based on sinusoidal modulation, and thus our theory is the consistent extension of the conventional theory on BOCDR. This representation is also applicable to the spatial resolution evaluation of more complicated modulation schemes, such as the combined use of intensity and frequency modulations even with some phase delay. We also discuss what kinds of modulation waveforms should not be employed for distributed measurement to ensure high spatial resolution.
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17
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Sun X, Yang Z, Hong X, Zaslawski S, Wang S, Soto MA, Gao X, Wu J, Thévenaz L. Genetic-optimised aperiodic code for distributed optical fibre sensors. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5774. [PMID: 33188171 PMCID: PMC7666181 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Distributed optical fibre sensors deliver a map of a physical quantity along an optical fibre, providing a unique solution for health monitoring of targeted structures. Considerable developments over recent years have pushed conventional distributed sensors towards their ultimate performance, while any significant improvement demands a substantial hardware overhead. Here, a technique is proposed, encoding the interrogating light signal by a single-sequence aperiodic code and spatially resolving the fibre information through a fast post-processing. The code sequence is once forever computed by a specifically developed genetic algorithm, enabling a performance enhancement using an unmodified conventional configuration for the sensor. The proposed approach is experimentally demonstrated in Brillouin and Raman based sensors, both outperforming the state-of-the-art. This methodological breakthrough can be readily implemented in existing instruments by only modifying the software, offering a simple and cost-effective upgrade towards higher performance for distributed fibre sensing. Performance of distributed optical fiber sensing is partially limited by the need for hardware changes. Here, the authors introduce a coding algorithm that enables enhanced performance through faster processing using only software-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics & Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Zhisheng Yang
- EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering, SCI STI LT, Station 11, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Xiaobin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics & Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China.
| | - Simon Zaslawski
- EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering, SCI STI LT, Station 11, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics & Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Marcelo A Soto
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Xia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics & Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics & Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Luc Thévenaz
- EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering, SCI STI LT, Station 11, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Wu Y, Yang C, Pan J, Sui Q, Wang D. Ultrafast Resolution-Enhanced Digital Optical Frequency Comb-Based BOTDA with Pump Pulse Array Coding. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20226411. [PMID: 33182619 PMCID: PMC7696811 DOI: 10.3390/s20226411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this letter, a resolution enhancement and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement scheme for digital optical frequency comb (DOFC)-based Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) ultrafast distributed sensing employing a pump pulse array is proposed. Based on the properties of the time-invariant linear system and the cyclic revolution theorem, experimental results indicate that its spatial resolution reaches 10.24 m while the frequency uncertainty is below 2 MHz over a 9.5 km fiber. Moreover, the response time is only 209.6 μs and the temperature measurement error is less than 0.52 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichang Wu
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.W.); (J.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Chengkun Yang
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.W.); (J.P.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jingshun Pan
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.W.); (J.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Qi Sui
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China;
| | - Dawei Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.W.); (J.P.); (D.W.)
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Li C, Tang J, Cheng C, Cai L, Guo H, Yang M. Simultaneously distributed temperature and dynamic strain sensing based on a hybrid ultra-weak fiber grating array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:34309-34319. [PMID: 33182903 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fiber-optic sensing system based on two types of ultra-weak fiber Bragg gratings (UWFBG) for simultaneous temperature and vibration sensing was proposed. Narrowband and broadband UWFBGs are alternately written into an optical fiber with equal spacing. Distributed temperature sensing is realized by demodulating the wavelength shift of the narrowband UWFBG, while distributed vibration sensing is achieved by detecting phase variation between two adjacent broadband UWFBG interference pulses. The experimental results show that the proposed hybrid UWFBG array can perform temperature and vibration sensing simultaneously. The experimentally conducted temperature measurement ranges from 20°C to 100°C, with the measurement error less than 0.1°C. Vibration signals at different temperatures can be accurately restored, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is improved by 21.1 dB compared with a normal single-mode fiber (SMF).
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20
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Ba D, Wang B, Li T, Li Y, Zhou D, Dong Y. Fast Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry using the optical chirp chain reference wave. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5460-5463. [PMID: 33001919 DOI: 10.1364/ol.404229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new technique for the fast implementation of Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry has been proposed and demonstrated with the optical chirp chain (OCC) reference wave. By using the fixed bandpass filter and envelope detection, the spontaneous Brillouin spectrum can be online demodulated in the time domain for truly distributed, one-end access and fast measurement. The measurement time is only limited by the pulse repetition rate and averaging times. For a 400 m single-mode fiber, a 31.58Hz strain vibration on a 2 m fiber segment is measured for a wide dynamic range (∼3200µε) with an equivalent sampling rate of 200Hz when 200 times of averaging is performed. Furthermore, the performance on the measurement accuracy is investigated with different OCC frequency spans and durations.
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21
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Coscetta A, Minardo A, Zeni L. Distributed Dynamic Strain Sensing Based on Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fibers. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20195629. [PMID: 33019695 PMCID: PMC7582639 DOI: 10.3390/s20195629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, extensive research activity on Brillouin scattering-based distributed optical fiber sensors has led to the availability of commercial instruments capable of measuring the static temperature/strain distribution over kilometer distances and with high spatial resolution, with applications typically covering structural and environmental monitoring. At the same time, the interest in dynamic measurements has rapidly grown due to the relevant number of applications which could benefit from this technology, including structural analysis for defect identification, vibration detection, railway traffic monitoring, shock events detection, and so on. In this paper, we present an overview of the recent advances in Brillouin-based distributed optical fiber sensors for dynamic sensing. The aspects of the Brillouin scattering process relevant in distributed dynamic measurements are analyzed, and the different techniques are compared in terms of performance and hardware complexity.
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22
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Zhao L, Wang Y, Hu X, Zhang M, Zhang J, Qiao L, Wang T, Gao S, Himika AA. Effect of chaotic time delay signature on Brillouin gain spectrum in the slope-assisted chaotic BOCDA. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:18189-18201. [PMID: 32680020 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the chaotic Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis (CBOCDA) system, the broadband chaotic laser naturally widens the Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS), which provides an enhanced range for dynamic strain measurement via slope-assisted technology. However, inherent off-peak amplification at the time delay signature (TDS) position results in a deteriorated gain envelope. The mechanism behind the sub-peak of chaotic BGS is first analyzed and the negative correlated relationship between the value of main-sub-peak ratio (MSPR) and magnitude of TDS has been experimentally demonstrated. The limitation of sub-peak on the dynamic range is investigated, where the range is not greater than 400 µε at MSPR < 0 dB, and 600 µε at MSPR > 0 dB. Meanwhile, by eliminating the TDS, the BGS without sub-peak is obtained and a dynamic strain of 1200 µε is successfully identified. Moreover, the application of optimized chaotic BGS in a multi-slope assisted system to realize the enlargement of dynamic strain range is also discussed.
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23
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Wang Y, Zhao L, Zhang M, Zhang J, Qiao L, Wang T, Gao S, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Dynamic strain measurement by a single-slope-assisted chaotic Brillouin optical correlation-domain analysis. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1822-1825. [PMID: 32236008 DOI: 10.1364/ol.387008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, method to enhance the measurement range of dynamic strain using a single-slope-assisted chaotic Brillouin optical correlation-domain analysis. The broadband chaos provides a Gaussian-shape pump-probe beat spectrum so that not only the centimeter-level spatial resolution is achieved but also the linewidth of the chaotic Brillouin gain spectrum is naturally broadened. Thus, the enlarged linear region could be employed to dynamically measure a large-range stretched strain. This experiment is the first to accurately identify the maximal strain of 1200 $\unicode{x00B5}\unicode{x03B5}$µε with a high spatial resolution of 3.45 cm using the single-slope-assisted technology. The dynamic frequency is 4.67 Hz in the highest but limited by the practical devices.
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24
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Jiang T, Ba D, Dong Y. Online distributed strain measurement of fiber Michelson hydrophones based on DPP-BOTDA with a pulsed-probe wave. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:22375-22384. [PMID: 31510532 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.022375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a novel differential pulse-width pair Brillouin optical time domain analysis (DPP-BOTDA) system with a pulsed-probe wave for online distributed strain measurement of fiber Michelson hydrophones (FMHs). Different from the conventional DPP-BOTDA using a continuous probe wave, a pulsed-probe wave is used in our scheme to avoid the interferences between the reflected lights from the sensor arm and reference arm of the FMH, where the probe pulse width should be adjusting precisely equal to the time delay between the two arms. The Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) containing the strain and/or temperature information is measured by sweeping the frequency difference of the probe pulse and the pump pulse. In the experiment, an optimized 8/8.5 ns pump pulse pair is applied to realize a 5-cm spatial resolution, and the probe pulses of 624.5 ns and 1269 ns are applied to measure the strain distribution of the sensor arms of two FMHs. We have successfully measured the temperature-induced strain of a FMH with an arm length difference of 62.45 m as temperature increases from -40°C to 80°C and the distributed strain variation of the other FMH with the arm length difference of 126.91 m as the hydrostatic pressure increases from 0.1 MPa to 10 MPa. The results indicate that the proposed scheme can provide a desirable solution for online distributed strain measurement of the FMHs.
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25
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R Diaz CA, Leal-Junior AG, M Avellar L, C Antunes PF, Pontes MJ, Marques CA, Frizera A, N Ribeiro MR. Perrogator: A Portable Energy-Efficient Interrogator for Dynamic Monitoring of Wavelength-Based Sensors in Wearable Applications. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19132962. [PMID: 31284380 PMCID: PMC6651577 DOI: 10.3390/s19132962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the development of a portable energy-efficient interrogator (Perrogator) for wavelength-based optical sensors. The interrogator is based on a compact solution encompassing a white light source and the spectral convolution between the sensor and a tunable filter, which is acquired by a photodetector, where a microcontroller has two functions: (i) To control the filter tuning and to (ii) acquire the photodetector signal. Then, the data is sent to a single-board computer for further signal processing. Furthermore, the employed single-board computer has a Wi-Fi module, which can be used to send the sensors data to the cloud. The proposed approach resulted in an interrogator with a resolution as high as 3.82 pm (for 15.64 nm sweeping range) and maximum acquisition frequency of about 210 Hz (with lower resolution ~15.30 pm). Perrogator was compared with a commercial fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogator for strain measurements and good agreement between both devices was found (1.226 pm/µε for the commercial interrogator and 1.201 pm/µε for the proposed approach with root mean square error of 0.0144 and 0.0153, respectively), where the Perrogator has the additional advantages of lower cost, higher portability and lower energy consumption. In order to demonstrate such advantages in conjunction with the high acquisition frequency allowed us to demonstrate two wearable applications using the proposed interrogation device over FBG and Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensors. In the first application, an FBG-embedded smart textile for knee angle assessment was used to analyze the gait of a healthy person. Due to the capability of reconstructing the FBG spectra, it was possible to employ a technique based on the FBG wavelength shift and reflectivity to decouple the effects of the bending angle and axial strain on the FBG response. The measurement of the knee angle as well as the estimation of the angular and axial displacements on the grating that can be correlated to the variations of the knee center of rotation were performed. In the second application, a FPI was embedded in a chest band for simultaneous measurement of breath and heart rates, where good agreement (error below 5%) was found with the reference sensors in all analyzed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo A R Diaz
- Telecommunications Laboratory LABTEL, Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil.
| | - Arnaldo Gomes Leal-Junior
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Letícia M Avellar
- Telecommunications Laboratory LABTEL, Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Paulo F C Antunes
- Department of Physics and I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria J Pontes
- Telecommunications Laboratory LABTEL, Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Marques
- Department of Physics and I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Anselmo Frizera
- Telecommunications Laboratory LABTEL, Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Moisés R N Ribeiro
- Telecommunications Laboratory LABTEL, Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil
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26
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Mizuno Y, Lee H, Hayashi N, Nakamura K. Noise suppression technique for distributed Brillouin sensing with polymer optical fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:2097-2100. [PMID: 30985820 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We develop a new noise suppression technique to perform distributed strain and temperature sensing based on a higher-speed configuration of Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry even when a polymer optical fiber (POF) is used as a sensing fiber. We acquire the spectral difference between with and without reference light, leading to selective observation of the beat signal of Brillouin-scattered light and reference light, which is effective for distributed sensing. After experimentally showing the usefulness of this technique, we demonstrate POF-based distributed temperature sensing and dynamic strain sensing.
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27
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Kim GH, Park SM, Park CH, Jang H, Kim CS, Lee HD. Real-time quasi-distributed fiber optic sensor based on resonance frequency mapping. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3921. [PMID: 30850674 PMCID: PMC6408579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) based on Raman, Brillouin, and Rayleigh scattering have recently attracted considerable attention for various sensing applications, especially large-scale monitoring, owing to their capacity for measuring strain or temperature distributions. However, ultraweak backscatter signals within optical fibers constitute an inevitable problem for DOFS, thereby increasing the burden on the entire system in terms of limited spatial resolution, low measurement speed, high system complexity, or high cost. We propose a novel resonance frequency mapping for a real-time quasi-distributed fiber optic sensor based on identical weak fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), which has stronger reflection signals and high sensitivity to multiple sensing parameters. The resonance configuration, which amplifies optical signals during multiple round-trip propagations, can simply and efficiently address the intrinsic problems in conventional single round-trip measurements for identical weak FBG sensors, such as crosstalk and optical power depletion. Moreover, it is technically feasible to perform individual measurements for a large number of quasi-distributed identical weak FBGs with relatively high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), low crosstalk, and low optical power depletion. By mapping the resonance frequency spectrum, the dynamic response of each identical weak FBG is rapidly acquired in the order of kilohertz, and direct interrogation in real time is possible without time-consuming computation, such as fast Fourier transformation (FFT). This resonance frequency spectrum is obtained on the basis of an all-fiber electro-optic configuration that allows simultaneous measurement of quasi-distributed strain responses with high speed (>5 kHz), high stability (~2.4 με), and high linearity (R2 = 0.9999).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Hun Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Park
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Hansol Jang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea.
| | - Hwi Don Lee
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
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28
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Zheng H, Feng D, Zhang J, Zhu T, Bai Y, Qu D, Huang X, Qiu F. Distributed vibration measurement based on a coherent multi-slope-assisted BOTDA with a large dynamic range. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1245-1248. [PMID: 30821759 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel technique to enhance the dynamic range of a coherent slope-assisted Brillouin optical time domain analysis. A multi-tone probe and a reference wave are launched into the fiber under test (FUT); after interacting with the pump pulse, the Brillouin gain, as well as the Brillouin phase shift of each tone, can be demodulated simultaneously. In light of this, the strain information can be determined by the Brillouin phase-gain ratio of each tone. In the experiment, a three-tone probe with a 60 MHz interval is used; effective measurement frequency span larger than 180 MHz is verified in a ∼2 km single-mode fiber with 2.5 m spatial resolution and 1.5 kHz sampling rate to strain. A vibration signal with 41 Hz frequency and 2546 με amplitude is successfully demodulated.
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29
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Application of Additive Layer Manufacturing Technique on the Development of High Sensitive Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18124120. [PMID: 30477225 PMCID: PMC6308548 DOI: 10.3390/s18124120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of temperature sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) embedded in 3D-printed structures made of different materials, namely polylatic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). A numerical analysis of the material behavior and its interaction with the FBG sensor was performed through the finite element method. A simple, fast and prone to automation process is presented for the FBG embedment in both PLA and TPU structures. The temperature tests were made using both PLA- and TPU-embedded FBGs as well as an unembedded FBG as reference. Results show an outstanding temperature sensitivity of 139 pm/°C for the FBG-embedded PLA structure, which is one of the highest temperature sensitivities reported for FBG-based temperature sensors in silica fibers. The sensor also shows almost negligible hysteresis (highest hysteresis below 0.5%). In addition, both PLA- and TPU-embedded structures present high linearity and response time below 2 s. The results presented in this work not only demonstrate the feasibility of developing fully embedded temperature sensors with high resolution and in compliance with soft robot application requirements, but also show that the FBG embedment in such structures is capable of enhancing the sensor performance.
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Xu P, Ba D, He W, Hu H, Dong Y. Distributed Brillouin optical fiber temperature and strain sensing at a high temperature up to 1000 °C by using an annealed gold-coated fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:29724-29734. [PMID: 30469933 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the distributed temperature and strain sensing with an annealed single mode gold-coated optical fiber over a wide temperature range up to 1000 °C is demonstrated by using the differential pulse pair (DPP) Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA). Owing to the protection provided by the gold coating, the fiber can withstand high temperature environments and maintain a high strength, which enables the gold-coated fiber acting as a repeatable high-temperature sensor. After annealing twice to remove the internal stress, the temperature coefficient of the gold-coated fiber is stable and consistent with a nonlinear function. Owing to the residual stress accumulated during the cooling process of coating and the low yield strength of gold, a pre-pulling test is essential to measure the strain of a gold-coated fiber. An equal axial force model is used to recalculate the strain distribution induced by the large temperature difference within the furnace. The high-temperature strain coefficient of an annealed gold-coated fiber decreases with temperature, i.e. from ~0.046 MHz/με at 100 °C to ~0.022 MHz/με at 1000 °C, mainly due to the increase in Young's modulus of silica with temperature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an annealed gold-coated fiber has been applied for distributed high-temperature strain sensing, which demonstrates the potential applications for strain monitoring in complex, high-temperature devices such as jet engines or turbines.
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Wang X, Hu J, Wang F, Yong Y, Zhang Y, Xue M, Zhang X, Pan S. Multi-vibration detection by probe pulses with ergodic SOPs in a POTDR system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:28349-28362. [PMID: 30470008 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.028349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polarization optical time domain reflectometers (POTDR) can detect vibration of fiber via the change of the state of polarization (SOP) of the Rayleigh backscattered light. For traditional POTDR systems, one key problem is the high misdiagnosis rate when multiple vibrations are simultaneously applied on the sensing fiber due to the random birefringence along the fiber. To solve this problem, we propose in this paper a novel implementation of the POTDR using probe pulses with ergodic SOPs. A series of vibration spectra along the fiber are obtained by sweeping the SOP of the probe pulse. The sum of these vibration spectra, which should be immune to the birefringence of the sensing fiber, is used to analyze the vibration information. Numerical simulation and experiments are carried out to analyze the performance of the proposed system when the input SOPs are traversed with uniform distribution and random distribution. Results show that the misdiagnosis rate of detecting multi-vibration with different frequencies is greatly reduced. In addition, detection of more-than-two vibrations with the same frequency based on POTDR is successfully performed for the first time to the best of our knowledge.
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Mizuno Y, Matsutani N, Hayashi N, Lee H, Tahara M, Hosoda H, Nakamura K. Brillouin characterization of slimmed polymer optical fibers for strain sensing with extremely wide dynamic range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:28030-28037. [PMID: 30469859 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.028030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To date, most distributed Brillouin sensors for structural health monitoring have employed glass optical fibers as sensing fibers, but they are inherently fragile and cannot withstand strains of >3%. This means that the maximal detectable strain of glass-fiber-based Brillouin sensors was ~3%, which is far from being sufficient for monitoring the possible distortion caused by big earthquakes. To extend this strain dynamic range, polymer optical fibers (POFs) have been used as sensing fibers. As POFs can generally withstand even ~100% strain, at first, Brillouin scattering in POFs was expected to be useful in measuring such large strain. However, the maximal detectable strain using Brillouin scattering in POFs was found to be merely ~5%, because of a Brillouin-frequency-shift hopping phenomenon accompanied by a slimming effect peculiar to polymer materials. This conventional record of the strain dynamic range (5%) was still far from being sufficient. Here, we have thought of an idea that the strain dynamic range can be further extended by employing a POF with its whole length slimmed in advance and by avoiding the Brillouin-frequency-shift hopping. The experimental results reveal that, by applying 3.0% strain to a slimmed POF beforehand, we can achieve a >25% strain dynamic range, which is >5 times the conventional value and will greatly extend the application fields of fiber-optic Brillouin sensing.
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Recent Advances in Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Reflectometry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Distributed fiber-optic sensing based on Brillouin scattering has been extensively studied and many configurations have been developed so far. In this paper, we review the recent advances in Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR), which is known as a unique technique with intrinsic single-end accessibility, high spatial resolution, and cost efficiency. We briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of BOCDR over other Brillouin-based distributed sensing techniques, and present the fundamental principle and properties of BOCDR with some special schemes for enhancing the performance. We also describe the recent development of a high-speed configuration of BOCDR (slope-assisted BOCDR), which offers a beyond-nominal-resolution detectability. The paper is summarized with some future prospects.
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Dong Y, Wang B, Pang C, Zhou D, Ba D, Zhang H, Bao X. 150 km fast BOTDA based on the optical chirp chain probe wave and Brillouin loss scheme. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4679-4682. [PMID: 30272713 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Distributed long-range Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) is an extremely time-consuming sensing scheme, which requires frequency mapping of the Brillouin spectrum and a large number of average times. Here, we propose a fast long-range BOTDA based on the optical chirp chain (OCC) probe wave and Brillouin loss scheme. The OCC-modulated probe wave is enabled by cascading fast-frequency-changing microwave chirp segments head-to-tail, which covers a large frequency range around the anti-Stokes frequency relative to the pump wave. The combination of the OCC technique and Brillouin loss scheme provides several advantages, i.e., fast measurement, a high Brillouin threshold, no additional amplification scheme, and freedom from the nonlocal effect. In the experiment, 6 m spatial resolution, 3.2 s measurement time, and 3 MHz measurement precision were achieved over a 150 km single-mode fiber.
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Zhou D, Dong Y, Wang B, Pang C, Ba D, Zhang H, Lu Z, Li H, Bao X. Single-shot BOTDA based on an optical chirp chain probe wave for distributed ultrafast measurement. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:32. [PMID: 30839630 PMCID: PMC6107018 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) requires frequency mapping of the Brillouin spectrum to obtain environmental information (e.g., temperature or strain) over the length of the sensing fiber, with the finite frequency-sweeping time-limiting applications to only static or slowly varying strain or temperature environments. To solve this problem, we propose the use of an optical chirp chain probe wave to remove the requirement of frequency sweeping for the Brillouin spectrum, which enables distributed ultrafast strain measurement with a single pump pulse. The optical chirp chain is generated using a frequency-agile technique via a fast-frequency-changing microwave, which covers a larger frequency range around the Stokes frequency relative to the pump wave, so that a distributed Brillouin gain spectrum along the fiber is realized. Dynamic strain measurements for periodic mechanical vibration, mechanical shock, and a switch event are demonstrated at sampling rates of 25 kHz, 2.5 MHz and 6.25 MHz, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of distributed Brillouin strain sensing with a wide-dynamic range at a sampling rate of up to the MHz level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengwang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Yongkang Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Benzhang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Chao Pang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Dexin Ba
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Optoelectronic Information, Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, 150080 Harbin, China
| | - Zhiwei Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyi Bao
- Fiber Optics Group, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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Zheng H, Zhang J, Zhu T, Yin G, Bai Y, Qu D, Huang X, Qiu F. Polarization independent fast BOTDA based on pump frequency modulation and cyclic coding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:18270-18278. [PMID: 30114105 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.018270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a scheme of polarization independent fast Brillouin optical time domain analysis (F-BOTDA) based on pump frequency modulation and cyclic coding. The Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) is reconstructed by fast scanning frequency of the pump using an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG). To realize long range distributed dynamic strain sensing, polarization diversity technique and cyclic coding are employed to eliminate polarization fading and enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Based on this configuration, the need of trace averaging is avoided, sensing speed of 440 Hz is achieved over ~2 km single mode fiber with 50 scanning frequencies and a spatial resolution of 1.5 m. Vibration events up to 40 Hz are successfully identified.
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Leal-Junior A, Frizera A, Pontes MJ, Antunes P, Alberto N, Domingues MF, Lee H, Ishikawa R, Mizuno Y, Nakamura K, André P, Marques C. Dynamic mechanical analysis on fused polymer optical fibers: towards sensor applications. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:1754-1757. [PMID: 29652357 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.001754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This Letter presents, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the dynamic mechanical analysis of a polymer optical fiber (POF) that was previously damaged by the catastrophic fuse effect. The variation of the fiber Young's modulus was evaluated with respect to the increase of temperature, humidity, and frequency of strain cycles. The obtained data for the fused POF are compared with the ones for the same POF without the fuse effect. The results show the feasibility of the fused POF for sensor applications, such as strain and acceleration measurement, since it presents temperature sensitivity almost two times lower in temperatures between 26°C and 90°C and Young's modulus 2.3 times lower than those obtained with the bare fiber. The Young's modulus variation with the humidity is 1.5 MPa/%RH in a humidity range of 66-96%. In addition, the fused POF presented a variation of its dynamic modulus with the frequency increase four times lower than non-fused POFs on the range of 0.01-100.00 Hz. These results pave the way for future applications of fused POFs as sensing elements.
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Wang B, Fan X, Fu Y, He Z. Dynamic strain measurement with kHz-level repetition rate and centimeter-level spatial resolution based on Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:6916-6928. [PMID: 29609378 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.006916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose and demonstrate an ultrahigh-speed Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis (BOCDA) with a single-position sampling rate of 200 kS/s and a spatial resolution of 8 cm. The Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) is obtained by using a data subtraction scheme rather than the conventional lock-in amplifier (LIA) detection configuration, thus removing the limitation of measurement speed imposed by the LIA. Meanwhile, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is used to sweep the frequency interval between the pump and the probe rapidly. As a proof of concept, we implement measurements of various dynamic strains with frequencies up to 20 kHz at arbitrary position. Moreover, to implement high-speed distributed measurements of Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) along the whole fiber under test (FUT), we propose a novel measuring method which moves the correlation peak and sweeps the pump-probe frequency interval simultaneously. A repetition rate of 1 kHz is verified by measuring dynamic strains with frequencies up to 200 Hz, for distributed measurements performed with 200 points.
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Masoudi A, Newson TP. Analysis of distributed optical fibre acoustic sensors through numerical modelling. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:32021-32040. [PMID: 29245868 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.032021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A distributed optical fibre acoustic sensor is numerically modelled. To increase the flexibility of the model, the building blocks of the sensing system are modelled separately and later combined to form the numerical model. This approach is adopted to facilitate the evaluation of each of the individual building blocks and their effects on the output of the sensor. The numerical model is used to assess the effect of parameters such as the linewidth of the laser source, the width of the probe pulse, and the frequency and amplitude of perturbation on the response of the sensing system. It is shown that the precision and accuracy of the sensing system are affected by the frequency and amplitude of perturbation as well as the pulse width and linewidth of the probe pulse.
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Diakaridia S, Pan Y, Xu P, Zhou D, Wang B, Teng L, Lu Z, Ba D, Dong Y. Detecting cm-scale hot spot over 24-km-long single-mode fiber by using differential pulse pair BOTDA based on double-peak spectrum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:17727-17736. [PMID: 28789264 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.017727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensor when the length of the perturbation to be detected is much smaller than the spatial resolution that is defined by the pulse width, the measured Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) experiences two or multiple peaks. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a technique using differential pulse pair Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (DPP-BOTDA) based on double-peak BGS to enhance small-scale events detection capability, where two types of single mode fiber (main fiber and secondary fiber) with 116 MHz Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) difference have been used. We have realized detection of a 5-cm hot spot at the far end of 24-km single mode fiber by employing a 50-cm spatial resolution DPP-BOTDA with only 1GS/s sampling rate (corresponding to 10 cm/point). The BFS at the far end of 24-km sensing fiber has been measured with 0.54 MHz standard deviation which corresponds to a 0.5°C temperature accuracy. This technique is simple and cost effective because it is implemented using the similar experimental setup of the standard BOTDA, however, it should be noted that the consecutive small-scale events have to be separated by a minimum length corresponding to the spatial resolution defined by the pulse width difference.
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Jin C, Wang L, Chen Y, Guo N, Chung W, Au H, Li Z, Tam HY, Lu C. Single-measurement digital optical frequency comb based phase-detection Brillouin optical time domain analyzer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:9213-9224. [PMID: 28437995 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.009213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A single-measurement sweep-free distributed Brillouin optical time domain analyzer (BOTDA) sensor based on phase detection is proposed and experimentally demonstrated employing digital optical frequency comb (DOFC) probe signal. Brillouin Phase Spectrum (BPS) of DOFC probe induced by Brillouin interaction is measured using coherent detection in a single acquisition, without any frequency scanning and data averaging. Single-measurement BOTDA sensor based on BPS in 10km long fiber is demonstrated with a response time of 100 μs, which is limited only by the fiber length. The spatial resolution is 51.2m, determined by the duration of DOFC. And the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) uncertainty is estimated to be~1.5 MHz at the end of fiber under test (FUT). Benefiting from the fast response time, dynamic measurement up to 1 kHz vibration frequency has been demonstrated.
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Hayashi N, Mizuno Y, Nakamura K, Set SY, Yamashita S. Experimental study on depolarized GAWBS spectrum for optomechanical sensing of liquids outside standard fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:2239-2244. [PMID: 29519072 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.002239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental study on the spectral dependence of depolarized guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) in a silica single-mode fiber (SMF) on acoustic impedance of external materials. The GAWBS spectrum was measured when the acoustic impedance was changed from 1.51 to 2.00 kg/s·mm2. With increasing acoustic impedance, the linewidth increased; the dependence was almost linear with an acoustic impedance dependence coefficient of 0.16 MHz/kg/s·mm2. Meanwhile, with increasing acoustic impedance, the central frequency linearly decreased with an acoustic impedance dependence coefficient of -0.07 MHz/kg/s·mm2. These characteristics are potentially applicable to acoustic impedance sensing.
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Lee H, Hayashi N, Mizuno Y, Nakamura K. Operation of slope-assisted Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry: comparison of system output with actual frequency shift distribution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:29190-29197. [PMID: 27958580 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.029190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the proof of concept for slope-assisted (SA-) Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR) has been demonstrated, no reports on its detailed operation have been provided to date. We theoretically and experimentally investigate the relationship between the system output (power-change distribution) of SA-BOCDR and the actual Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) distribution along the sensing fiber and show that these two are not identical. When the strained fiber section is much longer than the nominal spatial resolution, the actual distribution of the BFS (i.e., strain) is well reproduced by the power-change distribution. However, when the length of the strained section is equal to or only a few times the nominal resolution, the correct BFS distribution cannot be directly obtained. Even when the strained section is shorter than the nominal resolution, a shift in the power change can still be observed, which is not the case for standard BOCDR systems. This unique "beyond-nominal-resolution" effect will be of great use in practical applications.
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Teng L, Zhang H, Dong Y, Zhou D, Jiang T, Gao W, Lu Z, Chen L, Bao X. Temperature-compensated distributed hydrostatic pressure sensor with a thin-diameter polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber based on Brillouin dynamic gratings. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4413-4416. [PMID: 27628411 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A temperature-compensated distributed hydrostatic pressure sensor based on Brillouin dynamic gratings (BDGs) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The principle is to measure the hydrostatic pressure induced birefringence changes through exciting and probing the BDGs in a thin-diameter pure silica polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber. The temperature cross-talk to the hydrostatic pressure sensing can be compensated through measuring the temperature-induced Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) changes using Brillouin optical time-domain analysis. A distributed measurement of hydrostatic pressure is demonstrated experimentally using a 4-m sensing fiber, which has a high sensitivity, with a maximum measurement error less than 0.03 MPa at a 20-cm spatial resolution.
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