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Li Z, Liu P, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Chu R, Li G, Han Q, Zhao Y, Li L, Miao J, Kong B, Song K. Prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA and p16 INK4a positivity in vulvar cancer and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24:403-414. [PMID: 36933562 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and p16INK4a positivity have crucial roles in the pathogenesis of vulvar cancer and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. We aimed to examine the pooled prevalence of HPV DNA and p16INK4a positivity in vulvar cancer and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia worldwide. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases for studies published between Jan 1, 1986, and May 6, 2022, that reported the prevalence of HPV DNA, or p16INK4a positivity, or both, in histologically verified vulvar cancer or vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Studies on a minimum of five cases were included. Study-level data were extracted from the published studies. Random effect models were used to examine the pooled prevalence of HPV DNA and p16INK4a positivity in both vulvar cancer and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, which were further investigated using stratified analyses by histological subtype, geographical region, HPV DNA or p16INK4a detection method, tissue sample type, HPV genotype, publication year, and age at diagnosis. Additionally, meta-regression was applied to explore sources of heterogeneity. FINDINGS We retrieved 6393 search results, of which 6233 were excluded for being duplicates or after application of our inclusion and exclusion criteria. We also identified two studies from manual searches of references lists. 162 studies were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The prevalence of HPV in vulvar cancer (91 studies; n=8200) was 39·1% (95% CI 35·3-42·9) and in vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (60 studies; n=3140) was 76·1% (70·7-81·1). The most predominant HPV genotype in vulvar cancer was HPV16 (78·1% [95% CI 73·5-82·3]), followed by HPV33 (7·5% [4·9-10·7]). Similarly, HPV16 (80·8% [95% CI 75·9-85·2]) and HPV33 (6·3% [3·9-9·2]) were also the most two predominant HPV genotypes in vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. The distribution of type-specific HPV genotypes in vulvar cancer among geographical regions was different, with HPV16 varying between regions, showing a high prevalence in Oceania (89·0% [95% CI 67·6-99·5]) and a low prevalence in South America (54·3% [30·2-77·4]). The prevalence of p16INK4a positivity in patients with vulvar cancer was 34·1% (95% CI 30·9-37·4; 52 studies; n=6352), and it was 65·7% (52·5-77·7; 23 studies; n=896) in patients with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Furthermore, among patients with HPV-positive vulvar cancer, p16INK4a positivity prevalence was 73·3% (95% CI 64·7-81·2), compared with 13·8% (10·0-18·1) in HPV-negative vulvar cancer. The prevalence of double positivity for HPV and p16INK4a was 19·6% (95% CI 16·3-23·0) in vulvar cancer and 44·2% (26·3-62·8) in vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Most analyses had large heterogeneity (I2>75%). INTERPRETATION The high prevalence of HPV16 and HPV33 in vulvar cancer and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia emphasised the importance of nine-valent HPV vaccination in preventing vulvar neoplasm. Additionally, this study highlighted the potential clinical significance of double positivity for HPV DNA and p16INK4a in vulvar neoplasm. FUNDING Taishan Scholar Youth Project of Shandong Province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Penglin Liu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongshao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ran Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guiju Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuyue Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinwei Miao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Wanka G, Jueckstock J, Wild CM, Vattai A, Fürst S, Heidegger HH, Kuhn C, Schmoeckel E, Jeschke U, Dannecker C. MTA1 as negative prognostic marker in vulvar carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04579-4. [PMID: 36689059 PMCID: PMC10356867 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vulvar cancer is the fourth most common malignancy of the female genital tract after endometrial, ovarian, and cervical carcinoma and affects mainly elderly women. In 2020 there were registered more than 17,000 deaths worldwide related to vulvar carcinoma. Data about target-based therapies and predictive biomarkers for vulva carcinomas are rare so far. The metastasis-associated gene MTA1 is a transcriptional repressor with a potential effect on cancer. Expression of MTA1 was found to be significantly enhanced in gynecological malignancies as breast or ovarian cancer tissues with advanced cancer stages and higher FIGO grading, indicating an important role of MTA1 in the progression of those tumor entities. Due to the lack of information around MTA1 and its significance regarding vulvar carcinoma, this study focuses on the expression of MTA1 in vulvar carcinoma and its correlation to clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. METHODS A total of 157 paraffin-embedded vulvar cancer tissues were immunohistochemically stained and examined for MTA1 expression by using the immunoreactive score. Subsequently, the values were correlated with clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS MTA1 was found to be expressed in 94% of the patients in the cytoplasm and 91% in the nucleus. Cytoplasmatic expression of MTA1 was significantly increased in non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and in vulvar carcinoma of the condylomatous type, compared to keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and vulvar carcinoma of the verrucous type. High MTA1 expression in the nucleus was associated with advanced tumor size as well as higher FIGO grading. In addition, p16 negative vulvar carcinomas showed a higher nuclear expression of MTA1 compared to p16 positive vulvar carcinomas. Suprisingly, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significantly lower disease-free survival in tumor samples without a nuclear expression of MTA1. CONCLUSIONS MTA1 was identified as a negative prognostic marker for vulvar carcinoma associated with advanced tumor stage and FIGO grading. A possible explanation could be that the antibody used for this study does not bind to a possible mutation in the C terminal region of MTA leading to negative immunohistochemical staining and this can be correlated with early recurrence in patients with vulvar carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Wanka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Julia Jueckstock
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, RoMed Clinic, Krankenhausstraße 2, 83512, Wasserburg am Inn, Germany
| | - Carl Mathis Wild
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Fürst
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Helene H Heidegger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Department of Pathology, LMU Munich, Thalkirchner Straße 142, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Dannecker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
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Çelik ZE, Akar S, Fındık S, Aytekin E, Çelik Ç. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2022; 42:2325-2330. [PMID: 35499473 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2049722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular pathways involved in the development of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cancer are not completely known. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a cytosolic enzyme associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis in a variety of cancers. Its role in vulvar cancer has not been studied, previously. Vulvar SCC, high and low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and benign squamous hyperplasia were analysed immunohistochemically. The mean staining score for vulvar SCC was significantly higher than the score for vulvar squamous hyperplasia (p<.001). The mean relapse-free survival for patients with low and high NNMT expression was 41.4 months (95% CI: 25.6-57.2) and 19.8 months (95% CI: 3.0-36.6), respectively (p=.035). The mean disease-specific survival for patients with low and high NNMT expression was 75.8 months (95% CI: 57.5-94.2) and 27.8 months (95% CI 12.2-43.4), respectively (p=.015). Although quite preliminary, this study showed that NNMT expression was elevated in vulvar SCC compared to benign and premalignant lesions. Additionally, elevated NNMT expression was associated with poor survival. Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a methyltransferase, associated with tumour progression, spread and poor prognosis in a variety of cancers. Its upregulation can lead to DNA hypomethylation, which can in turn result in the activation of proto-oncogenes and deactivation of tumour suppressor genes.What do the results of this study add? Although quite preliminary, this study showed that NNMT expression was elevated in vulvar SCC compared to benign and premalignant lesions. Additionally, elevated NNMT expression was associated with poor survival.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? NNMT has been regarded as a potential target of cancer therapy and its role in vulvar cancer has not been studied, previously. This is the first study to investigate the expression of NNMT in vulvar cancer and associate NNMT elevation with poor survival. NNMT can further be investigated as a possible target of vulvar cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serra Akar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Selcuk University Hospital, Selcuk University Medical School, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sıddıka Fındık
- Department of Pathology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Emine Aytekin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Selcuk University Hospital, Selcuk University Medical School, Konya, Turkey
| | - Çetin Çelik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Selcuk University Hospital, Selcuk University Medical School, Konya, Turkey
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Wahid M, Dar SA, Jawed A, Mandal RK, Akhter N, Khan S, Khan F, Jogiah S, Rai AK, Rattan R. Microbes in gynecologic cancers: Causes or consequences and therapeutic potential. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:1179-1189. [PMID: 34302959 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gynecologic cancers, starting in the reproductive organs of females, include cancer of cervix, endometrium, ovary commonly and vagina and vulva rarely. The changes in the composition of microbiome in gut and vagina affect immune and metabolic signaling of the host cells resulting in chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, cellular proliferation, genome instability, epithelial barrier breach and metabolic dysregulation that may lead to the onset or aggravated progression of gynecologic cancers. While microbiome in gynecologic cancers is just at horizon, certain significant microbiome signature associations have been found. Cervical cancer is accompanied with high loads of human papillomavirus, Fusobacteria and Sneathia species; endometrial cancer is reported to have presence of Atopobium vaginae and Porphyromonas species and significantly elevated levels of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phylum bacteria, with Chlamydia trachomatis, Lactobacillus and Mycobacterium reported in ovarian cancer. Balancing microbiome composition in gynecologic cancers has the potential to be used as a therapeutic target. For example, the Lactobacillus species may play an important role in blocking adhesions of incursive pathogens to vaginal epithelium by lowering the pH, producing bacteriocins and employing competitive exclusions. The optimum or personalized balance of the microbiota can be maintained using pre- and probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantations loaded with specific bacteria. Current evidence strongly suggest that a healthy microbiome can train and trigger the body's immune response to attack various gynecologic cancers. Furthermore, microbiome modulations can potentially contribute to improvements in immuno-oncology therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajad A Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Jawed
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raju Kumar Mandal
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhisa Jogiah
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramandeep Rattan
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Women's Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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5
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Wohlmuth C, Wohlmuth-Wieser I. Vulvamalignome: eine interdisziplinäre Betrachtung. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 17:1257-1276. [PMID: 31885177 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13995_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vulvamalignome stellen die vierthäufigste Gruppe von gynäkologischen Krebserkrankungen dar. Erste Ansprechpartner sind typischerweise niedergelassene Dermatologen und Gynäkologen. Mit der jeweiligen Fachexpertise findet die Diagnose und Therapie idealerweise interdisziplinär zwischen spezialisierten Dermatoonkologen und gynäkologischen Onkologen statt. Vulvamalignome sind überwiegend Erkrankungen des höheren Lebensalters, obwohl alle histologischen Subtypen auch bei Frauen unter 30 Jahren vorkommen. Die Diagnose erfolgt oft verzögert. Eine genaue Kartierung von Biopsien (Mapping) ist von großer Bedeutung, da Lokalisation und Entfernung von der Mittellinie in Abhängigkeit von der zugrunde liegenden Histologie das operative Vorgehen bestimmen. Plattenepithelkarzinome machen mehr als 76 % der Vulvamalignome aus und vulväre intraepitheliale Neoplasien (VIN) sind dabei wichtige Vorstufen. Der zweithäufigste Typ der Vulvakarzinome ist das Basalzellkarzinom. Melanome machen 5,7 % der vulvären Malignome aus und ihre Prognose ist schlechter als die der kutanen Melanome. Die meisten Studien zu Checkpoint-Inhibitoren und zielgerichteten Therapien haben Patientinnen mit vulvären Melanomen nicht ausgeschlossen. Die vorliegende Evidenz wird im folgenden diskutiert. Die Methode der Wahl bei lokal resezierbaren Vulvamalignomen ist die Exzision. Angesichts ihrer Seltenheit sollte die Behandlung in spezialisierten Zentren erfolgen, um eine optimale Krankheitskontrolle zu erreichen und Kontinenz und sexuelle Funktion bestmöglich zu erhalten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wohlmuth
- Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Salzburg, Österreich.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Kanada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, ON, Kanada
| | - Iris Wohlmuth-Wieser
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Salzburg, Österreich
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6
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Wohlmuth C, Wohlmuth-Wieser I. Vulvar malignancies: an interdisciplinary perspective. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 17:1257-1276. [PMID: 31829526 PMCID: PMC6972795 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vulvar cancer represents the fourth most common gynecologic malignancy and is often encountered by the general Dermatologist or Gynecologist. Dermatooncologists and Gynecologic Oncologists share expertise in this field and the diagnosis and treatment should ideally be interdisciplinary. All subtypes are typically seen in the later decades of life, although all histologic subtypes have been described in women younger than 30 years. The diagnosis is often delayed. Exact mapping of biopsies is of high importance, as the location and distance from the midline guides the surgical approach depending on the underlying histology. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for more than 76 % of vulvar cancer with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia being an important precursor. Basal cell carcinoma is the second most common vulvar malignancy. Melanoma accounts for 5.7 % of vulvar cancer and has a worse prognosis compared to cutaneous melanoma. Most of the trials on checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy have not excluded patients with vulvar melanoma and the preliminary evidence is reviewed in the manuscript. Surgery remains the primary treatment modality of locally resectable vulvar cancer. In view of the rarity, the procedure should be performed in dedicated cancer centers to achieve optimal disease control and maintain continence and sexual function whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wohlmuth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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Vulvar Cancer as a Result of GATA2 Deficiency, a Rare Genetic Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 132:1112-1115. [PMID: 30303925 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000002905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vulvar cancer has become more prevalent, and its causes include chronic dermatoses and human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated disease. Younger immunocompromised women can also be affected. We describe a case of vulvar carcinoma as a result of GATA2 deficiency. CASE A 19-year-old woman presented to our gynecologic oncology clinic for management of a large vulvar mass. She was diagnosed with stage IB vulvar carcinoma after vulvectomy. GATA2 deficiency was the contributing factor causing vulvar carcinoma. CONCLUSION GATA2 deficiency causes immunodeficiency in young women, and patients with early-onset HPV-related disease, a family or personal history of leukemia, recurrent infection, or immune irregularities should be screened. Health care providers for these women are often obstetrician-gynecologists, who can provide diagnosis, treatment, referral, and prevention of HPV-related diseases.
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8
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Chan MP. Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 143:821-831. [PMID: 30203987 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0039-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Histologic distinction between condyloma acuminatum and various benign and malignant condyloma-like lesions in the anogenital area poses a common diagnostic challenge to pathologists across subspecialties. OBJECTIVE.— To review the overlapping and distinguishing features of condyloma acuminatum and its mimics, and to clarify confusing terminology and diagnostic criteria for problematic entities. DATA SOURCES.— A review of the literature on condyloma acuminatum (ordinary and giant types), verrucous carcinoma, warty/warty-basaloid high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and squamous cell carcinoma, papillary squamous cell carcinoma, bowenoid papulosis, verruca vulgaris, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma was performed. CONCLUSIONS.— Correct diagnosis of condyloma acuminatum and condyloma-like lesions has important clinical implication and entails familiarization with their clinical presentations and histopathologic features. Contrary to historical belief, giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma should be considered distinct entities based on different pathogenetic pathways. Ancillary tools available for identifying and genotyping human papillomavirus can aid in diagnosis when histopathologic findings are inconclusive. Recognition of relatively rare entities such as bowenoid papulosis, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma would avoid overdiagnosis and unnecessary, overaggressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- May P Chan
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor
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Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Review of the Eighth Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Guidelines, Prognostic Factors, and Histopathologic Variants. Adv Anat Pathol 2017; 24:171-194. [PMID: 28590951 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common form of nonmelanoma skin cancer after basal cell carcinoma and accounts for the majority of nonmelanoma skin cancer-related deaths. In 2017, the American Joint Committee on Cancer revised the staging guidelines of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma to reflect recent evidence concerning high-risk clinicopathologic features. This update reviews the literature on prognostic features and staging, including the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual. A wide range of histopathologic variants of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma exists, several of which are associated with aggressive behavior. A review of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma variants, emphasizing diagnostic pitfalls, immuhistochemical findings and prognostic significance, is included. Of note, the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual refers to squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck only.
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Faber MT, Sand FL, Albieri V, Norrild B, Kjaer SK, Verdoodt F. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1161-1169. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mette T. Faber
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Virus, Lifestyle and Genes; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Freja L. Sand
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Virus, Lifestyle and Genes; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Vanna Albieri
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Statistics and Pharmacoepidemiology; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bodil Norrild
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Susanne K. Kjaer
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Virus, Lifestyle and Genes; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Gynecology; Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Freija Verdoodt
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Virus, Lifestyle and Genes; Copenhagen Denmark
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Salopek KM, Jukić S, Babić D. Correlation of the HPV detection, protein expression and DNA content in cutaneous pre-invasive and invasive carcinoma among Croatian patients. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:123-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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12
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Carcinogenesis of Vulvar Lesions: Morphology and Immunohistochemistry Evaluation. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2017; 21:73-77. [DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Genders RE, Beck S, Bouwes Bavinck JN, van den Munckhof HAM, Kouwenhoven STP, de Koning MNC, de Gruijl FR, Jenkins D, Willemze R, Quint KD. p16 immunostaining in keratinocytic neoplasia in organ transplant recipients: Bowen's disease shows a characteristic pattern. J Cutan Pathol 2016; 44:28-33. [PMID: 27717097 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For selecting therapy, it is important to distinguish different types of keratinocytic neoplasia. It is sometimes difficult to make histopathologic diagnosis, especially in organ transplant recipients (OTR) who develop numerous lesions. METHODS To investigate p16 immunostaining in different types of keratinocytic neoplasia in OTR, we studied 59 actinic keratoses (AK), 51 Bowen' s disease (BD), 63 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 16 benign keratotic lesions (BKL) from 31 OTR patients and 25 controls (eczema and psoriasis). Tissue sections were stained for H&E and p16. We scored intensity, proportion and distribution of p16 positive lesional cells. RESULTS In 19% of AK, 92% of BD, 35% of SCC and 12% of BKL more than 15% of lesional cells were p16-positive. In 16% of AK, 80% of BD, 18% of SCC and 13% of BKL strong p16 staining was observed. BKL, AK and SCC showed focal and patchy staining, BD showed diffuse pattern with strong staining of all atypical cells. Sparing of the basal layer was predominantly seen in BD. No control specimen showed p16-overexpression. CONCLUSIONS p16 immunostaining shows a characteristic pattern in BD, but not in AK, SCC and BKL. It appears useful in recognizing BD, but not in differentiating between other keratinocytic neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel E Genders
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology, Roosevelt Clinics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Beck
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Stijn T P Kouwenhoven
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Frank R de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - David Jenkins
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Rein Willemze
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Koen D Quint
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology, Roosevelt Clinics, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Nicolás-Párraga S, Gandini C, Pimenoff VN, Alemany L, de Sanjosé S, Xavier Bosch F, Bravo IG. HPV16 variants distribution in invasive cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, and anus. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2909-2919. [PMID: 27654117 PMCID: PMC5083745 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)16 is the most oncogenic human papillomavirus, responsible for most papillomavirus‐induced anogenital cancers. We have explored by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis the viral variant lineages present in 692 HPV16‐monoinfected invasive anogenital cancers from Europe, Asia, and Central/South America. We have assessed the contribution of geography and anatomy to the differential prevalence of HPV16 variants and to the nonsynonymous E6 T350G polymorphism. Most (68%) of the variance in the distribution of HPV16 variants was accounted for by the differential abundance of the different viral lineages. The most prevalent variant (above 70% prevalence) in all regions and in all locations was HPV16_A1‐3, except in Asia, where HPV16_A4 predominated in anal cancers. The differential prevalence of variants as a function of geographical origin explained 9% of the variance, and the differential prevalence of variants as a function of anatomical location accounted for less than 3% of the variance. Despite containing similar repertoires of HPV16 variants, we confirm the worldwide trend of cervical cancers being diagnosed significantly earlier than other anogenital cancers (early fifties vs. early sixties). Frequencies for alleles in the HPV16 E6 T350G polymorphism were similar across anogenital cancers from the same geographical origin. Interestingly, anogenital cancers from Central/South America displayed higher 350G allele frequencies also within HPV16_A1‐3 lineage compared with Europe. Our results demonstrate ample variation in HPV16 variants prevalence in anogenital cancers, which is partly explained by the geographical origin of the sample and only marginally explained by the anatomical location of the lesion, suggesting that tissue specialization is not essential evolutionary forces shaping HPV16 diversity in anogenital cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nicolás-Párraga
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Gandini
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ville N Pimenoff
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Alemany
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia de Sanjosé
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Xavier Bosch
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio G Bravo
- Infections and Cancer Unit, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain. .,MIVEGEC, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Montpellier, France.
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15
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Félez-Sánchez M, Vergara M, de Sanjosé S, Castellsagué X, Alemany L, Bravo IG. Searching beyond the usual papillomavirus suspects in squamous carcinomas of the vulva, penis and head and neck. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:198-204. [PMID: 27600594 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are involved in the etiology of anogenital and head and neck cancers. The HPV DNA prevalence greatly differs by anatomical site. Indeed, the high rates of viral DNA prevalence in anal and cervical carcinomas contrast with the lower fraction of cancer cases attributable to HPVs in other anatomical sites, chiefly the vulva, the penis and head and neck. Here we analyzed 2635 Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded surgical samples that had previously tested negative for the presence of HPVs DNA using the SPF10/DEIA procedure, in order to identify the presence of other PVs not explicitly targeted by standard molecular epidemiologic approaches. All samples were reanalyzed using five broad-PV PCR primer sets (CP1/2, FAP6064/FAP64, SKF/SKR, MY9/MY11, MFI/MFII) targeting the main PV main clades. In head and neck carcinoma samples (n=1141), we recovered DNA from two BetaHPVs, namely HPV20 and HPV21, and from three cutaneous AlphaPVs, namely HPV2, HPV57 and HPV61. In vulvar squamous cell carcinoma samples (n=902), we found one of the samples containing DNA of one cutaneous HPV, namely HPV2, and 29 samples contained DNA from essentially mucosal HPVs. In penile squamous cell carcinoma samples (n=592), we retrieved the DNA of HPV16 in 16 samples. Our results show first that the SPF10/DEIA is very sensitive, as we recovered only 2.1% (55/2635) false negative results; second, that although the DNA of cutaneous HPVs can be detected in cancer samples, their relative contribution remains anyway minor (0.23%; 6/2635) and may be neglected for screening and vaccination purposes; and third, their contribution to malignancy is not necessarily warranted and needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Félez-Sánchez
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marleny Vergara
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia de Sanjosé
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Castellsagué
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Alemany
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio G Bravo
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; MIVEGEC, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Montpellier, France.
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16
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Basal cell carcinomas of the vulva: high-risk human papillomavirus DNA detection, p16 and BerEP4 expression. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38:542-7. [PMID: 24625418 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the vulva is rare and may be confused with the much more commonly encountered high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-related basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The HPV status of BCCs is not well established. This study assesses the utility of p16 and BerEP4 expression patterns and high-risk HPV detection for distinction of these tumors. Thirteen cases of vulvar BCC were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for p16 and BerEP4 expression. HPV status was assessed by in situ hybridization (ISH) with a high-risk HPV wide-spectrum probe and HPV 16 and 18 type-specific probes. All tumors (13/13) demonstrated patchy p16 positivity, with <50% of tumor cells expressing p16 in all cases. None demonstrated the diffuse p16 expression characteristic of high-risk HPV-associated lesions. No high-risk HPV was detected by ISH (0/13). Eleven of 13 (85%) vulvar BCCs showed diffuse, intense expression of BerEP4. The 2 BerEP4-negative cases were notably squamatized. The lack of diffuse p16 expression and failure to detect high-risk HPV by ISH in vulvar BCCs indicate that these tumors are unrelated to high-risk HPV. Thus, these ancillary techniques, particularly p16 immunohistochemistry, are useful for distinguishing vulvar BCCs from basaloid forms of high-risk HPV-related vulvar SCC. BerEP4 expression can help in distinction of these tumors except in cases of BCC with extensive squamatization. Distinction of vulvar BCC from basaloid SCC is important because of differences in extent of surgical treatment for these entities.
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17
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Boujoual M, Hachi H, Rimani M, El Khannoussi B, Bougtab A. [Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva: report of four cases]. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 17:303. [PMID: 25328599 PMCID: PMC4198271 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.17.303.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Le cancer verruqueux de la vulve est une variante rare et bien différenciéedu carcinome épidermoïdedont les particularités diagnostiques, thérapeutiques et pronostiques méritent d’être distinguées. Il se caractérise par son importante croissance exophytique sans infiltration de la membrane basale. Son évolution est surtout locale rarement métastatique. Il est l'indication d'un traitement chirurgical exclusif avec exérèse large sans curage ganglionnaire de principe. La radiothérapie n'apporte aucun bénéfice en survie. Le pronostic est relativement bon mais grevé par les récidives locales. Nous rapportons quatre cas de carcinome verruqueux de la vulve colligés au Service de Chirurgieà l'Institut National d'Oncologie Rabat, nous discuterons à travers une revue de littérature, leurs modalités diagnostiques thérapeutiques et évolutives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hafid Hachi
- Chirurgie Institut National d'Oncologie, Rabat
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18
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Evidence of the causal role of human papillomavirus type 58 in an oropharyngeal carcinoma. Virol J 2013; 10:334. [PMID: 24220072 PMCID: PMC3842782 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent human papillomavirus infection (HPV) is recognized as an important etiologic factor for a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), especially those arising from the oropharynx. Whereas HPV16 accounts for the majority of HPV DNA-positive oropharyngeal SCC, infections with other mucosal high-risk HPV types are quite rare and biological data demonstrating their causal involvement are insufficient. Here we present the first case of an oropharyngeal SCC driven by HPV type 58. A 69-year-old Caucasian woman presented with an enlarged and firm left tonsil. A computed tomography scan showed a left tonsillar mass, extending to the soft palate and the glossotonsillar sulcus. The patient underwent extended radical tonsillectomy and ipsilateral selective neck dissection. Pathology confirmed an infiltrating, poorly differentiated SCC of the left tonsil with node metastasis (pT2N1). Adjuvant external beam radiation therapy (60 Grays (Gy)) was administered. After 1 year of follow-up, the patient is well with no evidence of cancer recurrence. HPV analyses of the tumor tissue by BSGP5+/6+ -PCR/MPG, targeting 51 mucosal HPV types, showed single positivity for HPV type 58. Presence of HPV58 E6*I RNA demonstrated biological activity of the virus in the tumor tissue, and presence of serum antibodies to HPV58 oncoproteins E6 and E7 indicated presence of an HPV58-driven cancer. Overexpression of cellular protein p16INK4a and reduced expression of pRb, two cellular markers for HPV-induced cell transformation, were observed. Exons 4-10 of TP53 showed no mutations or polymorphisms. The presence of HPV58 as single HPV infection in combination with a broad variety of direct and indirect markers of HPV transformation provides comprehensive evidence that this oropharyngeal SCC was driven by HPV58.
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19
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a comparison between women 35 years or younger and 90 years or older. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013; 17:267-72. [PMID: 23733164 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0b013e31827527cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare clinical features, diagnosis, management, and outcomes between women 35 years or younger and 90 years or older with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma referred to Queensland Centre for Gynaecological Cancer between 1983 and 2010. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-seven case records, including pathology reports for these 2 groups were reviewed and analyzed using the computer software SPSS 11.0. RESULTS Of the cases, 34 were 35 years or younger (mean = 31.6 years), and 23 90 years or older (mean = 92.6 years). International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics classification showed grade 1 for 74% in the younger group and 55% for the older group. Patient status showed 22 alive (65%) in the younger group and 4 alive (17%) in the older group. Three younger patients (9%) were dead of disease and 8 (35%) in the older group. Three patients (9%) died of another disease in the younger group and 10 patients (43%) in the older group. Initial treatment was surgical in 30 younger cases (88%) and 18 older cases (78%). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a trend toward younger women presenting with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and a history of human papillomavirus and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Immune deficiency diseases occurred in 23% of the younger group, but none occurred in the older group, where Alzheimer disease, heart disease, and renal failure (57%) were present. Poorly differentiated tumors and an International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics classification of 2 or more resulted in a worse outcome than did better differentiated lesions, irrespective of additional medical conditions.
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20
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Alter BP, Giri N, Savage SA, Quint WGV, de Koning MNC, Schiffman M. Squamous cell carcinomas in patients with Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita: a search for human papillomavirus. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1513-5. [PMID: 23558727 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) and dyskeratosis congenita (DC) are at high risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and anogenital squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). In the general population, these sites (particularly oropharyngeal SCC) may be associated with infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). In FA and DC, however, the majority of HNSCC occur in the oral cavity. We investigated the HPV status of HNSCC and vulvar SCC from nine patients with FA and four with DC using a very sensitive PCR assay, and found HPV16 DNA in only a single vulvar tumor from one patient with FA, and in none of the HNSCC. These results suggest that HPV may not be the cause of SCC in patients with FA or DC, and that vaccination may not reduce the incidence of HNSCC in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanche P Alter
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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21
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Ferrándiz-Pulido C, Masferrer E, de Torres I, Lloveras B, Hernandez-Losa J, Mojal S, Salvador C, Morote J, Ramon y Cajal S, Pujol RM, Garcia-Patos V, Toll A. Identification and genotyping of human papillomavirus in a Spanish cohort of penile squamous cell carcinomas: Correlation with pathologic subtypes, p16INK4a expression, and prognosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 68:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Larsson GL, Helenius G, Andersson S, Elgh F, Sorbe B, Karlsson MG. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV 16–Variant Distribution in Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Sweden. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22:1413-9. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e31826a0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo investigate the human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV type 16–variant distribution in a series of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas (VSCC) and to evaluate the impact of HPV and HPV 16–variant on prognosis.MethodsA series of 133 patients who had a diagnosis of VSCC (1983-2008) was selected for the study. Detection of 11 high-risk HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59) and 2 low-risk HPV types (6 and 11) was performed with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Samples positive for HPV 16 were further analyzed for variant determination of 7 positions in theE6gene with polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing.ResultsForty (30.8%) of 130 tumors were found to be HPV positive. Human papillomavirus type 16 was found in 31 cases, HPV 18 was found in 2 cases, HPV 33 was found in 5 cases, and HPV 56 and HPV 59 were found in one case each. All but one tumor harboring HPV 16 were of European linage, and the 3 most common variants were E-p (n = 13), E-G350 (n = 7), and E-G131 (n = 5). HPV positivity was associated with the basaloid tumor type and occurred in significantly younger patients. Overall and recurrence-free survival rates were better in HPV-positive cases, but after correction for age and tumor size, HPV status was no longer an independent and significant prognostic factor. The survival rates of the various HPV 16 variants were not significantly different, but there was a trend of worse outcome for the E-G131–variant group.ConclusionsHuman papillomavirus positivity of 30.8% is similar to other reports on VSCC. To our knowledge, this first variant determination of HPV 16 in vulvar carcinoma in a Swedish cohort indicated that the variant E-G131 may have an increased oncogenic potential in patients with VSCC.
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23
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del Pino M, Bleeker MCG, Quint WG, Snijders PJF, Meijer CJLM, Steenbergen RDM. Comprehensive analysis of human papillomavirus prevalence and the potential role of low-risk types in verrucous carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1354-63. [PMID: 22684225 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in the development of verrucous carcinoma, a well-differentiated variant of squamous cell carcinoma with difficult differential diagnosis, is controversial in the literature. In this study, we analysed verrucous carcinoma from different origins for the presence and activity of a broad spectrum of HPV types, and carefully reviewed the histopathological features. A random series of 27 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of verrucous carcinoma was taken, representing the head and neck region (n=6), anogenital area (n=16) and extragenital skin region (n=5). After review of the histological slides, all samples were subjected to different polymerase chain reaction-based HPV detection techniques, together detecting a total of 83 HPV types, including both mucosal and cutaneous types. Histological revision was carefully performed. Lesions with keratinised papillae, blunt stromal invaginations and minimal cytological atypia were considered verrucous carcinoma. Condylomatous lesions with viral changes were defined as giant condyloma. Verrucous lesions that did not meet those criteria were classified as verrucous hyperplasia. Tumours with stromal infiltration were considered as invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Histological revision revealed that 13 out of 27 cases were verrucous carcinoma (one showing a double infection with HPV 35 and 45), 5 invasive squamous cell carcinomas, 5 verrucous hyperplasia (one with a double infection with HPV 4 and 8), 1 pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and 3 giant condylomas. All three giant condylomas were low-risk HPV positive (HPV 6 and 11) and showed active mRNA transcription. None of the HPV-positive samples tested positive for diffuse p16(INK4A) staining. In conclusion, our results do not support a causal role of HPV in the development of verrucous carcinoma. Testing for LR-HPV, particularly HPV 6 and 11, may help in the differential diagnosis of lesions suspicious of verrucous carcinoma as those testing positive for LR-HPV most likely represent giant condylomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta del Pino
- Unit of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Liang C, Marsit CJ, McClean MD, Nelson HH, Christensen BC, Haddad RI, Clark JR, Wein RO, Grillone GA, Houseman EA, Halec G, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Krane JF, Kelsey KT. Biomarkers of HPV in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5004-13. [PMID: 22991304 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an accepted cause of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and patients with HPV-associated HNSCC have a favorable prognosis. Currently, there is no general guidance on the most appropriate biomarkers for clinical assessment of HPV in these malignancies. We compared PCR-based and serologic HPV assays, as well as p16 immunohistochemistry, individually and in combination in a single population-based study to assess their associations with overall survival among patients with HNSCC, and thus their potential value as biomarkers. HPV16 serology was determined for 488 patients; immunohistochemical detection of p16 expression in tumors was conducted in a subset of 233 cases, and PCR-based methods to assess the presence of HPV16 DNA in a subset of 179 cases of tumors. Considering each biomarker individually in the subset of patients studied for all endpoints, seropositivity for the E6 and E7 proteins was significantly associated with enhanced all-cause survival in oropharyngeal disease [HR(E6/E7+) = 0.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.02-0.3]. Neither the presence of HPV16 DNA nor p16 immunostaining was associated with significant enhanced overall survival in oropharyngeal disease (HR(DNA) = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.3-2.9; HR(p16) = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.1-1.1). However, the combination of HPV-positive DNA and E6 or E7 serology was associated with enhanced overall survival in oropharyngeal disease (HR(DNA+/E6/E7+) = 0.1, 95% CI = 0.02-1.0), whereas E6/E7 seronegative patients with evidence of HPV in tumor DNA did not show any evidence of favorable survival (HR(DNA+/E6-/E7-) = 3.4, 95% CI = 0.6-18.1). Furthermore, patients with p16 staining and E6 or E7 seropositivity had favorable survival from oropharyngeal disease (HR(p16+/E6/E7+) = 0.1, 95% CI = 0.02-0.4), whereas patients who were p16 positive and E6/E7 seronegative had significantly increased hazard of all causes of death (HR(p16+/E6-/E7-) = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.2-7.7). A stronger association of HPV presence with prognosis (assessed by all-cause survival) is observed when "HPV-associated" HNSCC is defined using tumor status (HPV DNA status or P16) and HPV E6/E7 serology in combination rather using tumor HPV status alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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25
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Halec G, Schmitt M, Dondog B, Sharkhuu E, Wentzensen N, Gheit T, Tommasino M, Kommoss F, Bosch FX, Franceschi S, Clifford G, Gissmann L, Pawlita M. Biological activity of probable/possible high-risk human papillomavirus types in cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:63-71. [PMID: 22514107 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Judging the carcinogenicity of human papillomavirus (HPV) types rarely found in cervical cancer (CxCa) is hindered by lack of studies of their biological activity in cancer tissues. To asses transcriptional activity of HPV types, we have developed ultra-short amplimer, splice-site specific, E6*I mRNA RT-PCR assays for 12 high-risk (HR)-HPV (IARC Group 1) and eight probable/possible high-risk (pHR)-HPV types (IARC Group 2A/B carcinogens). Previously unreported E6*I splice sites of the six pHR-HPV types 26, 53, 67, 70, 73 and 82 were identified by cloning and sequencing. We analyzed 97 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) Mongolian CxCa biopsies for presence of HPV DNA by two sensitive genotyping assays, for E6*I transcripts of all HR-/pHR-HPV types identified and for expression of HPV surrogate markers p16(INK4a), pRb and p53. E6*I of at least one HR-/pHR-HPV was expressed in 94 (98%) of cancer tissues including seven with pHR-HPV types 26, 66, 70 or 82 as single transcribed types. Fifty-eight of E6*I mRNA transcribing cases were analyzable by immunohistochemistry and displayed p16(INK4a) overexpression in 57 (98%), pRb downregulation in 56 (97%) and p53 downregulation in 36 (62%) tissues. The newly developed E6*I mRNA RT-PCR assays appeared to be highly sensitive method to analyze HPV transcription in FFPE materials. Our finding of viral oncogene transcription of pHR-HPV types 26, 66, 70 and 82 in cervical tumors, in the absence of any other transcriptionally active HR-type and with p16(INK4a) overexpression and pRb downregulation, may support a reassessment of the carcinogenicity classification of these pHR-HPV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Halec
- Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
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Horn LC, Klostermann K, Hautmann S, Höhn AK, Beckmann MW, Mehlhorn G. [HPV-associated alterations of the vulva and vagina. Morphology and molecular pathology]. DER PATHOLOGE 2012; 32:467-75. [PMID: 22038133 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-011-1476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-neoplastic HPV-induced alterations of the vulva and vagina are frequent. The traditional three-tier grading system of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) will be replaced by the definition of usual and simplex type of VIN. The usual type is characterized by a strong association to high-risk HPV infections, the occurrence at younger age and multifocality, mostly associated with non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. The differentiated (or simplex) type is rare and shows an association to older age and p53 alterations and is typically diagnosed co-incidentally with keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) is still graded into VAIN 1-3 where VAIN 1 and 2 are mostly associated with low-risk HPV infections and a high spontaneous regression rate whereas VAIN 3 represents a high-risk HPV-associated lesion with capable progression into (micro-)invasive carcinoma. The differential diagnosis between a non-neoplastic condylomatous lesion and VIN common type and VAIN may be aided by p16 immunohistochemistry. The HPV-associated invasive vulvo-vaginal cancers are verrucous carcinoma (low-risk HPV) and the high-risk HPV-induced (non-keratinizing) squamous cell carcinoma (NOS), the condylomatous (warty) carcinoma and the very rare vaginal squamo-transitional carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-C Horn
- Abteilung Mamma-, Gynäko- & Perinatalpathologie, Institut für Pathologie, Zemtrum für Diagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstr. 26, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland.
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Park JJ, Kim SH, Lee J, Lee JB, Yun S. Human papillomavirus types 1, 16 and 18 detected in a lesion of verrucous carcinoma of the cheek. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:694-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schmitt M, Höfler D, Koleganova N, Pawlita M. Human Polyomaviruses and Other Human Viruses in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Table 1. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1558-61. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
Carcinoma of the vulva is an uncommon malignant neoplasm (approximately one-fifth as frequent as cervical cancer) and represents 4% of all genital cancers in women. Approximately two-thirds of cases occur in women older than 60 years, and squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histologic type. Several different subtypes of squamous cell carcinoma have been described in the vulva; however, in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, and histologic features, most carcinomas belong to one of two categories: keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas associated with chronic inflammatory skin disorders, and basaloid or warty carcinomas related to infection with high oncogenic risk human papillomaviruses. Glandular neoplasms of the vulva arise from the vulvar apocrine sweat glands (papillary hidradenoma and Paget disease) or the Bartholin gland and their cause is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta C Pirog
- Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, ST-1041, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Guerrero D, Guarch R, Ojer A, Casas JM, Méndez-Meca C, Esteller M, Barba-Ramos E, Garcia-Bragado F, Puras A. Differential hypermethylation of genes in vulvar cancer and lichen sclerosus coexisting or not with vulvar cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:2853-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 17:132-41. [PMID: 19363348 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32832ad5ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- F Plantier
- Laboratoire d'anatomie pathologique, hôpital Tarnier-Cochin, AP-HP, 89, rue d'Assas, 75006 Paris, France.
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Condon JR, Rumbold AR, Thorn JC, O’Brien MM, Davy MJ, Zardawi I. A cluster of vulvar cancer and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia in young Australian Indigenous women. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 20:67-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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