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Uchida S, Kataoka K. Design concepts of polyplex micelles for in vivo therapeutic delivery of plasmid DNA and messenger RNA. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:978-990. [PMID: 30665262 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral delivery of plasmid (p)DNA or messenger (m)RNA is a safe and promising therapeutic option to continuously supply therapeutic proteins into diseased tissues. In most cases of in vivo pDNA and mRNA delivery, these nucleic acids are loaded into carriers based on cationic polymers and/or lipids to prevent nuclease-mediated degradation before reaching target cells. The carriers should also evade host clearance mechanisms, including uptake by scavenger cells and filtration in the spleen. Installation of ligands onto the carriers can facilitate their rapid uptake into target cells. Meanwhile, carrier toxicity should be minimized not only for preventing undesirable adverse responses in patients, but also for preserving the function of transfected cells to exert therapeutic effects. Long-term progressive improvement of platform technologies has helped overcome most of these issues, though some still remain hindering the widespread clinical application of nonviral pDNA and mRNA delivery. This review discusses design concepts of nonviral carriers for in vivo delivery and the issues to be overcome, focusing especially on our own efforts using polyplex micelles. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 978-990, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Uchida
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.,Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Qian Y, Wang Y, Jia F, Wang Z, Yue C, Zhang W, Hu Z, Wang W. Tumor-microenvironment controlled nanomicelles with AIE property for boosting cancer therapy and apoptosis monitoring. Biomaterials 2019; 188:96-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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3
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Gerile G, Ganbold T, Li Y, Baigude H. Head group configuration increases the biocompatibility of cationic lipids for nucleic acid delivery. J Mater Chem B 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00317j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of genetic material is a potentially powerful therapeutic approach for the treatment of genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerile Gerile
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot
- P. R. China
| | - Tsogzolmaa Ganbold
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot
- P. R. China
| | - Yizheng Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot
- P. R. China
| | - Huricha Baigude
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot
- P. R. China
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4
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Conde J, Oliva N, Zhang Y, Artzi N. Local triple-combination therapy results in tumour regression and prevents recurrence in a colon cancer model. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:1128-38. [PMID: 27454043 PMCID: PMC6594055 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies involve the systemic delivery of anticancer agents that neither discriminate between cancer and normal cells nor eliminate the risk of cancer recurrence. Here, we demonstrate that the combination of gene, drug and phototherapy delivered through a prophylactic hydrogel patch leads, in a colon cancer mouse model, to complete tumour remission when applied to non-resected tumours and to the absence of tumour recurrence when applied following tumour resection. The adhesive hydrogel patch enhanced the stability and provided local delivery of embedded nanoparticles. Spherical gold nanoparticles were used as a first wave of treatment to deliver siRNAs against Kras, a key oncogene driver, and rod-shaped gold nanoparticles mediated the conversion of near-infrared radiation into heat, causing the release of a chemotherapeutic as well as thermally induced cell damage. This local, triple-combination therapy can be adapted to other cancer cell types and to molecular targets associated with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Conde
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.C. or N.A. ;
| | - Nuria Oliva
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Natalie Artzi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.C. or N.A. ;
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Merkle HP. Drug delivery's quest for polymers: Where are the frontiers? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 97:293-303. [PMID: 26614554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the legendary 1964 article of Folkman and Long entitled "The use of silicone rubber as a carrier for prolonged drug therapy" the role of polymers in controlled drug delivery has come a long way. Today it is evident that polymers play a crucial if not the prime role in this field. The latest boost owes to the interest in drug delivery for the purpose of tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. The focus of this commentary is on a selection of general and personal observations that are characteristic for the current state of polymer therapeutics and carriers. It briefly highlights selected examples for the long march of synthetic polymer-drug conjugates from bench to bedside, comments on the ambivalence of selected polymers as inert excipients versus biological response modifiers, and on the yet unsolved dilemma of cationic polymers for the delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics. Further subjects are the complex design of multifunctional polymeric carriers including recent concepts towards functional supramolecular polymers, as well as observations on stimuli-sensitive polymers and the currently ongoing trend towards natural and naturally-derived biopolymers. The final topic is the discovery and early development of a novel type of biodegradable polyesters for parenteral use. Altogether, it is not the basic and applied research in polymer therapeutics and carriers, but the translational process that is the key hurdle to proceed towards an authoritative approval of new polymer therapeutics and carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans P Merkle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Campus Hönggerberg, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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6
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Martin TM, Plautz SA, Pannier AK. Temporal endogenous gene expression profiles in response to polymer-mediated transfection and profile comparison to lipid-mediated transfection. J Gene Med 2015; 17:33-53. [PMID: 25663627 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Design of efficient nonviral gene delivery systems is limited by the rudimentary understanding of specific molecules that facilitate transfection. METHODS Polyplexes using 25-kDa polyethylenimine (PEI) and plasmid-encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) were delivered to HEK 293T cells. After treating cells with polyplexes, microarrays were used to identify endogenous genes differentially expressed between treated and untreated cells (2 h of exposure) or between flow-separated transfected cells (GFP+) and treated, untransfected cells (GFP-) at 8, 16 and 24 h after lipoplex treatment. Cell priming studies were conducted using pharmacologic agents to alter endogenous levels of the identified differentially expressed genes to determine effect on transfection levels. Differentially expressed genes in polyplex-mediated transfection were compared with those differentially expressed in lipoplex transfection to identify DNA carrier-dependent molecular factors. RESULTS Differentially expressed genes were RGS1, ARHGAP24, PDZD2, SNX24, GSN and IGF2BP1 after 2 h; RAP1A and ACTA1 after 8 h; RAP1A, WDR78 and ACTA1 after 16 h; and RAP1A, SCG5, ATF3, IREB2 and ACTA1 after 24 h. Pharmacologic studies altering endogenous levels for ARHGAP24, GSN, IGF2BP1, PDZD2 and RGS1 were able to increase or decrease transgene production. Comparing differentially expressed genes for polyplexes and lipoplexes, no common genes were identified at the 2-h time point, whereas, after the 8-h time point, RAP1A, ATF3 and HSPA6 were similarly expressed. SCG5 and PGAP1 were only upregulated in polyplex-transfected cells. CONCLUSIONS The identified genes and pharmacologic agents provide targets for improving transfection systems, although polyplex or lipoplex dependencies must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Durham Research Center II, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Akita H, Ishiba R, Togashi R, Tange K, Nakai Y, Hatakeyama H, Harashima H. A neutral lipid envelope-type nanoparticle composed of a pH-activated and vitamin E-scaffold lipid-like material as a platform for a gene carrier targeting renal cell carcinoma. J Control Release 2014; 200:97-105. [PMID: 25543000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the refractory tumors, since it readily acquires resistance against chemotherapy. Thus, alternative therapeutic approaches such as obstructing the neovasculature are needed. We previously reported on the development of a plasmid DNA (pDNA)-encapsulating liposomal nanoparticle (LNP) as a hepatic gene delivery system that is applicable to systemic administration. The key molecular component is a SS-cleavable and pH-activated lipid-like material (ssPalm) that mounts dual sensing motifs (ternary amines and disulfide bonding) that are responsive to the intracellular environment. The main purpose of the present study was to expand its application to a tumor-targeting gene delivery system in mice bearing tumors established from a RCC (OS-RC-2). When the modification of the surface of the particle is optimized for the polyethyleneglycol (PEG), stability in the blood circulation is improved, and consequently tumor-selective gene expression can be achieved. Furthermore, gene expression in the tumor was increased slightly when the hydrophobic scaffold of the ssPalm was replaced from the conventionally used myristic acid (ssPalmM) to α-tocopherol succinate (ssPalmE). Moreover, tumor growth was significantly suppressed when the completely CpG-free pDNA encoding the solute form of VEGFR (fms-like tyrosine kinase-1: sFlt-1) was used, especially when it was delivered by the LNP formed with ssPalmE (LNP(ssPalmE)). Thus, the PEG-modified LNP(ssPalmE) is a promising gene carrier for the cancer gene therapy of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Ishiba
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Togashi
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kota Tange
- NOF CORPORATION, 3-3 Chidori-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakai
- NOF CORPORATION, 3-3 Chidori-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hatakeyama
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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Lee J, Park IS, Jung E, Lee Y, Min DH. Direct, sequence-specific detection of dsDNA based on peptide nucleic acid and graphene oxide without requiring denaturation. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 62:140-4. [PMID: 24997367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-specific detection of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) is important in various research fields. In general, denaturation of dsDNA into single strands is necessary for the sequence-specific recognition of probes to target DNA, posing several drawbacks which decrease the efficiency as a DNA sensor. Herein, we report a direct, sequence-specific dsDNA detection system without requiring any thermal denaturing step. Our strategy utilizes peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and graphene oxide (GO) as a probe and as a fluorescence quencher, respectively. The PNA first binds to the end of dsDNA strand due to the relatively easily dissociable terminal base pairs of DNA duplex. Next, superior binding affinity of PNA towards complementary DNA induces branch migration for gradual strand replacement, resulting in the formation of PNA/DNA duplex. Unlike other dsDNA sensors based on complementary DNA probes, PNA in combination with GO enabled hybridization with the target sequence hidden as a duplex form without denaturing step and thus, the formation of PNA/DNA duplex was translated into selective fluorescence signal. Moreover, it provided tighter turn-on signal control with very low background signal and high sensitivity and sequence selectivity even in the presence of serum proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieon Lee
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Soo Park
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Euihan Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal-Hee Min
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Activation of TLR9 by incorporated pDNA within PEG-coated lipoplex enhances anti-PEG IgM production. Gene Ther 2014; 21:593-8. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Akita H, Ishii S, Miura N, Shaheen SM, Hayashi Y, Nakamura T, Kaji N, Baba Y, Harashima H. A DNA microarray-based analysis of immune-stimulatory and transcriptional responses of dendritic cells to KALA-modified nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8979-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Sharma S, Rais A, Sandhu R, Nel W, Ebadi M. Clinical significance of metallothioneins in cell therapy and nanomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1477-88. [PMID: 23620664 PMCID: PMC3633583 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s42019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian metallothioneins (MTs) are low molecular weight (6–7 kDa) cysteine-rich proteins that are specifically induced by metal nanoparticles (NPs). MT induction in cell therapy may provide better protection by serving as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic agents, and by augmenting zinc-mediated transcriptional regulation of genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Liposome-encapsulated MT-1 promoter has been used extensively to induce growth hormone or other genes in culture and gene-manipulated animals. MTs are induced as a defensive mechanism in chronic inflammatory conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and infections, hence can serve as early and sensitive biomarkers of environmental safety and effectiveness of newly developed NPs for clinical applications. Microarray analysis has indicated that MTs are significantly induced in drug resistant cancers and during radiation treatment. Nutritional stress and environmental toxins (eg, kainic acid and domoic acid) induce MTs and aggregation of multilamellar electron-dense membrane stacks (Charnoly body) due to mitochondrial degeneration. MTs enhance mitochondrial bioenergetics of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide–ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex-1), a rate-limiting enzyme complex involved in the oxidative phosphorylation. Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors (eg, selegiline) inhibit α-synuclein nitration, implicated in Lewy body formation, and inhibit 1-methyl 4-phenylpyridinium and 3-morpholinosydnonimine-induced apoptosis in cultured human dopaminergic neurons and mesencephalic fetal stem cells. MTs as free radical scavengers inhibit Charnoly body formation and neurodegenerative α-synucleinopathies, hence Charnoly body formation and α-synuclein index may be used as early and sensitive biomarkers to assess NP effectiveness and toxicity to discover better drug delivery and surgical interventions. Furthermore, pharmacological interventions augmenting MTs may facilitate the theranostic potential of NP-labeled cells and other therapeutic agents. These unique characteristics of MTs might be helpful in the synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of emerging NPs for theranostic applications. This report highlights the clinical significance of MTs and their versatility as early, sensitive biomarkers in cell-based therapy and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Sharma
- Saint James School of Medicine, Bonaire, The Netherlands
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Bruni F, Lightowlers RN. Designing an organellar postal service: delivery of macromolecules to mitochondria in intact cells. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1404-5. [PMID: 21804616 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bruni
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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13
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Endosomal escape and the knockdown efficiency of liposomal-siRNA by the fusogenic peptide shGALA. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5733-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hayashi Y, Yamauchi J, Khalil IA, Kajimoto K, Akita H, Harashima H. Cell penetrating peptide-mediated systemic siRNA delivery to the liver. Int J Pharm 2011; 419:308-13. [PMID: 21827843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) is one of the most attractive tools for efficiently delivering biomolecules to a target organelle. Here, we describe the use of octaarginine (R8)-modified lipid nanoparticles for the efficient and targeted in vivo delivery of siRNA to the liver. In this study, SR-BI (a scavenger receptor class B, member 1) was targeted by this nanoparticle. Our results demonstrate that R8-modified lipid nanoparticles can be used for the efficient and targeted delivery of liver siRNA to induce the specific knock-down of an endogenous gene with minimum liver toxicity and immune response, and that this CPP based technology holds considerable promise for further in vivo biological applications of siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Hatakeyama H, Akita H, Ito E, Hayashi Y, Oishi M, Nagasaki Y, Danev R, Nagayama K, Kaji N, Kikuchi H, Baba Y, Harashima H. Systemic delivery of siRNA to tumors using a lipid nanoparticle containing a tumor-specific cleavable PEG-lipid. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4306-16. [PMID: 21429576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we developed a multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND) for efficient delivery of nucleic acids. For tumor delivery of a MEND, PEGylation is a useful method, which confers a longer systemic circulation and tumor accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. However, PEGylation inhibits cellular uptake and subsequent endosomal escape. To overcome this, we developed a PEG-peptide-DOPE (PPD) that is cleaved in a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-rich environment. In this study, we report on the systemic delivery of siRNA to tumors by employing a MEND that is modified with PPD (PPD-MEND). An in vitro study revealed that PPD modification accelerated both cellular uptake and endosomal escape, compared to a conventional PEG modified MEND. To balance both systemic stability and efficient activity, PPD-MEND was further co-modified with PEG-DSPE. As a result, the systemic administration of the optimized PPD-MEND resulted in an approximately 70% silencing activity in tumors, compared to non-treatment. Finally, a safety evaluation showed that the PPD-MEND showed no hepatotoxicity and innate immune stimulation. Furthermore, in a DNA microarray analysis in liver and spleen tissue, less gene alternation was found for the PPD-MEND compared to that for the PEG-unmodified MEND due to less accumulation in liver and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Hatakeyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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