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Tanniche I, Behkam B. Engineered live bacteria as disease detection and diagnosis tools. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:65. [PMID: 37875910 PMCID: PMC10598922 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and minimally invasive medical diagnostics are essential to the early detection of diseases, monitoring their progression and response to treatment. Engineered bacteria as live sensors are being developed as a new class of biosensors for sensitive, robust, noninvasive, and in situ detection of disease onset at low cost. Akin to microrobotic systems, a combination of simple genetic rules, basic logic gates, and complex synthetic bioengineering principles are used to program bacterial vectors as living machines for detecting biomarkers of diseases, some of which cannot be detected with other sensing technologies. Bacterial whole-cell biosensors (BWCBs) can have wide-ranging functions from detection only, to detection and recording, to closed-loop detection-regulated treatment. In this review article, we first summarize the unique benefits of bacteria as living sensors. We then describe the different bacteria-based diagnosis approaches and provide examples of diagnosing various diseases and disorders. We also discuss the use of bacteria as imaging vectors for disease detection and image-guided surgery. We conclude by highlighting current challenges and opportunities for further exploration toward clinical translation of these bacteria-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Tanniche
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Bahareh Behkam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- School of Biomedical Engineered and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Center for Engineered Health, Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Zhang Y, Tan W, Sultonova RD, Nguyen DH, Zheng JH, You SH, Rhee JH, Kim SY, Khim K, Hong Y, Min JJ. Synergistic cancer immunotherapy utilizing programmed Salmonella typhimurium secreting heterologous flagellin B conjugated to interleukin-15 proteins. Biomaterials 2023; 298:122135. [PMID: 37148758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of appropriately designed immunotherapeutic bacteria is an appealing approach to tumor therapy because the bacteria specifically target tumor tissue and deliver therapeutic payloads. The present study describes the engineering of an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium deficient in ppGpp biosynthesis (SAM) that could secrete Vibrio vulnificus flagellin B (FlaB) conjugated to human (hIL15/FlaB) and mouse (mIL15/FlaB) interleukin-15 proteins in the presence of L-arabinose (L-ara). These strains, named SAMphIF and SAMpmIF, respectively, secreted fusion proteins that retained bioactivity of both FlaB and IL15. SAMphIF and SAMpmIF inhibited the growth of MC38 and CT26 subcutaneous (sc) tumors in mice and increased mouse survival rate more efficiently than SAM expressing FlaB alone (SAMpFlaB) or IL15 alone (SAMpmIL15 and SAMphIL15), although SAMpmIF had slightly greater antitumor activity than SAMphIF. The mice treated with these bacteria showed enhanced macrophage phenotype shift, from M2-like to M1-like, as well as greater proliferation and activation of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK, and NKT cells in tumor tissues. After tumor eradication by these bacteria, ≥50% of the mice show no evidence of tumor recurrence upon rechallenge with the same tumor cells, indicating that they had acquired long-term immune memory. Treatment of mice of 4T1 and B16F10 highly malignant sc tumors with a combination of these bacteria and an immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-L1 antibody, significantly suppressed tumor metastasis and increased mouse survival rate. Taken together, these findings suggest that SAM secreting IL15/FlaB is a novel therapeutic candidate for bacterial-mediated cancer immunotherapy and that its antitumor activity is enhanced by combination with anti-PD-L1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenzhi Tan
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, China
| | - Rukhsora D Sultonova
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh-Huy Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hai Zheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | | | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Kim
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Koemchhoy Khim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
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ECM-targeting bacteria enhance chemotherapeutic drug efficacy by lowering IFP in tumor mouse models. J Control Release 2023; 355:199-210. [PMID: 36750146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cancer therapies aim to manipulate bacteria to effectively deploy therapeutic payloads to tumors. Attenuated bacteria alone often cannot eradicate solid tumors. Attenuated Salmonella can be engineered to deliver cytotoxic drugs to either trigger an immune response or increase antitumor efficacy when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding cancer cells forms a barrier that often limits the ability of chemotherapeutic and cytotoxic drugs to penetrate and eliminate tumors. To overcome this limitation, we developed a strategy to combine chemotherapy with an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strain engineered to secrete HysA protein (from Staphylococcus aureus; Hyaluronidase, HAase) in tumors. The engineered Salmonella effectively degraded hyaluronan (HA), which is a major ECM constituent in tumors, and suppressed tumor growth in mouse models of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (ASPC-1) and breast cancer (4T1). Furthermore, it prolonged survival when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin or gemcitabine). Upon bacterial colonization, the HAase-mediated ECM degradation decreased interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) in the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, HA degradation using HAase-expressing bacteria in vivo led to decreased binding to the receptor, CD44, expressed in tumors. This may modulate proliferation- and apoptosis-related signal pathways. Therefore, ECM-targeting bacteria can be used as a synergistic anticancer therapeutic agent to maximize chemotherapeutic drug delivery into highly invasive tumors.
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Yan B. Actuators for Implantable Devices: A Broad View. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1756. [PMID: 36296109 PMCID: PMC9610948 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The choice of actuators dictates how an implantable biomedical device moves. Specifically, the concept of implantable robots consists of the three pillars: actuators, sensors, and powering. Robotic devices that require active motion are driven by a biocompatible actuator. Depending on the actuating mechanism, different types of actuators vary remarkably in strain/stress output, frequency, power consumption, and durability. Most reviews to date focus on specific type of actuating mechanism (electric, photonic, electrothermal, etc.) for biomedical applications. With a rapidly expanding library of novel actuators, however, the granular boundaries between subcategories turns the selection of actuators a laborious task, which can be particularly time-consuming to those unfamiliar with actuation. To offer a broad view, this study (1) showcases the recent advances in various types of actuating technologies that can be potentially implemented in vivo, (2) outlines technical advantages and the limitations of each type, and (3) provides use-specific suggestions on actuator choice for applications such as drug delivery, cardiovascular, and endoscopy implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxi Yan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Bacteria and bacterial derivatives as delivery carriers for immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114085. [PMID: 34933064 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the role of microorganisms in human health and disease, with evidence showing that new types of biotherapy using engineered bacterial therapeutics, including bacterial derivatives, can address specific mechanisms of disease. The complex interactions between microorganisms and metabolic/immunologic pathways underlie many diseases with unmet medical needs, suggesting that targeting these interactions may improve patient treatment. Using tools from synthetic biology and chemical engineering, non-pathogenic bacteria or bacterial products can be programmed and designed to sense and respond to environmental signals to deliver therapeutic effectors. This review describes current progress in biotherapy using live bacteria and their derivatives to achieve therapeutic benefits against various diseases.
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Sun Y, Zheng JH. Visualized Cancer Immunotherapy with Engineered Salmonella typhimurium. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2521:283-294. [PMID: 35733004 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2441-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium can specifically colonize tumor tissues and drastically inhibit tumor growth. Vibrio vulnificus flagellin B (FlaB), a natural ligand of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) that can activate robust host immune system, is an excellent adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy with high binding affinity to TLR5. Here, we constructed attenuated S. typhimurium that expresses flagellin B (FlaB) with a controlled expression system to enhance targeted cancer immunotherapy with increased good safety profiles. Visualized therapy can also be achieved with bioluminescence imaging by introducing the lux operon into the attenuated Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Hai Zheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China.
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Allemailem KS. Innovative Approaches of Engineering Tumor-Targeting Bacteria with Different Therapeutic Payloads to Fight Cancer: A Smart Strategy of Disease Management. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:8159-8184. [PMID: 34938075 PMCID: PMC8687692 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s338272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional therapies for cancer eradication like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, even though most widely used, still suffer from some disappointing outcomes. The limitations of these therapies during cancer recurrence and metastasis demonstrate the need for better alternatives. Some bacteria preferentially colonize and proliferate inside tumor mass; thus these bacteria can be used as ideal candidates to deliver antitumor therapeutic agents. The bacteria like Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., E. coli, Listeria spp., and Salmonella spp. can be reprogrammed to produce, transport, and deliver anticancer agents, eg, cytotoxic agents, prodrug converting enzymes, immunomodulators, tumor stroma targeting agents, siRNA, and drug-loaded nanoformulations based on clinical requirements. In addition, these bacteria can be genetically modified to express various functional proteins and targeting ligands that can enhance the targeting approach and controlled drug-delivery. Low tumor-targeting and weak penetration power deep inside the tumor mass limits the use of anticancer drug-nanoformulations. By using anticancer drug nanoformulations and other therapeutic payloads in combination with antitumor bacteria, it makes a synergistic effect against cancer by overcoming the individual limitations. The tumor-targeting bacteria can be either used as a monotherapy or in addition with other anticancer therapies like photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and magnetic field therapy to accomplish better clinical outcomes. The toxicity issues on normal tissues is the main concern regarding the use of engineered antitumor bacteria, which requires deeper research. In this article, the mechanism by which bacteria sense tumor microenvironment, role of some anticancer agents, and the recent advancement of engineering bacteria with different therapeutic payloads to combat cancers has been reviewed. In addition, future prospective and some clinical trials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Nguyen DH, You SH, Vo ATN, Ngo HTT, Van Nguyen K, Duong MTQ, Choy HE, Song M, Hong Y, Min JJ. Optimized Doxycycline-Inducible Gene Expression System for Genetic Programming of Tumor-Targeting Bacteria. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 24:82-92. [PMID: 34403085 PMCID: PMC8760206 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the programming of tumor-targeting bacteria, various therapeutic or reporter genes are expressed by different gene-triggering strategies. Previously, we engineered pJL87 plasmid with an inducible bacterial drug delivery system that simultaneously co-expressed two genes for therapy and imaging by a bidirectional tet promoter system only in response to the administration of exogenous doxycycline (Doxy). In this multi-cassette expression approach, tetA promoter (PtetA) was 100-fold higher in expression strength than tetR promoter (PtetR). In the present study, we developed pJH18 plasmid with novel Doxy-inducible gene expression system based on a tet promoter. PROCEDURES In this system, Tet repressor (TetR) expressed by a weak constitutive promoter binds to tetO operator, resulting in the tight repression of gene expressions by PtetA and PtetR, and Doxy releases TetR from tetO to de-repress PtetA and PtetR. RESULTS In Salmonella transformed with pJH18, the expression balance of bidirectional tet promoters in pJH18 was remarkably improved (PtetA:PtetR = 4~6:1) compared with that of pJL87 (PtetA:PtetR = 100:1) in the presence of Doxy. Also, the expression level by novel tet system was much higher in Salmonella transformed with pJH18 than in those with pJL87 (80-fold in rluc8 and 5-fold in clyA). Interestingly, pJH18 of the transformed Salmonella was much more stably maintained than pJL87 in antibiotic-free tumor-bearing mice (about 41-fold), because only pJH18 carries bom sequence with an essential role in preventing the plasmid-free population of programmed Salmonella from undergoing cell division. CONCLUSIONS Overall, doxycycline-induced co-expression of two proteins at similar expression levels, we exploited bioluminescence reporter proteins with preclinical but no clinical utility. Future validation with clinically compatible reporter systems, for example, suitable for radionuclide imaging, is necessary to develop this system further towards potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Huy Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan You
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - An-Trang Ngoc Vo
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Hien Thi-Thu Ngo
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Khuynh Van Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Mai Thi-Quynh Duong
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon E Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Miryoung Song
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeonnam, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
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Iop L. Toward the Effective Bioengineering of a Pathological Tissue for Cardiovascular Disease Modeling: Old Strategies and New Frontiers for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:591583. [PMID: 33748193 PMCID: PMC7969521 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.591583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) still represent the primary cause of mortality worldwide. Preclinical modeling by recapitulating human pathophysiology is fundamental to advance the comprehension of these diseases and propose effective strategies for their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In silico, in vivo, and in vitro models have been applied to dissect many cardiovascular pathologies. Computational and bioinformatic simulations allow developing algorithmic disease models considering all known variables and severity degrees of disease. In vivo studies based on small or large animals have a long tradition and largely contribute to the current treatment and management of CVDs. In vitro investigation with two-dimensional cell culture demonstrates its suitability to analyze the behavior of single, diseased cellular types. The introduction of induced pluripotent stem cell technology and the application of bioengineering principles raised the bar toward in vitro three-dimensional modeling by enabling the development of pathological tissue equivalents. This review article intends to describe the advantages and disadvantages of past and present modeling approaches applied to provide insights on some of the most relevant congenital and acquired CVDs, such as rhythm disturbances, bicuspid aortic valve, cardiac infections and autoimmunity, cardiovascular fibrosis, atherosclerosis, and calcific aortic valve stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iop
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
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Recent Progress in the Molecular Imaging of Tumor-Treating Bacteria. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 55:7-14. [PMID: 33643484 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-021-00689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cancer therapy (BCT) approaches have been extensively investigated because bacteria can show unique features of strong tropism for cancer, proliferation inside tumors, and antitumor immunity, while bacteria are also possible agents for drug delivery. Despite the rapidly increasing number of preclinical studies using BCT to overcome the limitations of conventional cancer treatments, very few BCT studies have advanced to clinical trials. In patients undergoing BCT, the precise localization and quantification of bacterial density in different body locations is important; however, most clinical trials have used subjective clinical signs and invasive sampling to confirm bacterial colonization. There is therefore a need to improve the visualization of bacterial densities using noninvasive and repetitive in vivo imaging techniques that can facilitate the clinical translation of BCT. In vivo optical imaging techniques using bioluminescence and fluorescence, which are extensively employed to image the therapeutic process of BCT in small animal research, are hard to apply to the human body because of their low penetrative power. Thus, new imaging techniques need to be developed for clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the various in vivo bacteria-specific imaging techniques available for visualizing tumor-treating bacteria in BCT studies.
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Min JJ, Thi-Quynh Duong M, Ramar T, You SH, Kang SR. Theranostic Approaches Using Live Bacteria. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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12
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Moon CM, Zheng JH, Min JJ, Jeong YY, Heo SH, Shin SS. In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging for Targeting Acute Hypoxic/Ischemic Small Intestine with Engineered Salmonella typhimurium. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:484-492. [PMID: 32728597 PMCID: PMC7381499 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the feasibility of bioluminescence imaging (BLI) with engineered Salmonella typhimurium (ΔppGpp S. typhimurium) for visualizing acute hypoxic/ischemic bowels. At the start of 12- or 24-h reperfusion, ΔppGpp S. typhimurium was injected into the lateral tail veins of rats in which three segments of the small intestine were respectively subjected to 2, 3, and 4 h of ischemia. BLI and magnetic resonance imaging were performed at each reperfusion time point. Bioluminescence was exclusively detected in the hypoxic/ischemic segment of the intestine, showing the ability of ΔppGpp S. typhimurium to specifically target and proliferate in a hypoxic/ischemic area. Serial monitoring of these rat models revealed a progressive increase in bacterial bioluminescence in the ischemic intestines in conjunction with viable bacterial counts. The viable bacterial counts were positively correlated with lactate dehydrogenase levels after 24 h of reperfusion following 3 or 4 h of ischemia as well as interleukin-6 levels after 24 h of reperfusion following 4 h of ischemia. Our findings demonstrated that BLI was able to detect the acute hypoxic/ischemic bowel via monitoring of the distribution, internalization, and activity of administered ΔppGpp S. typhimurium. These findings may be useful for the early diagnosis of ischemic bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Man Moon
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Section, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hai Zheng
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Laboratory of In Vivo Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Yeon Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Hee Heo
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Shin
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Kang SR, Jo EJ, Nguyen VH, Zhang Y, Yoon HS, Pyo A, Kim DY, Hong Y, Bom HS, Min JJ. Imaging of tumor colonization by Escherichia coli using 18F-FDS PET. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:4958-4966. [PMID: 32308761 PMCID: PMC7163454 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-targeting bacteria have been actively investigated as a new therapeutic tool for solid tumors. However, in vivo imaging of tumor-targeting bacteria has not been fully established. 18F-fluorodeoxysorbitol (FDS) positron emission tomography (PET) is known to be capable of imaging Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae infection. In the present study, we aimed to validate the use of 18F-FDS PET for visualization of the colonization and proliferation of tumor-targeting Escherichia coli (E. coli) MG1655 in mouse tumor models. Methods: E. coli (5 × 107 colony forming unit) were injected intravenously into BALB/c mice bearing mouse colon cancer (CT26). Before and 1, 3, and 5 days after the bacterial injection, PET imaging was performed following i.v. injection of approximately 7.4 MBq of 18F-FDS. Regions of interest were drawn in the engrafted tumor and normal organs including the heart, liver, lung, brain, muscle, and intestine. Semiquantitative analysis was performed using maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). Results: 18F-FDS uptake was significantly higher in tumors colonized by live E. coli MG1655 than in uncolonized tumors (p < 0.001). The PET signals in the colonized tumors at 3 days after bacterial injection were 3.1-fold higher than those in the uncolonized tumors. Tumoral 18F-FDS uptake correlated very strongly with the number of E. coli in tumors (r = 0.823, p < 0.0001). Cross sectional analysis of autoradiography, bioluminescence, and pathology revealed that the 18F-FDS uptake sites in tumors matched the locations of E. coli MG1655. Conclusion: In conclusion, 18F-FDS PET is expected to be useful for the semiquantitative visualization of tumor-targeting bacteria when bacterial cancer therapy is performed using Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae such as E. coli.
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Bacteria-cancer interactions: bacteria-based cancer therapy. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-15. [PMID: 31827064 PMCID: PMC6906302 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer therapeutics, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, have raised the hope for cures for many cancer types. However, there are still ongoing challenges to the pursuit of novel therapeutic approaches, including high toxicity to normal tissue and cells, difficulties in treating deep tumor tissue, and the possibility of drug resistance in tumor cells. The use of live tumor-targeting bacteria provides a unique therapeutic option that meets these challenges. Compared with most other therapeutics, tumor-targeting bacteria have versatile capabilities for suppressing cancer. Bacteria preferentially accumulate and proliferate within tumors, where they can initiate antitumor immune responses. Bacteria can be further programmed via simple genetic manipulation or sophisticated synthetic bioengineering to produce and deliver anticancer agents based on clinical needs. Therapeutic approaches using live tumor-targeting bacteria can be applied either as a monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer therapies to achieve better clinical outcomes. In this review, we introduce and summarize the potential benefits and challenges of this anticancer approach. We further discuss how live bacteria interact with tumor microenvironments to induce tumor regression. We also provide examples of different methods for engineering bacteria to improve efficacy and safety. Finally, we introduce past and ongoing clinical trials involving tumor-targeting bacteria. Live tumor-targeting bacteria can selectively induce cancer regression and, with the help of genetic engineering, be made safe and effective vehicles for delivering drugs to tumor cells. In a review article, Jung-Joon Min and colleagues from Chonnam National University Medical School in Hwasun, South Korea, discuss the clinical history of using natural or engineered bacterial strains to suppress cancer growth. Because bacteria such as Salmonella and Listeria preferentially home in on tumors or their surrounding microenvironments, researchers have harnessed these microbial agents to attack cancer cells without causing collateral damage to normal tissues. Bioengineers have also armed bacteria with stronger tumor-sensing and more targeted drug delivery capabilities, and improved control of off-target toxicities. An increasing number of therapeutic bacterial strains are now entering clinical testing, promising to enhance the efficacy of more conventional anticancer treatments.
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Broadway KM, Scharf BE. Salmonella Typhimurium as an Anticancer Therapy: Recent Advances and Perspectives. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Mi Z, Feng ZC, Li C, Yang X, Ma MT, Rong PF. Salmonella-Mediated Cancer Therapy: An Innovative Therapeutic Strategy. J Cancer 2019; 10:4765-4776. [PMID: 31598148 PMCID: PMC6775532 DOI: 10.7150/jca.32650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial-mediated cancer therapy (BMCT) has become a hot topic in the area of antitumor treatment. Salmonella has been recommended to specifically colonize and proliferate inside tumors and even inhibit tumor growth. Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is one of the most promising mediators, which can be easily manipulated. S. typhimurium has been engineered and designed as cancer-targeting therapeutics, and can be improved by combining with other therapeutic methods, e.g. chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which regulate the tumor microenvironment synergistically. In view of all these strengths, the engineered attenuated strains have significant advantages for tumor diagnosis and treatment. This treatment has also been approved by the FDA for clinical trial. In this review, we summarized the recent progress and research in the field of Salmonella -mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Mi
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Feng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Meng-Tian Ma
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Peng-Fei Rong
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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Jazeela K, Chakraborty A, Karunasagar I, Deekshit VK. Nontyphoidal Salmonella: a potential anticancer agent. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:2-14. [PMID: 31038778 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Use of bacteria in cancer therapy, despite being considered as a potent strategy, has not really picked up the way other methods of cancer therapies have evolved. However, in recent years, the interest on use of bacteria to kill cancer cells has renewed considerably. The standard and widely followed strategies of cancer treatment often fail either due to the complexity of tumour biology or because of the accompanying side effects. In contrast, these limitations can be easily overcome in a bacteria-mediated approach. Salmonella is a bacterium, which is known for its ability to colonize solid or semisolid tumours more efficiently than any other bacteria. Among more than 2500 serovars of Salmonella, S. Typhimurium has been widely studied for its antagonistic effects on cancer cells. Here in, we review the current status of the preclinical and the clinical studies with a focus on the mechanisms that attribute the anticancer properties to nontyphoidal Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jazeela
- Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A Chakraborty
- Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - I Karunasagar
- Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V K Deekshit
- Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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Genetically-engineered Salmonella typhimurium expressing TIMP-2 as a therapeutic intervention in an orthotopic glioma mouse model. Cancer Lett 2018; 433:140-146. [PMID: 29959056 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most devastating and refractory cancers. The main factors underlying therapeutic failure include extremely invasive characteristics and lack of effective methods for drug delivery. Attenuated Salmonella strains presented a high concentration of tumor targets in various types of cancer models, suggesting a role as potential vectors for drug delivery. In this study, we genetically engineered an attenuated strain of Salmonella as an anti-invasive vector for the targeted delivery and expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP-2) in an orthotopic nude mouse model of glioma. The bioluminescence signals related to tumor size significantly declined in the TIMP-2-expressing Salmonella (SLpTIMP-2)-treated group compared with the control group. Compared with the control group with a survival rate of an average of 33 days, the SLpTIMP-2 group showed an extended survival rate by nearly 60% and lasted an average period of 53 days with TIMP-2 induction. These results indicated the promising therapeutic potential of S. typhimurium for targeted delivery and secretion of TIMP-2 in glioma.
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Kim K, Min SY, Lim HD, You SH, Lim D, Jeong JH, Kim HJ, Rhee JH, Park K, Shin M, Kim GJ, Min JJ, Choy HE. Cell mass-dependent expression of an anticancer protein drug by tumor-targeted Salmonella. Oncotarget 2018; 9:8548-8559. [PMID: 29492216 PMCID: PMC5823552 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cancer therapy relies on the properties of certain bacterial species capable of targeting and proliferating within solid malignancies. If these bacteria could be loaded with antitumor proteins, the efficacy of this approach could be greatly increased. However, because most antitumor proteins are also toxic to normal tissue, they must be expressed by bacteria that specifically target and exclusively localize to tumor tissue. As a strategy for treating solid malignancies, we recently evaluated L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) delivered by tumor-targeted Salmonella. In this system, L-ASNase was expressed under the control of the araBAD promoter (PBAD) of the E. coli arabinose operon, which is induced by injection of L-arabinose. Here, we further improved the performance of recombinant Salmonella in cancer therapy by exploiting the quorum-sensing (QS) system, which uses cell mass-dependent auto-induction logic. This approach obviates the necessity of monitoring intratumoral bacterial status and inducing cargo protein expression by administration of an exogenous compound. Recombinant Salmonella in tumors expressed and secreted active L-ASNase in a cell mass-dependent manner, yielding significant anticancer effects. These results suggest that expression of a therapeutic protein under the control of the QS system represents a promising engineering platform for the production of recombinant proteins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Young Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Dong Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan You
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongil Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University Medical School, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Joong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon E Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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20
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Lee EB, Lim HD, You SH, Cheong DE, Kim GJ. Conditional constitutive expression system of a drug protein in vivo by positive feedback loop using an inducer-independent artificial transcription factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:2390-2395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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21
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Zheng JH, Nguyen VH, Jiang SN, Park SH, Tan W, Hong SH, Shin MG, Chung IJ, Hong Y, Bom HS, Choy HE, Lee SE, Rhee JH, Min JJ. Two-step enhanced cancer immunotherapy with engineered Salmonella typhimurium secreting heterologous flagellin. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/376/eaak9537. [PMID: 28179508 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aak9537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report a method of cancer immunotherapy using an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strain engineered to secrete Vibrio vulnificus flagellin B (FlaB) in tumor tissues. Engineered FlaB-secreting bacteria effectively suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in mouse models and prolonged survival. By using Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5)-negative colon cancer cell lines, we provided evidence that the FlaB-mediated tumor suppression upon bacterial colonization is associated with TLR5-mediated host reactions in the tumor microenvironment. These therapeutic effects were completely abrogated in TLR4 and MyD88 knockout mice, and partly in TLR5 knockout mice, indicating that TLR4 signaling is a requisite for tumor suppression mediated by FlaB-secreting bacteria, whereas TLR5 signaling augmented tumor-suppressive host reactions. Tumor microenvironment colonization by engineered Salmonella appeared to induce the infiltration of abundant immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils via TLR4 signaling. Subsequent secretion of FlaB from colonizing Salmonella resulted in phenotypic and functional activation of intratumoral macrophages with M1 phenotypes and a reciprocal reduction in M2-like suppressive activities. Together, these findings provide evidence that nonvirulent tumor-targeting bacteria releasing multiple TLR ligands can be used as cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hai Zheng
- Laboratory of In Vivo Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeonnam 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Vu H Nguyen
- Laboratory of In Vivo Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeonnam 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sheng-Nan Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hainan 570-208, China
| | - Seung-Hwan Park
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenzhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol Hee Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Joo Chung
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seung Bom
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon E Choy
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Shee Eun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Microbiology and Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Laboratory of In Vivo Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeonnam 58128, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
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Choi E, Maeng B, Lee JH, Chang HK, Park J. In vitro quantitative analysis of Salmonella typhimurium preference for amino acids secreted by human breast tumor. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-016-0033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Zheng JH, Min JJ. Targeted Cancer Therapy Using Engineered Salmonella typhimurium. Chonnam Med J 2016; 52:173-84. [PMID: 27689027 PMCID: PMC5040766 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2016.52.3.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obligate or facultative anaerobic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli specifically colonize and proliferate inside tumor tissues and inhibit tumor growth. Among them, attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) has been widely studied in animal cancer models and Phase I clinical trials in human patients. S. typhimurium genes are easily manipulated; thus diverse attenuated strains of S. typhimurium have been designed and engineered as tumor-targeting therapeutics or drug delivery vehicles that show both an excellent safety profile and therapeutic efficacy in mouse models. An attenuated strain of S. typhimurium, VNP20009, successfully targeted human metastatic melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma in Phase I clinical trials; however, the efficacy requires further refinement. Along with the characteristics of self-targeting, proliferation, and deep tissue penetration, the ease of genetic manipulation allows for the production of more attenuated strains with greater safety profiles and vector systems that deliver designable cargo molecules for cancer diagnosis and/or therapy. Here, we discuss recent progress in the field of Salmonellae-mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hai Zheng
- Laboratory of In Vivo Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Laboratory of In Vivo Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Moon JH, Na JY, Lee MC, Choi KH, Lee JK, Min JJ, Kim KT, Park JT, Park MS, Kim HS. Neuroprotective effects of systemic cerebral endothelial cell transplantation in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:2343-2353. [PMID: 27347342 PMCID: PMC4891447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC)/D3 cells, which are from a stable clonal cell line of human immortalized cerebral endothelial cells, were intra-arterially transplanted through the common carotid artery in a rat model of photochemical-induced cerebral ischemia. Their therapeutic effects on infarct size, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and outcome were examined. The hCMEC/D3 cells were genetically modified with the firefly luciferase gene for in vivo imaging post-transplantation. Transplanted hCMEC/D3 cells were identified in the infarcted brain by bioluminescence imaging at 1 day after transplantation. Compared with the control group, the hCMEC/D3-transplanted group showed reduced infarct size on day 3, reduced Evans blue dye leakage on day 1 indicating decreased BBB breakdown, and early recovery from Rotarod test neurological deficits. The hCMEC/D3-transplanted group also showed decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, which were inversely correlated with TIMP-1 levels on post-transplantation days 1 and 3. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were markedly diminished in the hCMEC/D3-transplanted group compared with controls. The systemically transplanted cells selectively migrated and integrated into the ischemically lesioned area, which accelerated neurological recovery. This new cerebral endothelial cell-based therapy may hold promise for clinical trials in patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyun Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gwangju Christian HospitalGwangju, Korea
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Na
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Kang-Ho Choi
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Kil Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje UniversityGoyang, Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Man-Seok Park
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
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Uthaman S, Zheng S, Han J, Choi YJ, Cho S, Nguyen VD, Park JO, Park SH, Min JJ, Park S, Park IK. Preparation of Engineered Salmonella Typhimurium-Driven Hyaluronic-Acid-Based Microbeads with Both Chemotactic and Biological Targeting Towards Breast Cancer Cells for Enhanced Anticancer Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:288-95. [PMID: 26584018 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new type of targeted bacteriobots is prepared and investigated as a therapeutic strategy against solid tumors. Maleimide-functionalized hyaluronic acid (HA) polymer is synthesized and cross-linked with four-arm-thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG-SH) to form HA microbeads with diameter of 8 μm through the Michael-type addition. Docetaxel (DTX)-loaded nanoparticles are encapsulated in HA-PEG microbeads and sustained in vitro drug-release pattern of the DTX from the HA-PEG microbeads is observed for up to 96 h. Dual-targeted bacteriobots are prepared using CD 44 receptor-targeted HA microbeads synthesized via microfluidics, followed by the attachment of the flagellar bacterium Salmonella typhimurium, which have been genetically engineered for tumor targeting, onto the surface of the HA microbeads by the specific interaction between streptavidin on the HA beads and biotin on the bacteria. After the attachment of bacteria, the bacteriobots show an average velocity of 0.72 μm s(-1) and high chemotactic migration velocity of 0.43 μm s(-1) towards 4T1 cells lysates. CD 44 receptor-specific cellular uptake is verified through flow cytometry analysis and confocal imaging, demonstrating enhanced intracellular uptake in CD 44 receptor positive tumor cells compared to normal cells. Therefore, the present study suggests that these bacteriobots have dual-tumor-targeting abilities displaying their potential for targeted anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saji Uthaman
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists; Chonnam National University Medical School; 160 Baekseo-ro Gwangju 501-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Shaohui Zheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Cho
- School of Mechanical Engineering Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Van Du Nguyen
- School of Mechanical Engineering Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju 501-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju 501-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Sukho Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering Chonnam National University; 77 Yongbong-ro Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists; Chonnam National University Medical School; 160 Baekseo-ro Gwangju 501-746 Republic of Korea
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Visualization of Periplasmic and Cytoplasmic Proteins with a Self-Labeling Protein Tag. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:1035-43. [PMID: 26787765 PMCID: PMC4800872 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00864-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of fluorescent and luminescent proteins in visualizing proteins has become a powerful tool in understanding molecular and cellular processes within living organisms. This success has resulted in an ever-increasing demand for new and more versatile protein-labeling tools that permit light-based detection of proteins within living cells. In this report, we present data supporting the use of the self-labeling HaloTag protein as a light-emitting reporter for protein fusions within the model prokaryote Escherichia coli. We show that functional protein fusions of the HaloTag can be detected both in vivo and in vitro when expressed within the cytoplasmic or periplasmic compartments of E. coli. The capacity to visually detect proteins localized in various prokaryotic compartments expands today's molecular biologist toolbox and paves the path to new applications. IMPORTANCE Visualizing proteins microscopically within living cells is important for understanding both the biology of cells and the role of proteins within living cells. Currently, the most common tool is green fluorescent protein (GFP). However, fluorescent proteins such as GFP have many limitations; therefore, the field of molecular biology is always in need of new tools to visualize proteins. In this paper, we demonstrate, for the first time, the use of HaloTag to visualize proteins in two different compartments within the model prokaryote Escherichia coli. The use of HaloTag as an additional tool to visualize proteins within prokaryotes increases our capacity to ask about and understand the role of proteins within living cells.
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27
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Motility Control of Bacteria-Actuated Biodegradable Polymeric Microstructures by Selective Adhesion Methods. MICROMACHINES 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/mi5041287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jeong JH, Kim K, Lim D, Jeong K, Hong Y, Nguyen VH, Kim TH, Ryu S, Lim JA, Kim JI, Kim GJ, Kim SC, Min JJ, Choy HE. Anti-tumoral effect of the mitochondrial target domain of Noxa delivered by an engineered Salmonella typhimurium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e80050. [PMID: 24416126 PMCID: PMC3885380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cancer therapy relies on the fact that several bacterial species are capable of targeting tumor tissue and that bacteria can be genetically engineered to selectively deliver therapeutic proteins of interest to the targeted tumors. However, the challenge of bacterial cancer therapy is the release of the therapeutic proteins from the bacteria and entry of the proteins into tumor cells. This study employed an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium to selectively deliver the mitochondrial targeting domain of Noxa (MTD) as a potential therapeutic cargo protein, and examined its anti-cancer effect. To release MTD from the bacteria, a novel bacterial lysis system of phage origin was deployed. To facilitate the entry of MTD into the tumor cells, the MTD was fused to DS4.3, a novel cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) derived from a voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv2.1). The gene encoding DS4.3-MTD and the phage lysis genes were placed under the control of PBAD, a promoter activated by L-arabinose. We demonstrated that DS4.3-MTD chimeric molecules expressed by the Salmonellae were anti-tumoral in cultured tumor cells and in mice with CT26 colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangjoon Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Vu H. Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-A Lim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Il Kim
- School of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Joong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JJM); (HEC)
| | - Hyon E. Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JJM); (HEC)
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Park SJ, Park SH, Cho S, Kim DM, Lee Y, Ko SY, Hong Y, Choy HE, Min JJ, Park JO, Park S. New paradigm for tumor theranostic methodology using bacteria-based microrobot. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3394. [PMID: 24292152 PMCID: PMC3844944 DOI: 10.1038/srep03394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a bacteria-based microrobot (bacteriobot) based on a new fusion paradigm for theranostic activities against solid tumors. We develop a bacteriobot using the strong attachment of bacteria to Cy5.5-coated polystyrene microbeads due to the high-affinity interaction between biotin and streptavidin. The chemotactic responses of the bacteria and the bacteriobots to the concentration gradients of lysates or spheroids of solid tumors can be detected as the migration of the bacteria and/or the bacteriobots out of the central region toward the side regions in a chemotactic microfluidic chamber. The bacteriobots showed higher migration velocity toward tumor cell lysates or spheroids than toward normal cells. In addition, when only the bacteriobots were injected to the CT-26 tumor mouse model, Cy5.5 signal was detected from the tumor site of the mouse model. In-vitro and in-vivo tests verified that the bacteriobots had chemotactic motility and tumor targeting ability. The new microrobot paradigm in which bacteria act as microactuators and microsensors to deliver microstructures to tumors can be considered a new theranostic methodology for targeting and treating solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jun Park
- School of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Chonnam National University
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Jiang SN, Park SH, Lee HJ, Zheng JH, Kim HS, Bom HS, Hong Y, Szardenings M, Shin MG, Kim SC, Ntziachristos V, Choy HE, Min JJ. Engineering of bacteria for the visualization of targeted delivery of a cytolytic anticancer agent. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1985-95. [PMID: 23922014 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recent reports have demonstrated that attenuated Salmonella typhimurium are capable of targeting both primary and metastatic tumors. The use of bacteria as a vehicle for the delivery of anticancer drugs requires a mechanism that precisely regulates and visualizes gene expression to ensure the appropriate timing and location of drug production. To integrate these functions into bacteria, we used a repressor-regulated tetracycline efflux system, in which the expression of a therapeutic gene and an imaging reporter gene were controlled by divergent promoters (tetAP and tetRP) in response to extracellular tetracycline. Attenuated S. typhimurium was transformed with the expression plasmids encoding cytolysin A, a therapeutic gene, and renilla luciferase variant 8, an imaging reporter gene, and administered intravenously to tumor-bearing mice. The engineered Salmonella successfully localized to tumor tissue and gene expression was dependent on the concentration of inducer, indicating the feasibility of peripheral control of bacterial gene expression. The bioluminescence signal permitted the localization of gene expression from the bacteria. The engineered bacteria significantly suppressed both primary and metastatic tumors and prolonged survival in mice. Therefore, engineered bacteria that carry a therapeutic and an imaging reporter gene for targeted anticancer therapy can be designed as a theranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Jiang
- 1] Laboratory of In Vivo Molecular Imaging, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Nuclear Medicine, Haikou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, China
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Dai Y, Toley BJ, Swofford CA, Forbes NS. Construction of an inducible cell-communication system that amplifiesSalmonellagene expression in tumor tissue. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1769-81. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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