1
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Hansen CA, Miller DR, Annarumma S, Rusch CT, Ramirez-Zamora A, Khoshbouei H. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: a historical review of Parkinson's disease, dopamine, and modern advancements in research and treatment. J Neurol 2022; 269:2892-2909. [PMID: 35039902 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-10963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have helped to determine the plausible underlying mechanism of levo-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia following L-DOPA treatment. However, our understanding of the mechanisms related to this phenomenon remains incomplete. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of treatment protocols used for assessing the occurrence of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, L-DOPA absorption, distribution, drug/food interaction, and discuss current strategies and future directions. This review offers a historical perspective using L-DOPA in animal models of PD and the occurrence of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa A Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Douglas R Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Stephanie Annarumma
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carley T Rusch
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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2
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Gene Therapy Approach with an Emphasis on Growth Factors: Theoretical and Clinical Outcomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:191-233. [PMID: 34655056 PMCID: PMC8518903 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of many neurological diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown and still needs more effective and specific therapeutic approaches. Gene therapy has a promising future in treating neurodegenerative disorders by correcting the genetic defects or by therapeutic protein delivery and is now an attraction for neurologists to treat brain disorders, like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, spinocerebellar ataxia, epilepsy, Huntington’s disease, stroke, and spinal cord injury. Gene therapy allows the transgene induction, with a unique expression in cells’ substrate. This article mainly focuses on the delivering modes of genetic materials in the CNS, which includes viral and non-viral vectors and their application in gene therapy. Despite the many clinical trials conducted so far, data have shown disappointing outcomes. The efforts done to improve outcomes, efficacy, and safety in the identification of targets in various neurological disorders are also discussed here. Adapting gene therapy as a new therapeutic approach for treating neurological disorders seems to be promising, with early detection and delivery of therapy before the neuron is lost, helping a lot the development of new therapeutic options to translate to the clinic.
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3
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Labouesse MA, Cola RB, Patriarchi T. GPCR-Based Dopamine Sensors-A Detailed Guide to Inform Sensor Choice for In vivo Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8048. [PMID: 33126757 PMCID: PMC7672611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how dopamine (DA) encodes behavior depends on technologies that can reliably monitor DA release in freely-behaving animals. Recently, red and green genetically encoded sensors for DA (dLight, GRAB-DA) were developed and now provide the ability to track release dynamics at a subsecond resolution, with submicromolar affinity and high molecular specificity. Combined with rapid developments in in vivo imaging, these sensors have the potential to transform the field of DA sensing and DA-based drug discovery. When implementing these tools in the laboratory, it is important to consider there is not a 'one-size-fits-all' sensor. Sensor properties, most importantly their affinity and dynamic range, must be carefully chosen to match local DA levels. Molecular specificity, sensor kinetics, spectral properties, brightness, sensor scaffold and pharmacology can further influence sensor choice depending on the experimental question. In this review, we use DA as an example; we briefly summarize old and new techniques to monitor DA release, including DA biosensors. We then outline a map of DA heterogeneity across the brain and provide a guide for optimal sensor choice and implementation based on local DA levels and other experimental parameters. Altogether this review should act as a tool to guide DA sensor choice for end-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. Labouesse
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Reto B. Cola
- Anatomy and Program in Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Rosenblad C, Li Q, Pioli EY, Dovero S, Antunes AS, Agúndez L, Bardelli M, Linden RM, Henckaerts E, Björklund A, Bezard E, Björklund T. Vector-mediated l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine delivery reverses motor impairments in a primate model of Parkinson's disease. Brain 2020; 142:2402-2416. [PMID: 31243443 PMCID: PMC6658866 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since its introduction 40 years ago l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) therapy has retained its role as the leading standard medication for patients with Parkinson's disease. With time, however, the shortcomings of oral l-DOPA treatment have become apparent, particularly the motor fluctuations and troublesome dyskinetic side effects. These side effects, which are caused by the excessive swings in striatal dopamine caused by intermittent oral delivery, can be avoided by delivering l-DOPA in a more continuous manner. Local gene delivery of the l-DOPA synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and guanosine-tri-phosphate-cyclohydrolase-1, offers a new approach to a more refined dopaminergic therapy where l-DOPA is delivered continuously at the site where it is needed i.e. the striatum. In this study we have explored the therapeutic efficacy of adeno-associated viral vector-mediated l-DOPA delivery to the putamen in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated rhesus monkeys, the standard non-human primate model of Parkinson's disease. Viral vector delivery of the two enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and guanosine-5'-tri-phosphate-cyclohydrolase-1, bilaterally into the dopamine-depleted putamen, induced a significant, dose-dependent improvement of motor behaviour up to a level identical to that obtained with the optimal dose of peripheral l-DOPA. Importantly, this improvement in motor function was obtained without any adverse dyskinetic effects. These results provide proof-of-principle for continuous vector-mediated l-DOPA synthesis as a novel therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease. The constant, local supply of l-DOPA obtained with this approach holds promise as an efficient one-time treatment that can provide long-lasting clinical improvement and at the same time prevent the appearance of motor fluctuations and dyskinetic side effects associated with standard oral dopaminergic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Rosenblad
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Qin Li
- Motac Neuroscience, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Sandra Dovero
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - André Slm Antunes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Leticia Agúndez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martino Bardelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Michael Linden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Els Henckaerts
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anders Björklund
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience, Manchester, UK.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tomas Björklund
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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5
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Keo A, Mahfouz A, Ingrassia AMT, Meneboo JP, Villenet C, Mutez E, Comptdaer T, Lelieveldt BPF, Figeac M, Chartier-Harlin MC, van de Berg WDJ, van Hilten JJ, Reinders MJT. Transcriptomic signatures of brain regional vulnerability to Parkinson's disease. Commun Biol 2020; 3:101. [PMID: 32139796 PMCID: PMC7058608 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying caudal-to-rostral progression of Lewy body pathology in Parkinson's disease remain poorly understood. Here, we identified transcriptomic signatures across brain regions involved in Braak Lewy body stages in non-neurological adults from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Among the genes that are indicative of regional vulnerability, we found known genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease: SCARB2, ELOVL7, SH3GL2, SNCA, BAP1, and ZNF184. Results were confirmed in two datasets of non-neurological subjects, while in two datasets of Parkinson's disease patients we found altered expression patterns. Co-expression analysis across vulnerable regions identified a module enriched for genes associated with dopamine synthesis and microglia, and another module related to the immune system, blood-oxygen transport, and endothelial cells. Both were highly expressed in regions involved in the preclinical stages of the disease. Finally, alterations in genes underlying these region-specific functions may contribute to the selective regional vulnerability in Parkinson's disease brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin Keo
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Angela M T Ingrassia
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pascal Meneboo
- University Lille, Plate-forme de génomique fonctionnelle et Structurale, F-59000, Lille, France
- University lille. Bilille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Celine Villenet
- University Lille, Plate-forme de génomique fonctionnelle et Structurale, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Eugénie Mutez
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease, F-59000, Lille, France
- University Lille, Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du mouvement, centre expert Parkinson, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Thomas Comptdaer
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Boudewijn P F Lelieveldt
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Figeac
- University Lille, Plate-forme de génomique fonctionnelle et Structurale, F-59000, Lille, France
- University lille. Bilille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France.
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacobus J van Hilten
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel J T Reinders
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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6
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Abstract
In vivo gene therapy for neurodegenerative disorders has turned out to be a formidable challenge. It is a field not much older than twenty years, but we were many who would have predicted a much easier path towards the clinic using this treatment modality. For Parkinson’s disease patients, this has meant a frustrating wait, seeing many promising therapies being forgotten after a few pre-clinical proof-of-concept studies. The reasons for this are both scientific and economical. However, this is slowly but surely changing and over the next two decades we will see a very exciting development in this field. In a foreseeable future, gene therapy will be a very natural component of many clinical therapies, not least in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Björklund
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Badin RA, Binley K, Van Camp N, Jan C, Gourlay J, Robert C, Gipchtein P, Fayard A, Stewart H, Ralph GS, Lad Y, Kelleher M, Loader J, Hosomi K, Palfi S, Mitrophanous KA, Hantraye P. Gene Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: Preclinical Evaluation of Optimally Configured TH:CH1 Fusion for Maximal Dopamine Synthesis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 14:206-216. [PMID: 31406701 PMCID: PMC6685641 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A recent phase I-II, open-label trial of ProSavin, a lentiviral vector delivering the key enzymes in the dopamine biosynthetic pathway to non-dopaminergic striatal neurons, demonstrated safety and improved motor function in parkinsonian patients. However, the magnitude of the effect suggested that optimal levels of dopamine replacement may not have been achieved. OXB-102, a lentiviral vector with an optimized expression cassette for dopamine biosynthesis, has been shown to achieve a significantly higher dopamine yield than ProSavin. We assessed the efficacy of OXB-102 in the MPTP macaque model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). At 6 months post-vector administration, all treated animals showed significant improvements in clinical scores and spontaneous locomotor activity compared to controls, with the highest recovery observed in the OXB-102 high-dose (HD) group. Positron emission tomography quantification of 6-[18F]-fluoro-L-m-tyrosine uptake showed a significant increase in amino acid decarboxylase activity for all treated animals, compared with controls, where the OXB-102 HD group showed the highest level of dopaminergic activity. A toxicology study in macaques demonstrated that the vector was safe and well tolerated, with no associated clinical or behavioral abnormalities and no immune response mounted against any transgene products. Overall, these data support the further clinical development of OXB-102 for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Aron Badin
- CEA, DRF, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Katie Binley
- Oxford Biomedica, Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - Nadja Van Camp
- CEA, DRF, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Caroline Jan
- CEA, DRF, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jeanne Gourlay
- CEA, DRF, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Camille Robert
- CEA, DRF, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pauline Gipchtein
- CEA, DRF, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Audrey Fayard
- CEA, DRF, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Hannah Stewart
- Oxford Biomedica, Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - G Scott Ralph
- Oxford Biomedica, Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - Yatish Lad
- Oxford Biomedica, Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | | | - Julie Loader
- Oxford Biomedica, Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - Koichi Hosomi
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor, DHU PePsy, Neurochirurgie, Créteil, 94010, France.,Université Paris 12, Faculté de Médecine, IMRB, INSERM U955, Team 14, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor, DHU PePsy, Neurochirurgie, Créteil, 94010, France.,Université Paris 12, Faculté de Médecine, IMRB, INSERM U955, Team 14, Créteil 94010, France
| | | | - Philippe Hantraye
- CEA, DRF, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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8
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Petty A, Cui X, Tesiram Y, Kirik D, Howes O, Eyles D. Enhanced Dopamine in Prodromal Schizophrenia (EDiPS): a new animal model of relevance to schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2019; 5:6. [PMID: 30926827 PMCID: PMC6441087 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-019-0074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the most robust neurochemical abnormalities reported in patients living with schizophrenia is an increase in dopamine (DA) synthesis and release in the dorsal striatum (DS). Importantly, it appears that this increase progresses as a patient transitions from a prodromal stage to the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia. Here we have recreated this pathophysiology in an animal model by increasing the capacity for DA synthesis preferentially within the DS. To achieve this we administer a genetic construct containing the rate-limiting enzymes in DA synthesis—tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) (packaged within an adeno-associated virus)—into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of adolescent animals. We refer to this model as “Enhanced Dopamine in Prodromal Schizophrenia” (EDiPS). We first confirmed that the TH enzyme is preferentially increased in the DS. As adults, EDiPS animals release significantly more DA in the DS following a low dose of amphetamine (AMPH), have increased AMPH-induced hyperlocomotion and show deficits in pre-pulse inhibition (PPI). The glutamatergic response to AMPH is also altered, again in the DS. EDiPS represents an ideal experimental platform to (a) understand how a preferential increase in DA synthesis capacity in the DS relates to “positive” symptoms in schizophrenia; (b) understand how manipulation of DS DA may influence other neurotransmitter systems shown to be altered in patients with schizophrenia; (c) allow researchers to follow an “at risk”-like disease course from adolescence to adulthood; and (d) ultimately allow trials of putative prophylactic agents to prevent disease onset in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Petty
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaoying Cui
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yasvir Tesiram
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Deniz Kirik
- BRAINS Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oliver Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,MRS London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, 4076, Australia.
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9
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Axelsen TM, Woldbye DP. Gene Therapy for Parkinson's Disease, An Update. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2018; 8:195-215. [PMID: 29710735 PMCID: PMC6027861 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The current mainstay treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) consists of dopamine replacement therapy which, in addition to causing several side effects, does not delay disease progression. The field of gene therapy offers a potential means to improve current therapy. The present review gives an update of the present status of gene therapy for PD. Both non-disease and disease modifying transgenes have been tested for PD gene therapy in animal and human studies. Non-disease modifying treatments targeting dopamine or GABA synthesis have been successful and promising at improving PD symptomatology in randomized clinical studies, but substantial testing remains before these can be implemented in the standard clinical treatment repertoire. As for disease modifying targets that theoretically offer the possibility of slowing the progression of disease, several neurotrophic factors show encouraging results in preclinical models (e.g., neurturin, GDNF, BDNF, CDNF, VEGF-A). However, so far, clinical trials have only tested neurturin, and, unfortunately, no trial has been able to meet its primary endpoint. Future clinical trials with neurotrophic factors clearly deserve to be conducted, considering the still enticing goal of actually slowing the disease process of PD. As alternative types of gene therapy, opto- and chemogenetics might also find future use in PD treatment and novel genome-editing technology could also potentially be applied as individualized gene therapy for genetic types of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M. Axelsen
- Department of Neurology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - David P.D. Woldbye
- Department of Neuroscience, Panum Institute, Mærsk Tower, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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10
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Aldrin-Kirk P, Heuer A, Rylander Ottosson D, Davidsson M, Mattsson B, Björklund T. Chemogenetic modulation of cholinergic interneurons reveals their regulating role on the direct and indirect output pathways from the striatum. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 109:148-162. [PMID: 29037828 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate balance between dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission in the striatum has been thoroughly difficult to characterize. It was initially described as a seesaw with a competing function of dopamine versus acetylcholine. Recent technical advances however, have brought this view into question suggesting that the two systems work rather in concert with the cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) driving dopamine release. In this study, we have utilized two transgenic Cre-driver rat lines, a choline acetyl transferase ChAT-Cre transgenic rat and a novel double-transgenic tyrosine hydroxylase TH-Cre/ChAT-Cre rat to further elucidate the role of striatal ChIs in normal motor function and in Parkinson's disease. Here we show that selective and reversible activation of ChIs using chemogenetic (DREADD) receptors increases locomotor function in intact rats and potentiate the therapeutic effect of L-DOPA in the rats with lesions of the nigral dopamine system. However, the potentiation of the L-DOPA effect is accompanied by an aggravation of L-DOPA induced dyskinesias (LIDs). These LIDs appear to be driven primarily through the indirect striato-pallidal pathway since the same effect can be induced by the D2 agonist Quinpirole. Taken together, the results highlight the intricate regulation of balance between the two output pathways from the striatum orchestrated by the ChIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Aldrin-Kirk
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniella Rylander Ottosson
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Davidsson
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mattsson
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Björklund
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Albert K, Voutilainen MH, Domanskyi A, Airavaara M. AAV Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery to Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons: Implications for Gene Therapy and Disease Models. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020063. [PMID: 28208742 PMCID: PMC5333052 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors is a widely used method to transduce neurons in the brain, especially due to its safety, efficacy, and long-lasting expression. In addition, by varying AAV serotype, promotor, and titer, it is possible to affect the cell specificity of expression or the expression levels of the protein of interest. Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra projecting to the striatum, comprising the nigrostriatal pathway, are involved in movement control and degenerate in Parkinson’s disease. AAV-based gene targeting to the projection area of these neurons in the striatum has been studied extensively to induce the production of neurotrophic factors for disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson’s disease. Much less emphasis has been put on AAV-based gene therapy targeting dopamine neurons in substantia nigra. We will review the literature related to targeting striatum and/or substantia nigra dopamine neurons using AAVs in order to express neuroprotective and neurorestorative molecules, as well as produce animal disease models of Parkinson’s disease. We discuss difficulties in targeting substantia nigra dopamine neurons and their vulnerability to stress in general. Therefore, choosing a proper control for experimental work is not trivial. Since the axons along the nigrostriatal tract are the first to degenerate in Parkinson’s disease, the location to deliver the therapy must be carefully considered. We also review studies using AAV-α-synuclein (α-syn) to target substantia nigra dopamine neurons to produce an α-syn overexpression disease model in rats. Though these studies are able to produce mild dopamine system degeneration in the striatum and substantia nigra and some behavioural effects, there are studies pointing to the toxicity of AAV-carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP), which is often used as a control. Therefore, we discuss the potential difficulties in overexpressing proteins in general in the substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Albert
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Merja H Voutilainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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12
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Liu Y, Liu K, Qin W, Liu C, Zheng X, Deng Y, Qing H. Effects of stem cell therapy on protein profile of parkinsonian rats using an(18) O-labeling quantitative proteomic approach. Proteomics 2016; 16:1023-32. [PMID: 26791447 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The application of neural stem cell (NSC) research to neurodegenerative diseases has led to promising clinical trials. Currently, NSC therapy is most promising for Parkinson's disease (PD). We conducted behavioral tests and immunoassays for the profiling of a PD model in rats to assess the therapeutic effects of NSC treatments. Further, using a multiple sample comparison workflow, combined with (18) O-labeled proteome mixtures, we compared the differentially expressed proteins from control, PD, and NSC-treated PD rats. The results were analyzed bioinformatically and verified by Western blot. Based on our initial findings, we believe that the proteomic approach is a valuable tool in evaluating the therapeutic effects of NSC transplantation on neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kefu Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chenghao Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
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Abstract
In this chapter, we will cover the available design choices for enabling expression of two functional protein or RNA sequences from a single viral vector. Such vectors are very useful in the neuroscience-related field of neuronal control and modulation, e.g., using optogenetics or DREADDs, but are also desirable in applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in situ genome editing and more refined therapeutic approaches. Each approach to achieving this combined expression has its own strengths and limitations, which makes them more or less suitable for different applications. In this chapter, we describe the available alternatives and provide tips on how they can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Björklund
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 117, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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14
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Asakawa T, Fang H, Sugiyama K, Nozaki T, Hong Z, Yang Y, Hua F, Ding G, Chao D, Fenoy AJ, Villarreal SJ, Onoe H, Suzuki K, Mori N, Namba H, Xia Y. Animal behavioral assessments in current research of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:63-94. [PMID: 27026638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is traditionally classified as a movement disorder. Patients typically suffer from many motor dysfunctions. Presently, clinicians and scientists recognize that many non-motor symptoms are associated with PD. There is an increasing interest in both motor and non-motor symptoms in clinical studies on PD patients and laboratory research on animal models that imitate the pathophysiologic features and symptoms of PD patients. Therefore, appropriate behavioral assessments are extremely crucial for correctly understanding the mechanisms of PD and accurately evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel therapies. This article systematically reviews the behavioral assessments, for both motor and non-motor symptoms, in various animal models involved in current PD research. We addressed the strengths and weaknesses of these behavioral tests and their appropriate applications. Moreover, we discussed potential mechanisms behind these behavioral tests and cautioned readers against potential experimental bias. Since most of the behavioral assessments currently used for non-motor symptoms are not particularly designed for animals with PD, it is of the utmost importance to greatly improve experimental design and evaluation in PD research with animal models. Indeed, it is essential to develop specific assessments for non-motor symptoms in PD animals based on their characteristics. We concluded with a prospective view for behavioral assessments with real-time assessment with mobile internet and wearable device in future PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Asakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Huan Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenji Sugiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Nozaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Fei Hua
- The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Guanghong Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongman Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert J Fenoy
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian J Villarreal
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Functional Probe Research Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Namba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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Gene Therapy of CNS Disorders Using Recombinant AAV Vectors. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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O'Connor DM, Boulis NM. Gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:504-12. [PMID: 26122838 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is, potentially, a powerful tool for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, clinical trials have failed to show any improvement in outcome beyond the placebo effect. Efforts to improve outcomes are focusing on three main areas: vector design and the identification of new vector serotypes, mode of delivery of gene therapies, and identification of new therapeutic targets. These advances are being tested both individually and together to improve efficacy. These improvements may finally make gene therapy successful for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M O'Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas M Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Controlled Striatal DOPA Production From a Gene Delivery System in a Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Ther 2015; 23:896-906. [PMID: 25592335 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional symptomatic treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) with long-term L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) is complicated with development of drug-induced side effects. In vivo viral vector-mediated gene expression encoding tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) provides a drug delivery strategy of DOPA with distinct advantages over pharmacotherapy. Since the brain alterations made with current gene transfer techniques are irreversible, the therapeutic approaches taken to the clinic should preferably be controllable to match the needs of each individual during the course of their disease. We used a recently described tunable gene expression system based on the use of destabilized dihydrofolate reductase (DD) and generated a N-terminally coupled GCH1 enzyme (DD-GCH1) while the TH enzyme was constitutively expressed, packaged in adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. Expression of DD-GCH1 was regulated by the activating ligand trimethoprim (TMP) that crosses the blood-brain barrier. We show that the resulting intervention provides a TMP-dose-dependent regulation of DOPA synthesis that is closely linked to the magnitude of functional effects. Our data constitutes the first proof of principle for controlled reconstitution of dopamine capacity in the brain and suggests that such next-generation gene therapy strategies are now mature for preclinical development toward use in patients with PD.
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Tang Y, Li Y, Lin X, Miao P, Wang Y, Yang GY. Stimulation of cerebral angiogenesis by gene delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1135:317-29. [PMID: 24510875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, an important process for long term neurological recovery, could be induced by ischemic brain injury. In this chapter, we describe a system to deliver adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated gene therapy for ischemic stroke. This includes the methods to construct, produce, and purify an AAV vector expressing target gene and an approach to quantify the number of microvessels and capillary density with synchrotron radiation angiography (SRA) imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China
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Continuous DOPA synthesis from a single AAV: dosing and efficacy in models of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2157. [PMID: 23831692 PMCID: PMC3703607 DOI: 10.1038/srep02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a single adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector co-expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) to investigate the relationship between vector dose, and the magnitude and rate of recovery in hemi-parkinsonian rats. Intrastriatal injections of >1E10 genomic copies (gc) of TH-GCH1 vector resulted in complete recovery in drug-naïve behavior tests. Lower vector dose gave partial to no functional improvement. Stereological quantification revealed no striatal NeuN+ cell loss in any of the groups, whereas a TH-GCH1 dose of >1E11 gc resulted in cell loss in globus pallidus. Thus, a TH-GCH1 dose of 1E10 gc gave complete recovery without causing neuronal loss. Safety and efficacy was also studied in non-human primates where the control vector resulted in co-expression of the transgenes in caudate-putamen. In the TH-GCH1 group, GCH1 expression was robust but TH was not detectable. Moreover, TH-GCH1 treatment did not result in functional improvement in non-human primates.
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Gholizadeh S, Tharmalingam S, Macaldaz ME, Hampson DR. Transduction of the central nervous system after intracerebroventricular injection of adeno-associated viral vectors in neonatal and juvenile mice. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2013; 24:205-13. [PMID: 23808551 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2013.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders affecting the central nervous system are potentially treatable via viral vector-mediated gene transfer. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have been used in clinical trials because of their desirable properties including a high degree of safety, efficacy, and stability. Major factors affecting tropism, expression level, and cell type specificity of AAV-mediated transgenes include encapsidation of different AAV serotypes, promoter selection, and the timing of vector administration. In this study, we evaluated the ability of single-stranded AAV2 vectors pseudotyped with viral capsids from serotype 9 (AAV2/9) to transduce the brain and target gene expression to specific cell types after intracerebroventricular injection into mice. Titer-matched AAV2/9 vectors encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter, driven by the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, or the neuron-specific synapsin-1 promoter, were injected bilaterally into the lateral ventricles of C57/BL6 mice on postnatal day 5 (neonatal) or 21 (juvenile). Brain sections were analyzed 25 days after injection, using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. eGFP immunohistochemistry after neonatal and juvenile administration of viral vectors revealed transduction throughout the brain including the striatum, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum, but with different patterns of cell-specific gene expression. eGFP expression was seen in astrocytes after treatment on postnatal day 5 with vectors carrying the CMV promoter, expanding the usefulness of AAVs for modeling and treating diseases involving glial cell pathology. In contrast, injection of AAV2/9-CMV-eGFP on postnatal day 21 resulted in preferential transduction of neurons. Administration of AAV2/9-eGFP with the synapsin-1 promoter on either postnatal day 5 or 21 resulted in widespread neuronal transduction. These results outline efficient methods and tools for gene delivery to the nervous system by direct, early postnatal administration of AAV vectors. Our findings highlight the importance of promoter selection and age of administration on the intensity, distribution, and cell type specificity of AAV transduction in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Gholizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3M2
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Functional neuroprotection and efficient regulation of GDNF using destabilizing domains in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Ther 2013; 21:2169-80. [PMID: 23881415 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has great potential to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). However, constitutive expression of GDNF can over time lead to side effects. Therefore, it would be useful to regulate GDNF expression. Recently, a new gene inducible system using destabilizing domains (DD) from E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has been developed and characterized. The advantage of this novel DD is that it is regulated by trimethoprim (TMP), a well-characterized drug that crosses the blood-brain barrier and can therefore be used to regulate gene expression in the brain. We have adapted this system to regulate expression of GDNF. A C-terminal fusion of GDNF and a DD with an additional furin cleavage site was able to be efficiently regulated in vitro, properly processed and was able to bind to canonical GDNF receptors, inducing a signaling cascade response in target cells. In vivo characterization of the protein showed that it could be efficiently induced by TMP and it was only functional when gene expression was turned on. Further characterization in a rodent model of PD showed that the regulated GDNF protected neurons, improved motor behavior of animals and was efficiently regulated in a pathological setting.
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