1
|
Xu L, Ramirez-Matias J, Hauptschein M, Sun ED, Lunger JC, Buckley MT, Brunet A. Restoration of neuronal progenitors by partial reprogramming in the aged neurogenic niche. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:546-567. [PMID: 38553564 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Partial reprogramming (pulsed expression of reprogramming transcription factors) improves the function of several tissues in old mice. However, it remains largely unknown how partial reprogramming impacts the old brain. Here we use single-cell transcriptomics to systematically examine how partial reprogramming influences the subventricular zone neurogenic niche in aged mouse brains. Whole-body partial reprogramming mainly improves neuroblasts (cells committed to give rise to new neurons) in the old neurogenic niche, restoring neuroblast proportion to more youthful levels. Interestingly, targeting partial reprogramming specifically to the neurogenic niche also boosts the proportion of neuroblasts and their precursors (neural stem cells) in old mice and improves several molecular signatures of aging, suggesting that the beneficial effects of reprogramming are niche intrinsic. In old neural stem cell cultures, partial reprogramming cell autonomously restores the proportion of neuroblasts during differentiation and blunts some age-related transcriptomic changes. Importantly, partial reprogramming improves the production of new neurons in vitro and in old brains. Our work suggests that partial reprogramming could be used to rejuvenate the neurogenic niche and counter brain decline in old individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Xu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Max Hauptschein
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric D Sun
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Judith C Lunger
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cho HE, Lee S, Seo JH, Kang SW, Choi WA, Cho SR. In Vivo Reprogramming Using Yamanaka Factors in the CNS: A Scoping Review. Cells 2024; 13:343. [PMID: 38391956 PMCID: PMC10886652 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders, pose significant challenges in medicine. These conditions, characterized by progressive neuronal loss, have remained largely incurable, exacting a heavy toll on individuals and society. In recent years, in vivo reprogramming using Yamanaka factors has emerged as a promising approach for central nervous system regeneration. This technique involves introducing transcription factors, such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, into adult cells to induce their conversion into neurons. This review summarizes the current state of in vivo reprogramming research in the central nervous system, focusing on the use of Yamanaka factors. In vivo reprogramming using Yamanaka factors has shown promising results in several animal models of central nervous system diseases. Studies have demonstrated that this approach can promote the generation of new neurons, improve functional outcomes, and reduce scar formation. However, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed before this approach can be translated into clinical practice. These challenges include optimizing the efficiency of reprogramming, understanding the cell of origin for each transcription factor, and developing methods for reprogramming in non-subventricular zone areas. Further research is needed to overcome the remaining challenges, but this approach has the potential to revolutionize the way we treat central nervous system disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Eol Cho
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea; (H.E.C.); (S.-W.K.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea
| | - Siwoo Lee
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung Hwa Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woong Kang
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea; (H.E.C.); (S.-W.K.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ah Choi
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea; (H.E.C.); (S.-W.K.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea; (H.E.C.); (S.-W.K.)
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paine PT, Nguyen A, Ocampo A. Partial cellular reprogramming: A deep dive into an emerging rejuvenation technology. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14039. [PMID: 38040663 PMCID: PMC10861195 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and age-associated disease are a major medical and societal burden in need of effective treatments. Cellular reprogramming is a biological process capable of modulating cell fate and cellular age. Harnessing the rejuvenating benefits without altering cell identity via partial cellular reprogramming has emerged as a novel translational strategy with therapeutic potential and strong commercial interests. Here, we explore the aging-related benefits of partial cellular reprogramming while examining limitations and future directions for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Paine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and MedicineUniversity of LausanneLausanneVaudSwitzerland
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Alejandro Ocampo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and MedicineUniversity of LausanneLausanneVaudSwitzerland
- EPITERNA SAEpalingesSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shpetko YY, Filippenkov IB, Denisova AE, Stavchansky VV, Gubsky LV, Limborska SA, Dergunova LV. Isoflurane Anesthesia's Impact on Gene Expression Patterns of Rat Brains in an Ischemic Stroke Model. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1448. [PMID: 37510352 PMCID: PMC10379230 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most severe brain diseases. Animal models with anesthesia are actively used to study stroke genomics and pathogenesis. However, the anesthesia-related gene expression patterns of ischemic rat brains remain poorly understood. In this study, we sought to elucidate the impact of isoflurane (ISO) anesthesia on the extent of ischemic brain damage and gene expression changes associated with stroke. METHODS We used the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model under long-term and short-term ISO anesthesia, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), RNA sequencing, and bioinformatics. RESULTS We revealed that the volume of cerebral damage at 24 h after tMCAO was inversely proportional to the duration of ISO anesthesia. Then, we revealed hundreds of overlapping ischemia-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a cutoff of >1.5; Padj < 0.05, and 694 and 1557 DEGs only under long-term and short-term anesthesia, respectively, using sham-operated controls. Concomitantly, unique DEGs identified under short-term anesthesia were mainly associated with neurosignaling systems, whereas unique DEGs identified under long-term anesthesia were predominantly related to the inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS We were able to determine the effects of the duration of anesthesia using isoflurane on the transcriptomes in the brains of rats at 24 h after tMCAO. Thus, specific genome responses may be useful in developing potential approaches to reduce damaged areas after cerebral ischemia and neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yana Y Shpetko
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Ivan B Filippenkov
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Alina E Denisova
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Str. 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vasily V Stavchansky
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Leonid V Gubsky
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Str. 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Federal Center for the Brain and Neurotechnologies, Federal Biomedical Agency, Ostrovitianov Str. 1, Building 10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Limborska
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V Dergunova
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim J, Hwang Y, Kim S, Chang Y, Kim Y, Kwon Y, Kim J. Transcriptional activation of endogenous Oct4 via the CRISPR/dCas9 activator ameliorates Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome in mice. Aging Cell 2023:e13825. [PMID: 36964992 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Partial cellular reprogramming via transient expression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc induces rejuvenation and reduces aged-cell phenotypes. In this study, we found that transcriptional activation of the endogenous Oct4 gene by using the CRISPR/dCas9 activator system can efficiently ameliorate hallmarks of aging in a mouse model of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). We observed that the dCas9-Oct4 activator induced epigenetic remodeling, as evidenced by increased H3K9me3 and decreased H4K20me3 levels, without tumorization. Moreover, the progerin accumulation in HGPS aorta was significantly suppressed by the dCas9 activator-mediated Oct4 induction. Importantly, CRISPR/dCas9-activated Oct4 expression rescued the HGPS-associated vascular pathological features and lifespan shortening in the mouse model. These results suggest that partial rejuvenation via CRISPR/dCas9-mediated Oct4 activation can be used as a novel strategy in treating geriatric diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyeop Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell reprogramming, Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, 100-715, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yerim Hwang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell reprogramming, Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, 100-715, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sumin Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell reprogramming, Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, 100-715, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yujung Chang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell reprogramming, Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, 100-715, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunkyung Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell reprogramming, Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, 100-715, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngeun Kwon
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, 04620, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongpil Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell reprogramming, Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, 100-715, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu X, Guo H, Wang X, Jiao H, Li L, Zheng J. c-myc protects mice from ischemia stroke through elevating microRNA-200b-5p-regulated SIRT1 expression. Brain Res Bull 2021; 176:76-84. [PMID: 34371139 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE c-myc has been reported to attenuate ischemia stroke (IS). We initiated the research to uncover the molecular mechanism of c-myc with regard to microRNA (miR)-200b-5p/Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) axis. METHODS An IS mouse model was prepared by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Measurements of c-myc, miR-200b-5p and SIRT1 levels in MCAO mice were conducted. c-myc, miR-200b-5p and SIRT1 expression levels in MCAO mice were detected. The neurological function, production of inflammatory cytokines, neuronal apoptosis, brain tissue pathology and neuronal survival of MCAO mice were observed. RESULTS c-myc and SIRT1 levels went downward while miR-200b-5p expression went upward in MCAO mice. Elevation of c-myc or suppression of miR-200b-5p improved neurological function, reduced inflammation and neuronal apoptosis, and attenuated brain tissue pathology and neuronal survival of MCAO mice. Enhancement of miR-200b-5p or knockdown of SIRT1 weakened c-myc-induced protection against MCAO-induced brain injury in mice. CONCLUSION Overall, c-myc protects mice from IS through elevating miR-200b-5p-targeted SIRT1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Heng Guo
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hong Jiao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiaolin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
In Vivo Expression of Reprogramming Factor OCT4 Ameliorates Myelination Deficits and Induces Striatal Neuroprotection in Huntington's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050712. [PMID: 34068799 PMCID: PMC8150572 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter atrophy has been shown to precede the massive loss of striatal GABAergic neurons in Huntington’s disease (HD). This study investigated the effects of in vivo expression of reprogramming factor octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) on neural stem cell (NSC) niche activation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and induction of cell fate specific to the microenvironment of HD. R6/2 mice randomly received adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-OCT4, AAV9-Null, or phosphate-buffered saline into both lateral ventricles at 4 weeks of age. The AAV9-OCT4 group displayed significantly improved behavioral performance compared to the control groups. Following AAV9-OCT4 treatment, the number of newly generated NSCs and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) significantly increased in the SVZ, and the expression of OPC-related genes and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) significantly increased. Further, amelioration of myelination deficits in the corpus callosum was observed through electron microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging, and striatal DARPP32+ GABAergic neurons significantly increased in the AAV9-OCT4 group. These results suggest that in situ expression of the reprogramming factor OCT4 in the SVZ induces OPC proliferation, thereby attenuating myelination deficits. Particularly, GDNF released by OPCs seems to induce striatal neuroprotection in HD, which explains the behavioral improvement in R6/2 mice overexpressing OCT4.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kisby T, de Lázaro I, Stylianou M, Cossu G, Kostarelos K. Transient reprogramming of postnatal cardiomyocytes to a dedifferentiated state. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251054. [PMID: 33951105 PMCID: PMC8099115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, lower vertebrates are capable of extraordinary myocardial regeneration thanks to the ability of their cardiomyocytes to undergo transient dedifferentiation and proliferation. Somatic cells can be temporarily reprogrammed to a proliferative, dedifferentiated state through forced expression of Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc (OSKM). Here, we aimed to induce transient reprogramming of mammalian cardiomyocytes in vitro utilising an OSKM-encoding non-integrating vector. Reprogramming factor expression in postnatal rat and mouse cardiomyocytes triggered rapid but limited cell dedifferentiation. Concomitantly, a significant increase in cell viability, cell cycle related gene expression and Ki67 positive cells was observed consistent with an enhanced cell cycle activation. The transient nature of this partial reprogramming was confirmed as cardiomyocyte-specific cell morphology, gene expression and contractile activity were spontaneously recovered by day 15 after viral transduction. This study provides the first evidence that adenoviral OSKM delivery can induce partial reprogramming of postnatal cardiomyocytes. Therefore, adenoviral mediated transient reprogramming could be a novel and feasible strategy to recapitulate the regenerative mechanisms of lower vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kisby
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Irene de Lázaro
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Stylianou
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), UAB Campus Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kisby T, Lázaro I, Fisch S, Cartwright EJ, Cossu G, Kostarelos K. Adenoviral Mediated Delivery of OSKM Factors Induces Partial Reprogramming of Mouse Cardiac Cells In Vivo. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kisby
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Irene Lázaro
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences 58 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University Center for Life Science 3 Blackfan Circle Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Sudeshna Fisch
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Cartwright
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
AAVvector-mediated in vivo reprogramming into pluripotency. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2651. [PMID: 29985406 PMCID: PMC6037684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) holds vast potential for basic research and regenerative medicine. However, it remains hampered by a need for vectors to express reprogramming factors (Oct-3/4, Klf4, Sox2, c-Myc; OKSM) in selected organs. Here, we report OKSM delivery vectors based on pseudotyped Adeno-associated virus (AAV). Using the AAV-DJ capsid, we could robustly reprogram mouse embryonic fibroblasts with low vector doses. Swapping to AAV8 permitted to efficiently reprogram somatic cells in adult mice by intravenous vector delivery, evidenced by hepatic or extra-hepatic teratomas and iPSC in the blood. Notably, we accomplished full in vivo reprogramming without c-Myc. Most iPSC generated in vitro or in vivo showed transcriptionally silent, intronic or intergenic vector integration, likely reflecting the increased host genome accessibility during reprogramming. Our approach crucially advances in vivo reprogramming technology, and concurrently facilitates investigations into the mechanisms and consequences of AAV persistence. In vivo reprogramming of somatic cells is hampered by the need for vectors to express the OKSM factors in selected organs. Here the authors report new AAV-based vectors capable of in vivo reprogramming at low doses.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim M, Yu JH, Seo JH, Shin YK, Wi S, Baek A, Song SY, Cho SR. Neurobehavioral Assessments in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286442 DOI: 10.3791/55838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed unilateral carotid artery occlusion on CD-1 mice to create a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) model and investigated the effects of neonatal HI brain injury by studying neurobehavioral functions in these mice compared to non-operated (i.e., normal) mice. During the study, Rice-Vannucci's method was used to induce neonatal HI brain damage in postnatal day 7-10 (P7-10) mice. The HI operation was performed on the pups by unilateral carotid artery ligation and exposure to hypoxia (8% O2 and 92% N2 for 90 min). One week after the operation, the damaged brains were evaluated with the naked eye through the semi-transparent skull and were categorized into subgroups based on the absence ("no cortical injury" group) or presence ("cortical injury" group) of cortical injury, such as a lesion in the right hemisphere. On week 6, the following neurobehavioral tests were performed to evaluate the cognitive and motor functions: passive avoidance task (PAT), ladder walking test, and grip strength test. These behavioral tests are helpful in determining the effects of neonatal HI brain injury and are used in other mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, neonatal HI brain injury mice showed motor deficits that corresponded to right hemisphere damage. The behavioral test results are relevant to the deficits observed in human neonatal HI patients, such as cerebral palsy or neonatal stroke patients. In this study, a mouse model of neonatal HI brain injury was established and showed different degrees of motor deficits and cognitive impairment compared to non-operated mice. This work provides basic information on the HI mouse model. MRI images demonstrate the different phenotypes, separated according to the severity of brain damage by motor and cognitive tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MinGi Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University
| | - Ji Hea Yu
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Jung Hwa Seo
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University
| | - Yoon-Kyum Shin
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University
| | - Soohyun Wi
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University
| | - Ahreum Baek
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine
| | - Suk-Young Song
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Graduate Program of NanoScience and Technology, Yonsei University
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University; Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Graduate Program of NanoScience and Technology, Yonsei University;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
In Vivo Expression of Reprogramming Factors Increases Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Synaptic Plasticity in Chronic Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2580837. [PMID: 27900211 PMCID: PMC5120183 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2580837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity can be stimulated in vivo in the brain. In this study, we hypothesized that in vivo expression of reprogramming factors such as Klf4, Sox2, Oct4, and c-Myc would facilitate endogenous neurogenesis and functional recovery. CD-1® mice were induced at 1 week of age by unilaterally carotid artery ligation and exposure to hypoxia. At 6 weeks of age, mice were injected GFP only or both four reprogramming factors and GFP into lateral ventricle. Passive avoidance task and open field test were performed to evaluate neurobehavioral function. Neurogenesis and synaptic activity in the hippocampus were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and/or western blot analyses. Whereas BrdU+GFAP+ cells in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus were not significantly different, the numbers of BrdU+βIII-tubulin+ and BrdU+NeuN+ cells were significantly higher in treatment group than control group. Expressions of synaptophysin and PSD-95 were also higher in treatment group than control group. Importantly, passive avoidance task and open field test showed improvement in long-term memory and decreased anxiety in treatment group. In conclusion, in vivo expression of reprogramming factors improved behavioral functions in chronic hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. The mechanisms underlying these repair processes included endogenous neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.
Collapse
|