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Pridans C, Irvine KM, Davis GM, Lefevre L, Bush SJ, Hume DA. Transcriptomic Analysis of Rat Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 11:594594. [PMID: 33633725 PMCID: PMC7902030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory rat is widely used as a model for human diseases. Many of these diseases involve monocytes and tissue macrophages in different states of activation. Whilst methods for in vitro differentiation of mouse macrophages from embryonic stem cells (ESC) and bone marrow (BM) are well established, these are lacking for the rat. The gene expression profiles of rat macrophages have also not been characterised to the same extent as mouse. We have established the methodology for production of rat ESC-derived macrophages and compared their gene expression profiles to macrophages obtained from the lung and peritoneal cavity and those differentiated from BM and blood monocytes. We determined the gene signature of Kupffer cells in the liver using rats deficient in macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R). We also examined the response of BM-derived macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results indicate that many, but not all, tissue-specific adaptations observed in mice are conserved in the rat. Importantly, we show that unlike mice, rat macrophages express the CSF1R ligand, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M. Irvine
- Mater Research Institute Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma M. Davis
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Alkie TN, Yitbarek A, Hodgins DC, Kulkarni RR, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Sharif S. Development of innate immunity in chicken embryos and newly hatched chicks: a disease control perspective. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:288-310. [PMID: 31063007 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1607966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Newly hatched chickens are confronted by a wide array of pathogenic microbes because their adaptive immune defences have limited capabilities to control these pathogens. In such circumstances, and within this age group, innate responses provide a degree of protection. Moreover, as the adaptive immune system is relatively naïve to foreign antigens, synergy with innate defences is critical. This review presents knowledge on the ontogeny of innate immunity in chickens pre-hatch and early post-hatch and provides insights into possible interventions to modulate innate responses early in the life of the bird. As in other vertebrate species, the chicken innate immune system which include cellular mediators, cytokine and chemokine repertoires and molecules involved in antigen detection, develop early in life. Comparison of innate immune systems in newly hatched chickens and mature birds has revealed differences in magnitude and quality, but responses in younger chickens can be boosted using innate immune system modulators. Functional expression of pattern recognition receptors and several defence molecules by innate immune system cells of embryos and newly hatched chicks suggests that innate responses can be modulated at this stage of development to combat pathogens. Improved understanding of innate immune system ontogeny and functionality in chickens is critical for the implementation of sound and safe interventions to provide long-term protection against pathogens. Next-generation tools for studying genetic and epigenetic regulation of genes, functional metagenomics and gene knockouts can be used in the future to explore and dissect the contributions of signalling pathways of innate immunity and to devise more efficacious disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru N Alkie
- a Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Alexander Yitbarek
- a Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Douglas C Hodgins
- a Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Raveendra R Kulkarni
- a Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- a Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada.,b Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef , Egypt
| | - Shayan Sharif
- a Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
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Irvine KM, Caruso M, Cestari MF, Davis GM, Keshvari S, Sehgal A, Pridans C, Hume DA. Analysis of the impact of CSF‐1 administration in adult rats using a novel
Csf1r
‐mApple reporter gene. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:221-235. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma0519-149r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Caruso
- Mater Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | | | - Gemma M. Davis
- Faculty of Life Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
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The evolution of the macrophage-specific enhancer (Fms intronic regulatory element) within the CSF1R locus of vertebrates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17115. [PMID: 29215000 PMCID: PMC5719456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15999-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Csf1r locus encodes the receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which controls the proliferation, differentiation and survival of macrophages. The 300 bp Fms intronic regulatory element (FIRE), within the second intron of Csf1r, is necessary and sufficient to direct macrophage-specific transcription. We have analysed the conservation and divergence of the FIRE DNA sequence in vertebrates. FIRE is present in the same location in the Csf1r locus in reptile, avian and mammalian genomes. Nearest neighbor analysis based upon this element alone largely recapitulates phylogenies inferred from much larger genomic sequence datasets. One core element, containing binding sites for AP1 family and the macrophage-specific transcription factor, PU.1, is conserved from lizards to humans. Around this element, the FIRE sequence is conserved within clades with the most conserved elements containing motifs for known myeloid-expressed transcription factors. Conversely, there is little alignment between clades outside the AP1/PU.1 element. The analysis favours a hybrid between “enhanceosome” and “smorgasbord” models of enhancer function, in which elements cooperate to bind components of the available transcription factor milieu.
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C/EBPβ is required for survival of Ly6C - monocytes. Blood 2017; 130:1809-1818. [PMID: 28807982 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-03-772962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is highly expressed in monocytes/macrophages. However, its roles in monopoiesis are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the roles of C/EBPβ in monopoiesis. Further subdivision of monocytes revealed that Cebpb messenger RNA was highly upregulated in Ly6C- monocytes in bone marrow. Accordingly, the number of Ly6C- monocytes was significantly reduced in Cebpb-/- mice. Bone marrow chimera experiments and Mx1-Cre-mediated deletion of Cebpb revealed a cell-intrinsic and monocyte-specific requirement for C/EBPβ in monopoiesis. In Cebpb-/- mice, turnover of Ly6C- monocytes was highly accelerated and apoptosis of Ly6C- monocytes was increased. Expression of Csf1r, which encodes a receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor, was significantly reduced in Ly6C- monocytes of Cebpb-/- mice. C/EBPβ bound to positive regulatory elements of Csf1r and promoted its transcription. Collectively, these results indicate that C/EBPβ is a critical factor for Ly6C- monocyte survival, at least in part through upregulation of Csf1r.
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Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are professional phagocytes that occupy specific niches in every tissue of the body. Their survival, proliferation, and differentiation are controlled by signals from the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R) and its two ligands, CSF-1 and interleukin-34. In this review, we address the developmental and transcriptional relationships between hematopoietic progenitor cells, blood monocytes, and tissue macrophages as well as the distinctions from dendritic cells. A huge repertoire of receptors allows monocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, or pathology-associated macrophages to adapt to specific microenvironments. These processes create a broad spectrum of macrophages with different functions and individual effector capacities. The production of large transcriptomic data sets in mouse, human, and other species provides new insights into the mechanisms that underlie macrophage functional plasticity.
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Pridans C, Davis GM, Sauter KA, Lisowski ZM, Corripio-Miyar Y, Raper A, Lefevre L, Young R, McCulloch ME, Lillico S, Milne E, Whitelaw B, Hume DA. A Csf1r-EGFP Transgene Provides a Novel Marker for Monocyte Subsets in Sheep. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2297-305. [PMID: 27521343 PMCID: PMC5009875 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Csf1r in adults is restricted to cells of the macrophage lineage. Transgenic reporters based upon the Csf1r locus require inclusion of the highly conserved Fms-intronic regulatory element for expression. We have created Csf1r-EGFP transgenic sheep via lentiviral transgenesis of a construct containing elements of the mouse Fms-intronic regulatory element and Csf1r promoter. Committed bone marrow macrophage precursors and blood monocytes express EGFP in these animals. Sheep monocytes were divided into three populations, similar to classical, intermediate, and nonclassical monocytes in humans, based upon CD14 and CD16 expression. All expressed EGFP, with increased levels in the nonclassical subset. Because Csf1r expression coincides with the earliest commitment to the macrophage lineage, Csf1r-EGFP bone marrow provides a tool for studying the earliest events in myelopoiesis using the sheep as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gemma M Davis
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kristin A Sauter
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Anna Raper
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mary E McCulloch
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Simon Lillico
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
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Hume DA, Freeman TC. Transcriptomic analysis of mononuclear phagocyte differentiation and activation. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:74-84. [PMID: 25319328 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages differentiate from progenitor cells under the influence of colony-stimulating factors. Genome-scale data have enabled the identification of the sets of genes that are associated with specific functions and the mechanisms by which thousands of genes are regulated in response to pathogen challenge. In large datasets, it is possible to identify large sets of genes that are coregulated with the transcription factors that regulate them. They include macrophage-specific genes, interferon-responsive genes, early inflammatory genes, and those associated with endocytosis. Such analyses can also extract macrophage-associated signatures from large cancer tissue datasets. However, cluster analysis provides no support for a signature that distinguishes macrophages from antigen-presenting dendritic cells, nor the classification of macrophage activation states as classical versus alternative, or M1 versus M2. Although there has been a focus on a small subset of lineage-enriched transcription factors, such as PU.1, more than half of the transcription factors in the genome can be expressed in macrophage lineage cells under some state of activation, and they interact in a complex network. The network architecture is conserved across species, but many of the target genes evolve rapidly and differ between mouse and human. The data and publication deluge related to macrophage biology require the development of new analytical tools and ways of presenting information in an accessible form.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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Balic A, Garcia-Morales C, Vervelde L, Gilhooley H, Sherman A, Garceau V, Gutowska MW, Burt DW, Kaiser P, Hume DA, Sang HM. Visualisation of chicken macrophages using transgenic reporter genes: insights into the development of the avian macrophage lineage. Development 2014; 141:3255-65. [PMID: 25063453 PMCID: PMC4197536 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have generated the first transgenic chickens in which reporter genes are expressed in a specific immune cell lineage, based upon control elements of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) locus. The Fms intronic regulatory element (FIRE) within CSF1R is shown to be highly conserved in amniotes and absolutely required for myeloid-restricted expression of fluorescent reporter genes. As in mammals, CSF1R-reporter genes were specifically expressed at high levels in cells of the macrophage lineage and at a much lower level in granulocytes. The cell lineage specificity of reporter gene expression was confirmed by demonstration of coincident expression with the endogenous CSF1R protein. In transgenic birds, expression of the reporter gene provided a defined marker for macrophage-lineage cells, identifying the earliest stages in the yolk sac, throughout embryonic development and in all adult tissues. The reporter genes permit detailed and dynamic visualisation of embryonic chicken macrophages. Chicken embryonic macrophages are not recruited to incisional wounds, but are able to recognise and phagocytose microbial antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Balic
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Carla Garcia-Morales
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hazel Gilhooley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Adrian Sherman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Valerie Garceau
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Maria W Gutowska
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David W Burt
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Helen M Sang
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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