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Madi S, Xie F, Farhangi K, Hsu CY, Cheng SH, Aweda T, Radaram B, Slania S, Lambert T, Rambo M, Skedzielewski T, Cole A, Sherina V, McKearnan S, Tran H, Alsaid H, Doan M, Stokes AH, O’Hagan DT, Maruggi G, Bertholet S, Temmerman ST, Johnson R, Jucker BM. MRI/PET multimodal imaging of the innate immune response in skeletal muscle and draining lymph node post vaccination in rats. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1081156. [PMID: 36713458 PMCID: PMC9874296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1081156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to utilize a multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging approach to assess the local innate immune response in skeletal muscle and draining lymph node following vaccination in rats using two different vaccine platforms (AS01 adjuvanted protein and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulated Self-Amplifying mRNA (SAM)). MRI and 18FDG PET imaging were performed temporally at baseline, 4, 24, 48, and 72 hr post Prime and Prime-Boost vaccination in hindlimb with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) gB and pentamer proteins formulated with AS01, LNP encapsulated CMV gB protein-encoding SAM (CMV SAM), AS01 or with LNP carrier controls. Both CMV AS01 and CMV SAM resulted in a rapid MRI and PET signal enhancement in hindlimb muscles and draining popliteal lymph node reflecting innate and possibly adaptive immune response. MRI signal enhancement and total 18FDG uptake observed in the hindlimb was greater in the CMV SAM vs CMV AS01 group (↑2.3 - 4.3-fold in AUC) and the MRI signal enhancement peak and duration were temporally shifted right in the CMV SAM group following both Prime and Prime-Boost administration. While cytokine profiles were similar among groups, there was good temporal correlation only between IL-6, IL-13, and MRI/PET endpoints. Imaging mass cytometry was performed on lymph node sections at 72 hr post Prime and Prime-Boost vaccination to characterize the innate and adaptive immune cell signatures. Cell proximity analysis indicated that each follicular dendritic cell interacted with more follicular B cells in the CMV AS01 than in the CMV SAM group, supporting the stronger humoral immune response observed in the CMV AS01 group. A strong correlation between lymph node MRI T2 value and nearest-neighbor analysis of follicular dendritic cell and follicular B cells was observed (r=0.808, P<0.01). These data suggest that spatiotemporal imaging data together with AI/ML approaches may help establish whether in vivo imaging biomarkers can predict local and systemic immune responses following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Xie
- Bioimaging, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tammy Lambert
- Non Clinical Safety, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Mary Rambo
- Bioimaging, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | | | - Austin Cole
- Research Statistics, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Hoang Tran
- Research Statistics, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Hasan Alsaid
- Bioimaging, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Minh Doan
- Bioimaging, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Alan H. Stokes
- Non Clinical Safety, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Derek T. O’Hagan
- Vaccines Research & Development, GSK, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Sylvie Bertholet
- Vaccines Research & Development, GSK, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Russell Johnson
- Vaccines Research & Development, GSK, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Beat M. Jucker
- Clinical Imaging, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Beat M. Jucker,
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Masjedi M, Montahaei T, Sharafi Z, Jalali A. Pulmonary vaccine delivery: An emerging strategy for vaccination and immunotherapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces represent important routes of entry into the human body for the majority of pathogens, and they constitute unique sites for targeted vaccine delivery. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are emerging technologies for delivering and improving the efficacy of mucosal vaccines. Recent studies have provided new insights into formulation and delivery aspects of importance for the design of safe and efficacious mucosal subunit vaccines based on nanoparticles. These include novel nanomaterials, their physicochemical properties and formulation approaches, nanoparticle interaction with immune cells in the mucosa, and mucosal immunization and delivery strategies. Here, we present recent progress in the application of nanoparticle-based approaches for mucosal vaccine delivery and discuss future research challenges and opportunities in the field.
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Brewer KD, Weir GM, Dude I, Davis C, Parsons C, Penwell A, Rajagopalan R, Sammatur L, Bowen CV, Stanford MM. Unique depot formed by an oil based vaccine facilitates active antigen uptake and provides effective tumour control. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:7. [PMID: 29374458 PMCID: PMC5787234 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oil emulsions are commonly used as vaccine delivery platforms to facilitate slow release of antigen by forming a depot at the injection site. Antigen is trapped in the aqueous phase and as the emulsion degrades in vivo the antigen is passively released. DepoVax™ is a unique oil based delivery system that directly suspends the vaccine components in the oil diluent that forces immune cells to actively take up components from the formulation in the absence of passive release. The aim of this study was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with additional biological markers to evaluate and understand differences in clearance between several different delivery systems used in peptide-based cancer vaccines. Methods C57BL/6 mice were implanted with a cervical cancer model and vaccinated 5 days post-implant with either DepoVax (DPX), a water-in-oil emulsion (w/o), a squalene oil-in-water emulsion (squal o/w) or a saponin/liposome emulsion (sap/lip) containing iron oxide-labeled targeted antigen. MRI was then used to monitor antigen clearance, the site of injection, tumour and inguinal lymph node volumes and other gross anatomical changes. HLA-A2 transgenic mice were also vaccinated to evaluate immune responses of human directed peptides. Results We demonstrated differences in antigen clearance between DPX and w/o both in regard to how quickly the antigen was cleared and the pattern in which it was cleared. We also found differences in lymph node responses between DPX and both squal o/w and sap/lip. Conclusions These studies underline the unique mechanism of action of this clinical stage vaccine delivery system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-018-0413-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Brewer
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Iulia Dude
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christa Davis
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Cathryn Parsons
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Chris V Bowen
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Marianne M Stanford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Immunovaccine Inc., Halifax, NS, Canada
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Brewer KD, DeBay DR, Dude I, Davis C, Lake K, Parsons C, Rajagopalan R, Weir G, Stanford MM, Mansour M, Bowen CV. Using lymph node swelling as a potential biomarker for successful vaccination. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35655-35669. [PMID: 27232944 PMCID: PMC5094952 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently a lack of biomarkers to help properly assess novel immunotherapies at both the preclinical and clinical stages of development. Recent work done by our group indicated significant volume changes in the vaccine draining right lymph node (RLN) volumes of mice that had been vaccinated with DepoVaxTM, a lipid-based vaccine platform that was developed to enhance the potency of peptide-based vaccines. These changes in lymph node (LN) volume were unique to vaccinated mice.To better assess the potential of volumetric LN markers for multiple vaccination platforms, we evaluated 100 tumor bearing mice and assessed their response to vaccination with either a DepoVax based vaccine (DPX) or a water-in-oil emulsion (w/o), and compared them to untreated controls. MRI was used to longitudinally monitor LN and tumor volumes weekly over 4 weeks. We then evaluated changes in LN volumes occurring in response to therapy as a potential predictive biomarker for treatment success.We found that for both vaccine types, DPX and w/o, the %RLN volumetric increase over baseline and the ratio of RLN/LLN were strong predictors of successful tumor suppression (LLN is left inguinal LN). The area under the curve (AUC) was greatest, between 0.75-0.85, two (%RLN) or three (RLN/LLN) weeks post-vaccination. For optimized critical thresholds we found these biomarkers consistently had sensitivity >90% and specificity >70% indicating strong prognostic potential. Vaccination with DepoVax had a more pronounced effect on draining lymph nodes than w/o emulsion vaccines, which correlated with a higher anti-tumor activity in DPX-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Brewer
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Physics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Drew R DeBay
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Iulia Dude
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christa Davis
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kerry Lake
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Cathryn Parsons
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | - Marianne M Stanford
- Immunovaccine Inc., Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Chris V Bowen
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Physics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Tremblay ML, Davis C, Bowen CV, Stanley O, Parsons C, Weir G, Karkada M, Stanford MM, Brewer KD. Using MRI cell tracking to monitor immune cell recruitment in response to a peptide-based cancer vaccine. Magn Reson Med 2017; 80:304-316. [PMID: 29193231 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MRI cell tracking can be used to monitor immune cells involved in the immunotherapy response, providing insight into the mechanism of action, temporal progression of tumor growth, and individual potency of therapies. To evaluate whether MRI could be used to track immune cell populations in response to immunotherapy, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. METHODS Superparamagnetic iron oxide-labeled cells were injected into mice (one cell type/mouse) implanted with a human papillomavirus-based cervical cancer model. Half of these mice were also vaccinated with DepoVaxTM (ImmunoVaccine, Inc., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada), a lipid-based vaccine platform that was developed to enhance the potency of peptide-based vaccines. RESULTS MRI visualization of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells was apparent 24 h post-injection, with hypointensities due to iron-labeled cells clearing approximately 72 h post-injection. Vaccination resulted in increased recruitment of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and decreased recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells to the tumor. We also found that myeloid-derived suppressor cell and regulatory T cell recruitment were positively correlated with final tumor volume. CONCLUSION This type of analysis can be used to noninvasively study changes in immune cell recruitment in individual mice over time, potentially allowing improved application and combination of immunotherapies. Magn Reson Med 80:304-316, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christa Davis
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chris V Bowen
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Olivia Stanley
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cathryn Parsons
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Mohan Karkada
- Wyss Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marianne M Stanford
- Immunovaccine Inc., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kimberly D Brewer
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Zanganeh S, Spitler R, Hutter G, Ho JQ, Pauliah M, Mahmoudi M. Tumor-associated macrophages, nanomedicine and imaging: the axis of success in the future of cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:819-835. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of any given cancer immunotherapy relies on several key factors. In particular, success hinges on the ability to stimulate the immune system in a controlled and precise fashion, select the best treatment options and appropriate therapeutic agents, and use highly effective tools to accurately and efficiently assess the outcome of the immunotherapeutic intervention. Furthermore, a deep understanding and effective utilization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), nanomedicine and biomedical imaging must be harmonized to improve treatment efficacy. Additionally, a keen appreciation of the dynamic interplay that occurs between immune cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is also essential. New advances toward the modulation of the immune TME have led to many novel translational research approaches focusing on the targeting of TAMs, enhanced drug and nucleic acid delivery, and the development of theranostic probes and nanoparticles for clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the key cogitations that influence TME, TAM modulations and immunotherapy in solid tumors as well as the methods and resources of tracking the tumor response. The vast array of current nanomedicine technologies can be readily modified to modulate immune function, target specific cell types, deliver therapeutic payloads and be monitored using several different imaging modalities. This allows for the development of more effective treatments, which can be specifically designed for particular types of cancer or on an individual basis. Our current capacities have allowed for greater use of theranostic probes and multimodal imaging strategies that have led to better image contrast, real-time imaging capabilities leveraging targeting moieties, tracer kinetics and enabling more detailed response profiles at the cellular and molecular levels. These novel capabilities along with new discoveries in cancer biology should drive innovation for improved biomarkers for efficient and individualized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Zanganeh
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ryan Spitler
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jim Q Ho
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
| | - Mohan Pauliah
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155–6451, Iran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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