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Lee EJ, Aguirre-Padilla DH, Fomenko A, Pawar G, Kapadia M, George J, Lozano AM, Hamani C, Kalia LV, Kalia SK. Reduction of alpha-synuclein oligomers in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease by electrical stimulation in vitro and deep brain stimulation in vivo. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:166-175. [PMID: 38342364 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been widely used to manage debilitating neurological symptoms in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite its well-established symptomatic benefits, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying DBS and its possible effect on the accumulation of pathological proteins in neurodegeneration remains limited. Accumulation and oligomerization of the protein alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) are implicated in the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in PD, making α-Syn a potential therapeutic target for disease modification. OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of high frequency electrical stimulation on α-Syn levels and oligomerization in cell and rodent models. METHODS High frequency stimulation, mimicking DBS parameters used for PD, was combined with viral-mediated overexpression of α-Syn in cultured rat primary cortical neurons or in substantia nigra of rats. Bimolecular protein complementation with split fluorescent protein reporters was used to detect and quantify α-Syn oligomers. RESULTS High frequency electrical stimulation reduced the expression of PD-associated mutant α-Syn and mitigated α-Syn oligomerization in cultured neurons. Furthermore, DBS in the substantia nigra, but not the subthalamic nucleus, decreased overall levels of α-Syn, including oligomer levels, in the substantia nigra. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that direct high frequency stimulation can reduce accumulation and pathological forms of α-Syn in cultured neurons in vitro and in substantia nigra in vivo. Thus, DBS therapy could have a role beyond symptomatic treatment, with potential disease-modifying properties that can be exploited to target pathological proteins in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Lee
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - David Hernán Aguirre-Padilla
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Neuromodulation and Functional Neurosurgery Program, San Borja Arriarán Hospital, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anton Fomenko
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grishma Pawar
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Minesh Kapadia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jimmy George
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; CenteR for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clement Hamani
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lorraine V Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; CenteR for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Maheshwari S, Akram H, Bulstrode H, Kalia SK, Morizane A, Takahashi J, Natalwala A. Dopaminergic Cell Replacement for Parkinson's Disease: Addressing the Intracranial Delivery Hurdle. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:415-435. [PMID: 38457149 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an increasingly prevalent neurological disorder, affecting more than 8.5 million individuals worldwide. α-Synucleinopathy in PD is considered to cause dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, resulting in characteristic motor dysfunction that is the target for current medical and surgical therapies. Standard treatment for PD has remained unchanged for several decades and does not alter disease progression. Furthermore, symptomatic therapies for PD are limited by issues surrounding long-term efficacy and side effects. Cell replacement therapy (CRT) presents an alternative approach that has the potential to restore striatal dopaminergic input and ameliorate debilitating motor symptoms in PD. Despite promising pre-clinical data, CRT has demonstrated mixed success clinically. Recent advances in graft biology have renewed interest in the field, resulting in several worldwide ongoing clinical trials. However, factors surrounding the effective neurosurgical delivery of cell grafts have remained under-studied, despite their significant potential to influence therapeutic outcomes. Here, we focus on the key neurosurgical factors to consider for the clinical translation of CRT. We review the instruments that have been used for cell graft delivery, highlighting current features and limitations, while discussing how future devices could address these challenges. Finally, we review other novel developments that may enhance graft accessibility, delivery, and efficacy. Challenges surrounding neurosurgical delivery may critically contribute to the success of CRT, so it is crucial that we address these issues to ensure that CRT does not falter at the final hurdle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Maheshwari
- The Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, UK
| | - Harith Akram
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Harry Bulstrode
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Academic Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Asuka Morizane
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Clinical Research and Innovation, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ammar Natalwala
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Silvestro S, Raffaele I, Mazzon E. Modulating Stress Proteins in Response to Therapeutic Interventions for Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16233. [PMID: 38003423 PMCID: PMC10671288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative illness characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in motor symptoms and without debilitating motors. A hallmark of this condition is the accumulation of misfolded proteins, a phenomenon that drives disease progression. In this regard, heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a central role in the cellular response to stress, shielding cells from damage induced by protein aggregates and oxidative stress. As a result, researchers have become increasingly interested in modulating these proteins through pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions. This review aims to provide an overview of the preclinical experiments performed over the last decade in this research field. Specifically, it focuses on preclinical studies that center on the modulation of stress proteins for the treatment potential of PD. The findings display promise in targeting HSPs to ameliorate PD outcomes. Despite the complexity of HSPs and their co-chaperones, proteins such as HSP70, HSP27, HSP90, and glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP78) may be efficacious in slowing or preventing disease progression. Nevertheless, clinical validation is essential to confirm the safety and effectiveness of these preclinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (S.S.); (I.R.)
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van Horne CG, Quintero JE, Slevin JT, Anderson-Mooney A, Gurwell JA, Welleford AS, Lamm JR, Wagner RP, Gerhardt GA. Peripheral nerve grafts implanted into the substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson's disease during deep brain stimulation surgery: 1-year follow-up study of safety, feasibility, and clinical outcome. J Neurosurg 2018; 129:1550-1561. [PMID: 29451447 DOI: 10.3171/2017.8.jns163222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVECurrently, there is no treatment that slows or halts the progression of Parkinson's disease. Delivery of various neurotrophic factors to restore dopaminergic function has become a focus of study in an effort to fill this unmet need for patients with Parkinson's disease. Schwann cells provide a readily available source of such factors. This study presents a 12-month evaluation of safety and feasibility, as well as the clinical response, of implanting autologous peripheral nerve grafts into the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease at the time of deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery.METHODSStandard DBS surgery targeting the subthalamic nucleus was performed in 8 study participants. After DBS lead implantation, a section of the sural nerve containing Schwann cells was harvested and unilaterally grafted to the substantia nigra. Adverse events were continually monitored. Baseline clinical data were obtained during standard preoperative evaluations. Clinical outcome data were obtained with postoperative clinical evaluations, neuropsychological testing, and MRI at 1 year after surgery.RESULTSAll 8 participants were implanted with DBS systems and grafts. Adverse event profiles were comparable to those of standard DBS surgery with the exception of 1 superficial infection at the sural nerve harvest site. Three participants also reported numbness in the distribution of the sural nerve distal to the harvest site. Motor scores on Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III while the participant was off therapy at 12 months improved from baseline (mean ± SD 25.1 ± 15.9 points at 12 months vs 32.5 ± 9.7 points at baseline). An analysis of the lateralized UPDRS scores also showed a greater overall reduction in scores on the side contralateral to the graft.CONCLUSIONSPeripheral nerve graft delivery to the substantia nigra at the time of DBS surgery is feasible and safe based on the results of this initial pilot study. Clinical outcome data from this phase I trial suggests that grafting may have some clinical benefit and certainly warrants further study to determine if this is an efficacious and neurorestorative therapy.Clinical trial registration no.: NCT01833364 (clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig G van Horne
- 1Brain Restoration Center and
- Departments of2Neurosurgery
- 1Brain Restoration Center and
| | | | - John T Slevin
- 1Brain Restoration Center and
- 4Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Amelia Anderson-Mooney
- 1Brain Restoration Center and
- Departments of2Neurosurgery
- 4Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Julie A Gurwell
- 1Brain Restoration Center and
- 4Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - John R Lamm
- 1Brain Restoration Center and
- Departments of2Neurosurgery
| | | | - Greg A Gerhardt
- 1Brain Restoration Center and
- Departments of2Neurosurgery
- 3Neuroscience, and
- 4Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Lang AE, Espay AJ. Disease Modification in Parkinson's Disease: Current Approaches, Challenges, and Future Considerations. Mov Disord 2018; 33:660-677. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E. Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Division of Neurology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Alberto J. Espay
- UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati Ohio USA
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Combination of CDNF and Deep Brain Stimulation Decreases Neurological Deficits in Late-stage Model Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience 2018; 374:250-263. [PMID: 29408408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several neurotrophic factors (NTF) are shown to be neuroprotective and neurorestorative in pre-clinical animal models for Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly in models where striatal dopamine neuron innervation partially exists. The results of clinical trials on late-stage patients have been modest. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) is a proven treatment for a selected group of advanced PD patients. The cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is a promising therapeutic protein, but its effects in animal models of late-stage PD have remained under-researched. The interactions of NTF and STN DBS treatments have not been studied before. We found that a nigral CDNF protein alone had only a marginal effect on the behavioral deficits in a late-stage hemiparkinsonian rat model (6-OHDA MFB). However, CDNF improved the effect of acute STN DBS on front limb use asymmetry at 2 and 3 weeks after CDNF injection. STN lesion-modeling chronic stimulation-had an additive effect in reducing front limb use in the cylinder test and apomorphine-induced rotation. The combination of CDNF and acute STN DBS had a favorable effect on striatal tyrosine hydroxylase. This study presents a novel additive beneficial effect of NTF and STN DBS, which might be explained by the interaction of DBS-induced endogenous NTFs and exogenously injected CDNF. SNpc can be reached via similar trajectories used in clinical STN DBS, and this interaction is an important area for future studies.
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Yasuhara T, Kameda M, Sasaki T, Tajiri N, Date I. Cell Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:1551-1559. [PMID: 29113472 PMCID: PMC5680961 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717735411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) began in 1979 with the transplantation of fetal rat dopamine-containing neurons that improved motor abnormalities in the PD rat model with good survival of grafts and axonal outgrowth. Thirty years have passed since the 2 clinical trials using cell transplantation for PD patients were first reported. Recently, cell therapy is expected to develop as a realistic treatment option for PD patients owing to the advancement of biotechnology represented by pluripotent stem cells. Medication using levodopa, surgery including deep brain stimulation, and rehabilitation have all been established as current therapeutic strategies. Strong therapeutic effects have been demonstrated by these treatment methods, but they have been unable to stop the progression of the disease. Fortunately, cell therapy might be a key for true neurorestoration. This review article describes the historical development of cell therapy for PD, the current status of cell therapy, and the future direction of this treatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Psychology, Kibi International University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Friesen EL, De Snoo ML, Rajendran L, Kalia LV, Kalia SK. Chaperone-Based Therapies for Disease Modification in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2017; 2017:5015307. [PMID: 28913005 PMCID: PMC5585656 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5015307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by the presence of pathological intracellular aggregates primarily composed of misfolded α-synuclein. This pathology implicates the molecular machinery responsible for maintaining protein homeostasis (proteostasis), including molecular chaperones, in the pathobiology of the disease. There is mounting evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that various molecular chaperones are downregulated, sequestered, depleted, or dysfunctional in PD. Current therapeutic interventions for PD are inadequate as they fail to modify disease progression by ameliorating the underlying pathology. Modulating the activity of molecular chaperones, cochaperones, and their associated pathways offers a new approach for disease modifying intervention. This review will summarize the potential of chaperone-based therapies that aim to enhance the neuroprotective activity of molecular chaperones or utilize small molecule chaperones to promote proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L. Friesen
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mitch L. De Snoo
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luckshi Rajendran
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lorraine V. Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 190 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Suneil K. Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lin JY, Xie CL, Zhang SF, Yuan W, Liu ZG. Current Experimental Studies of Gene Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:126. [PMID: 28515689 PMCID: PMC5413509 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) was characterized by late-onset, progressive dopamine neuron loss and movement disorders. The progresses of PD affected the neural function and integrity. To date, most researches had largely addressed the dopamine replacement therapies, but the appearance of L-dopa-induced dyskinesia hampered the use of the drug. And the mechanism of PD is so complicated that it's hard to solve the problem by just add drugs. Researchers began to focus on the genetic underpinnings of Parkinson's disease, searching for new method that may affect the neurodegeneration processes in it. In this paper, we reviewed current delivery methods used in gene therapies for PD, we also summarized the primary target of the gene therapy in the treatment of PD, such like neurotrophic factor (for regeneration), the synthesis of neurotransmitter (for prolong the duration of L-dopa), and the potential proteins that might be a target to modulate via gene therapy. Finally, we discussed RNA interference therapies used in Parkinson's disease, it might act as a new class of drug. We mainly focus on the efficiency and tooling features of different gene therapies in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ya Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai JiaoTong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Long Xie
- Department of Neurology, The first Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Su-Fang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai JiaoTong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai JiaoTong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Guo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai JiaoTong UniversityShanghai, China
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Peltola E, Wester N, Holt KB, Johansson LS, Koskinen J, Myllymäki V, Laurila T. Nanodiamonds on tetrahedral amorphous carbon significantly enhance dopamine detection and cell viability. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 88:273-282. [PMID: 27567263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that by using integrated carbon nanostructures on tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C), it is possible to take the performance and characteristics of these bioelectrodes to a completely new level. The integrated carbon electrodes were realized by combining nanodiamonds (NDs) with ta-C thin films coated on Ti-coated Si-substrates. NDs were functionalized with mixture of carboxyl and amine groups NDandante or amine NDamine, carboxyl NDvox or hydroxyl groups NDH and drop-casted or spray-coated onto substrate. By utilizing these novel structures we show that (i) the detection limit for dopamine can be improved by two orders of magnitude [from 10µM to 50nM] in comparison to ta-C thin film electrodes and (ii) the coating method significantly affects electrochemical properties of NDs and (iii) the ND coatings selectively promote cell viability. NDandante and NDH showed most promising electrochemical properties. The viability of human mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblastic SaOS-2 cells was increased on all ND surfaces, whereas the viability of mouse neural stem cells and rat neuroblastic cells was improved on NDandante and NDH and reduced on NDamine and NDvox. The viability of C6 cells remained unchanged, indicating that these surfaces will not cause excess gliosis. In summary, we demonstrated here that by using functionalized NDs on ta-C thin films we can significantly improve sensitivity towards dopamine as well as selectively promote cell viability. Thus, these novel carbon nanostructures provide an interesting concept for development of various in vivo targeted sensor solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Peltola
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, PO Box 13500, Aalto 00076, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gordon Street 20, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Niklas Wester
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, PO Box 16200, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Katherine B Holt
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gordon Street 20, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Leena-Sisko Johansson
- Department of Forest Products Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, PO Box 11000, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Jari Koskinen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, PO Box 16200, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Vesa Myllymäki
- Carbodeon Ltd. Oy, Pakkalankuja 5, Vantaa 01510, Finland
| | - Tomi Laurila
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, PO Box 13500, Aalto 00076, Finland
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11
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Rowland NC, Sammartino F, Lozano AM. Advances in surgery for movement disorders. Mov Disord 2016; 32:5-10. [PMID: 27125681 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement disorder surgery has evolved throughout history as our knowledge of motor circuits and ways in which to manipulate them have expanded. Today, the positive impact on patient quality of life for a growing number of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease is now well accepted and confirmed through several decades of randomized, controlled trials. Nevertheless, residual motor symptoms after movement disorder surgery such as deep brain stimulation and lack of a definitive cure for these conditions demand that advances continue to push the boundaries of the field and maximize its therapeutic potential. Similarly, advances in related fields - wireless technology, artificial intelligence, stem cell and gene therapy, neuroimaging, nanoscience, and minimally invasive surgery - mean that movement disorder surgery stands at a crossroads to benefit from unique combinations of all these developments. In this minireview, we outline some of these developments as well as evidence supporting topics of recent discussion and controversy in our field. Moving forward, expectations remain high that these improvements will come to encompass an even broader range of patients who might benefit from this therapy and decrease the burden of disease associated with these conditions. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Rowland
- Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andres M Lozano
- Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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