1
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Skinner MA, Otten A, Hoff A, Jaroszeski M. Combined effect of heat and corona charge on molecular delivery to a T cell line in vitro. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293035. [PMID: 37851653 PMCID: PMC10584139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid increase of gene and immunotherapies for treating cancer, there is a need to efficiently transfect cells. Previous studies suggest that electrotransfer can provide a non-viral method for gene delivery. Electrotransfer traditionally relies upon the application of direct current pulses to the cells of interest. Corona charge was investigated in this study as an alternative to traditional methods as a means of creating the electric field necessary to deliver materials via electrotransfer. The goal was to determine if there was an increase in molecular delivery across the membrane of a human T cell line used as a model system. In a novel dish created for the study, the effects of elevated temperatures (37, 40, 43, and 45°C) during the treatment process were also examined in combination with corona charge application. Results showed that treating cells with corona charge at room temperature (~23°C) caused a statistically significant increase in molecular delivery while maintaining viability. Heat alone did not cause a statistically significant effect on molecular delivery. Combined corona charge treatment and heating resulted in a statistically significant increase on molecular delivery compared to controls that were only heated. Combined corona charge treatment and heating to all temperatures when compared to controls treated at room temperature, showed a statistically significant increase in molecular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A. Skinner
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Alex Otten
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hoff
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Mark Jaroszeski
- Department of Medical Engineering University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
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2
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Sreedevi PR, Suresh K. Cold atmospheric plasma mediated cell membrane permeation and gene delivery-empirical interventions and pertinence. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 320:102989. [PMID: 37677997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of genetic material to cells is an integral tool to analyze and reveal the genetic interventions in normal cellular processes and differentiation, disease development and for gene therapy. It has profound applications in pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental and biotechnological sectors. The major methods relied for gene delivery or transfection requires either viral vectors or xenogenic carrier molecules, which renders probabilistic carcinogenic, immunogenic and toxic effects. A newly evolved physical method, Cold atmospheric plasma induced transfection neither needs vector nor carriers. The 4th state of matter 'Plasma' is a quasineutral ionized gas-containing ions, neutral atoms, electrons and reactive radical molecules; and possess electric and magnetic field, along with emanating photons and UV radiations. Plasma produced at atmospheric pressure conditions, and having room temperature is conferred as Low temperature plasma or Cold atmospheric plasma. Selective and controlled application of cold atmospheric plasma on tissues creates temporary, restorable pores on cell membranes that could be diligently manipulated for gene delivery. Research in this regard attained pace since 2016. Cold atmospheric plasma induces transfection by lipid peroxidation, electroporation, and clathrin dependent endocytosis in cell membranes, by virtue of its reactive radicals and electric field. Plasma formed reactive radicals, especially 'OH' penetrates to the cell membrane and cleaves the phosphate head group of membrane lipids, peroxidize and detaches fatty acid tails. This decreases membrane thickness, increases membrane fluidity and permeability. Simultaneously plasma formed ions, electrons and reactive radicals accumulate over cells, generating local electric field and neutralize the negative charge of cell membrane. This induces stress on cell membrane and disrupts its structural integrity, by infringing the dynamic equilibrium between surface tension, spatial repulsion and linear tension between the head groups of phospholipids, generating minute pores. Neutralization of membrane charge promote foreign, external plasmid and gene movement towards cells and its enhanced binding with ligands and receptors on cell membrane, instigating clathrin dependent endocytosis. In vitro and in vivo studies have successfully delivered plasmids, linear DNA, siRNA and miRNA to several established cell lines like, HeLa, PC12, CHL, HUVEC, Jurkat, MCF, SH-SY5Y, HT, B16F10, HaCaT, LP-1, etc., and live C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, using cold atmospheric plasma. This review delineates the cell surface mechanism of plasma-induced transfection, critically summarizes the research progress in this context, plasma devices used, and the inimitable features of this method. Metabolic activity, cell function, and viability are not adversely affected by this process; moreover, the cell permeating plasma-formed reactive radicals are effectively defended by cellular antioxidant mechanisms like superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and cytokines, alleviating its toxicity. A deeper understanding on mechanism of plasma action on cells, its aftermath, and the research status in this field would provide a better insight on future avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Sreedevi
- Cold Plasma Bio-research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - K Suresh
- Cold Plasma Bio-research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Jiang C, Oshin EA, Guo S, Scott M, Li X, Mangiamele C, Heller R. Synergistic effects of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet and pulsed electric field on cells and skin. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE. IEEE NUCLEAR AND PLASMA SCIENCES SOCIETY 2021; 49:3317-3324. [PMID: 34898731 PMCID: PMC8653988 DOI: 10.1109/tps.2021.3113260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasmas produce reactive plasma species including charged particles and reactive oxygen nitrogen species, which are known to induce oxidative stress in living cells in liquid or tissue. In the meantime, pulsed electric fields have been widely used in reversible or irreversible electropermeabilization for either the delivery of plasmid DNA or inactivation of cancer cells. This work discusses the synergistic effects of nanosecond pulsed plasma jets and pulsed electric field on inactivation of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and enhancement of plasmid DNA delivery to guinea pig skin in vivo. Higher inactivation rates of the cancer cells in suspension were obtained with combined treatment of 300-ns 50 kV/cm pulsed electric field and a 1-min exposure of a nanosecond pulsed, 250-μm plasma jet. Increased efficiency of gene electrotransfer to skin was also observed after a 3-min treatment of a nanosecond pulsed, 1-mm plasma jet. Application of the plasma alone at the same dosage did not have significant effect on gene delivery. These findings signify the dosage-dependent cell-response to both the electric fields and plasma. Importantly, the use of cold plasma to increase the sensitization of the biological cells in response to pulsed electric fields could be an effective approach to enhance the desired effects in electroporation-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Jiang
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA
| | - Edwin A Oshin
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA
| | - Siqi Guo
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA
| | - Megan Scott
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA
| | - Xi Li
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA
| | - Cathryn Mangiamele
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA
| | - Richard Heller
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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4
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Edelblute C, Mangiamele C, Heller R. Moderate Heat-Assisted Gene Electrotransfer for Cutaneous Delivery of a DNA Vaccine Against Hepatitis B Virus. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1360-1369. [PMID: 33926214 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 350 million people are living with chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide. Preventative HBV vaccination in infants has reduced the disease burden; however, insufficient immunization programs and access obstacles leave vulnerable populations at risk for infection in endemic regions. Gene electrotransfer (GET) using a noninvasive multielectrode array (MEA) provides an alternative platform for DNA vaccination in the skin. DNA vaccines are nonlive and nonreplicating and temperature stable unlike their counterparts. In addition, their simple engineering allows them to be manufactured quickly at a low cost. In the current work, we present the combination of GET and moderate heating for delivery of a DNA vaccine against HBV. Our laboratory has previously shown the synergy between moderate tissue preheating at 43°C and GET with the MEA as a means to reduce both the applied voltage and pulse number to achieve similar if not higher gene expression than GET alone. In this study, we expand upon this work, by optimizing the plasmid dose to achieve the highest level of expression. Using the reporter gene luciferase, we found that an intradermal injection of 100 μL at 1 mg/mL induced the highest expression levels across all tested GET conditions. We then evaluated our moderate heat-assisted GET platform for the intradermal delivery of a plasmid encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (pHBsAg) via a prime and prime plus boost vaccination protocol. At 18 weeks, following the prime plus boost protocol, we observed that a high-voltage low-pulse GET condition with moderate heating (45 V 36 p+heat) generated antibodies against Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAb) at peak measuring 230-fold over injection of plasmid DNA alone with moderate heating. HBsAbs remained robust over the 30-week observation period. These data suggest that moderate heat-assisted GET has the potential to induce strong immune responses, an attractive feature for development of an alternative vaccine delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Edelblute
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, and.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Richard Heller
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, and.,Department of Medical Engineering, Colleges of Medicine and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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5
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Dolezalova E, Malik MA, Heller L, Heller R. Delivery and expression of plasmid DNA into cells by a novel non-thermal plasma source. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 140:107816. [PMID: 33894566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Medical applications such as plasma assisted gene transfer is a minimally invasive approach that can substantially reduce potential discomfort of treated area. Atmospheric pressure plasma discharge is an effective approach to deliver plasmid DNA for in vitro and in vivo applications. We investigated plasma assisted delivery in vitro in mouse melanoma cells (B16F10) using a novel surface plasma device, which is operated in air. We evaluated the influence of applied voltage and distance between the surface device and cell monolayer. We found no significant effect on the viability of cells. Highest expression following delivery of a plasmid encoding green fluorescent protein was achieved with an applied voltage of 11.25 kV at a 2 mm distance and 5 s exposure time. To better understand the influence of oxidative damages and stress on cells after plasma delivery, a mRNA expression study was performed. Our results indicated that TNFα mRNA was significantly upregulated. The mRNA response may be attributed to the RONS generated by plasma; however, this mRNA upregulation was not adequate to be reflected in a coordinate protein upregulation. From the results reported here, it is clear that this novel plasma device could be used for plasmid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dolezalova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Muhammad A Malik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Loree Heller
- Department of Medical Engineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Richard Heller
- Department of Medical Engineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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6
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Wang L, Zhao H, He D, Wu Y, Jin L, Li G, Su N, Li H, Xing XH. Insights into the molecular-level effects of atmospheric and room-temperature plasma on mononucleotides and single-stranded homo- and hetero-oligonucleotides. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14298. [PMID: 32868795 PMCID: PMC7459345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric and room-temperature plasma (ARTP) has been successfully developed as a useful mutation tool for mutation breeding of various microbes and plants as well animals by genetic alterations. However, understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological responses to ARTP irradiation is still limited. Therefore, to gain a molecular understanding of how irradiation with ARTP damages DNA, we irradiated the artificially synthesized mononucleotides of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, and the oligonucleotides of dA8, dT8, dG8, dC8, and dA2dT2dG2dC2 as chemical building blocks of DNA with ARTP for 1-4 min, identified the mononucleotide products using 31P- and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and identified the oligonucleotide products using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) during ARTP treatment. The observed 31P-and 1H-NMR spectrum signals for the plasma-treated and untreated mononucleotides indicated that dATP was less stable to plasma irradiation than the other mononucleotides. The oligonucleotides after treatment with ARTP were found to have been broken into small fragments as shown by mass spectrometry, with the cleaved bonds and produced fragments identified according to their expected spectral m/z values or molecular weights derived from their m/z values. The stabilities of the oligonucleotides differed to ARTP irradiation, with dT8 being the most stable and was more beneficial to stabilizing single-stranded oligonucleotide structures compared to the other base groups (A, G, and C). This was consistent with the average potential energy level obtained by the molecular dynamic simulation of the oligonucleotides, i.e., dT8 > dC8 > dA8 > dG8 > dA2dT2dG2dC2. In summary, we found that ARTP treatment caused various structural changes to the oligonucleotides that may account for the wide and successful applications reported for ARTP-induced mutation breeding of various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
- Biobreeding Center, Wuxi Research Institute of Applied Technologies, Tsinghua University, Wuxi, 214072, People's Republic of China
- TmaxTree Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Luoyang, 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong He
- MOE Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Jin
- College of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Su
- MOE Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Heping Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin-Hui Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Synthetic and System Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Dai X, Blancafort P, Wang P, Sgro A, Thompson EW, Ostrikov K(K. Innovative Precision Gene-Editing Tools in Personalized Cancer Medicine. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902552. [PMID: 32596104 PMCID: PMC7312441 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has spurred a successive wave of genome-engineering following zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and made gene-editing a promising strategy in the prevention and treatment of genetic diseases. However, gene-editing is not widely adopted in clinics due to some technical issues that challenge its safety and efficacy, and the lack of appropriate clinical regulations allowing them to advance toward improved human health without impinging on human ethics. By systematically examining the oncological applications of gene-editing tools and critical factors challenging their medical translation, genome-editing has substantial contributions to cancer driver gene discovery, tumor cell epigenome normalization, targeted delivery, cancer animal model establishment, and cancer immunotherapy and prevention in clinics. Gene-editing tools, epitomized by CRISPR, are predicted to represent a promising strategy toward the precise control of cancer initiation and development. However, some technical problems and ethical concerns are serious issues that need to be appropriately addressed before CRISPR can be incorporated into the next generation of molecular precision medicine. In this light, new technical developments to limit off-target effects are discussed herein, and the use of gene-editing approaches for treating otherwise incurable cancers is brought into focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxi214122China
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlandsWestern Australia6009Australia
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaNedlandsWestern Australia6009Australia
- The Greehey Children's Cancer Research InstituteThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | - Peiyu Wang
- Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueensland4059Australia
- School of Biomedical SciencesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueensland4059Australia
- Translational Research InstituteWoolloongabbaQueensland4102Australia
| | - Agustin Sgro
- The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlandsWestern Australia6009Australia
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaNedlandsWestern Australia6009Australia
| | - Erik W. Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueensland4059Australia
- School of Biomedical SciencesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueensland4059Australia
- Translational Research InstituteWoolloongabbaQueensland4102Australia
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- Translational Research InstituteWoolloongabbaQueensland4102Australia
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
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8
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Graves DB. Lessons From Tesla for Plasma Medicine. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2018.2866373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Wang TY, Libardo MDJ, Angeles-Boza AM, Pellois JP. Membrane Oxidation in Cell Delivery and Cell Killing Applications. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1170-1182. [PMID: 28355059 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell delivery or cell killing processes often involve the crossing or disruption of cellular membranes. We review how, by modifying the composition and properties of membranes, membrane oxidation can be exploited to enhance the delivery of macromolecular cargoes into live human cells. We also describe how membrane oxidation can be utilized to achieve efficient killing of bacteria by antimicrobial peptides. Finally, we present recent evidence highlighting how membrane oxidation is intimately engaged in natural biological processes such as antigen delivery in dendritic cells and in the killing of bacteria by antimicrobial peptides. Overall, the insights that have been recently gained in this area should facilitate the development of more effective delivery technologies and antimicrobial therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - M. Daben J. Libardo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Alfredo M. Angeles-Boza
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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10
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Jaroszeski MJ, Harvey-Chapman T, Hoff A, Atkins R, Connolly RJ. Direct Current Helium Plasma for In vivo Delivery of Plasmid DNA Encoding Erythropoietin to Murine Skin. PLASMA MEDICINE 2017; 7:261-271. [PMID: 30854158 DOI: 10.1615/plasmamed.2017019506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of electric fields in vivo to deliver DNA, called electroporation, has the potential to broadly impact vaccination and disease treatment. The evidence for this has emerged from a large number of recently completed and ongoing clinical trials. The methods for applying electric fields to tissues traditionally involve contact between metal electrodes and the tissue. In this study, we investigated the use of helium plasma as a noncontact method for electrically treating tissue in a manner that results in the uptake and expression of foreign DNA in murine skin. More specifically, our goal was to demonstrate that DNA encoding a model-secreted protein could be delivered, detected in the blood, and remain functional to produce its known biological effect. Murine erythropoietin (EPO) was the model-secreted protein. Results clearly demonstrated that an intradermal DNA injection followed by plasma treatment for 2 min resulted in elevated levels of EPO in the blood and corresponding hemoglobin increases that were statistically significant relative to DNA injection alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Jaroszeski
- Dept of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, College of Engineering, Tampa, FL.,Center for Molecular Delivery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Taryn Harvey-Chapman
- Dept of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, College of Engineering, Tampa, FL.,Center for Molecular Delivery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Andrew Hoff
- Center for Molecular Delivery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida College of Engineering, Tampa, FL
| | - Reginald Atkins
- Dept of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, College of Engineering, Tampa, FL.,Center for Molecular Delivery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard J Connolly
- Dept of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, College of Engineering, Tampa, FL.,Center for Molecular Delivery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
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