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Kumar A, Ahmed B, Kaur IP, Saha L. Exploring dose and downregulation dynamics in lipid nanoparticles based siRNA therapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:133984. [PMID: 39053830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) holds promise as a therapeutic approach for various diseases, yet challenges persist in achieving efficient delivery, biodistribution, and minimizing off-target effects. Lipidic nanoformulations are being developed to address these hurdles, but the optimal dose for preclinical investigations remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine the optimal dose of nanoformulated siRNA and explore factors influencing dose and biodistribution, informing future research in this field. A comprehensive search across four electronic databases identified 25 potential studies, with 15 selected for meta-analysis after screening. Quality assessment was conducted using SYRCLE's risk of bias tool modified for animal studies based on research question. Study found an average siRNA dose of 1.513 ± 0.377 mg/kg with mean downregulation of 65.79 % achieved, with siRNA-LNPs mainly accumulating in the liver. While individual factors showed no significant correlation, a positive association between dose and downregulation was observed, alongside other influencing factors. Extrapolating intravenous doses to potential oral doses, we suggest an initial oral dose range of 1.5 to 8 mg/kg, considering siRNA-LNPs bioavailability. These findings contribute to advancing RNA interference research and encourage further exploration of siRNA-based treatments in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Bakr Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Indu Pal Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India.
| | - Lekha Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India.
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Zaky MF, Hammady TM, Gad S, Alattar A, Alshaman R, Hegazy A, Zaitone SA, Ghorab MM, Megahed MA. Influence of Surface-Modification via PEGylation or Chitosanization of Lipidic Nanocarriers on In Vivo Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Apixaban. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1668. [PMID: 37376116 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have been proven to significantly improve the bioavailability and efficacy of many drugs; however, they still have many limitations. These limitations could hinder their potential for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs and, therefore, require further amendments. From this perspective, we have investigated how the chitosanization and PEGylation of NLCs affected their ability to function as a delivery system for apixaban (APX). These surface modifications could enhance the ability of NLCs to improve the bioavailability and pharmacodynamic activity of the loaded drug. In vitro and in vivo studies were carried out to examine APX-loaded NLCs, chitosan-modified NLCs, and PEGylated NLCs. The three nanoarchitectures displayed a Higuchi-diffusion release pattern in vitro, in addition to having their vesicular outline proven via electron microscopy. PEGylated and chitosanized NLCs retained good stability over 3 months, versus the nonPEGylated and nonchitosanized NLCs. Interestingly, APX-loaded chitosan-modified NLCs displayed better stability than the APX-loaded PEGylated NLCs, in terms of mean vesicle size after 90 days. On the other hand, the absorption profile of APX (AUC0-inf) in rats pretreated with APX-loaded PEGylated NLCs (108.59 µg·mL-1·h-1) was significantly higher than the AUC0-inf of APX in rats pretreated with APX-loaded chitosan-modified NLCs (93.397 µg·mL-1·h-1), and both were also significantly higher than AUC0-inf of APX-Loaded NLCs (55.435 µg·mL-1·h-1). Chitosan-coated NLCs enhanced APX anticoagulant activity with increased prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time by 1.6- and 1.55-folds, respectively, compared to unmodified NLCs, and by 1.23- and 1.37-folds, respectively, compared to PEGylated NLCs. The PEGylation and chitosanization of NLCs enhanced the bioavailability and anticoagulant activity of APX over the nonmodified NLCs; this highlighted the importance of both approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Zaky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Taha M Hammady
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Shadeed Gad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Alattar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alshaman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ann Hegazy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh Mostafa Ghorab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Megahed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt
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Zaky MF, Megahed MA, Hammady TM, Gad S, Ghorab MM, El-Say KM. Tailoring Apixaban in Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Enhancing Its Oral Bioavailability and Anticoagulant Activity. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:80. [PMID: 36678709 PMCID: PMC9867073 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apixaban (Apx), an oral anticoagulant drug, is a direct factor Xa inhibitor for the prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism. Apx has limited oral bioavailability and poor water solubility. The goal of this study was to improve the formulation of an Apx-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) to increase its bioavailability and effectiveness. As solid lipid, liquid lipid, hydrophilic, and lipophilic stabilizers, stearic acid, oleic acid, Tween 80, and lecithin were used, respectively. Utilizing Box-Behnken design, the effects of three factors on NLC particle size (Y1), zeta potential (Y2), and entrapment efficiency percent (Y3) were examined and optimized. The optimized formula was prepared, characterized, morphologically studied, and pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically assessed. The observed responses of the optimized Apx formula were 315.2 nm, -43.4 mV, and 89.84% for Y1, Y2, and Y3, respectively. Electron microscopy revealed the homogenous spherical shape of the NLC particles. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study conducted in male Wistar rats displayed an increase in AUC and Cmax by 8 and 2.67 folds, respectively, compared to oral Apx suspension. Moreover, the half-life was increased by 1.94 folds, and clearance was diminished by about 8 folds, which makes the NLC formula a promising sustained release system. Interestingly, the pharmacodynamic results displayed the superior effect of the optimized formula over the drug suspension with prolongation in the cuticle bleeding time. Moreover, both prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time are significantly increased. So, incorporating Apx in an NLC formula significantly enhanced its oral bioavailability and pharmacodynamic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Zaky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Megahed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Taha M. Hammady
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Shadeed Gad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh Mostafa Ghorab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Khalid M. El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Wang C, Li L, Yang C, Zhang Z, Li X, Wang Y, Lv X, Qi X, Song G. One night of sleep deprivation induces release of small extracellular vesicles into circulation and promotes platelet activation by small EVs. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5033-5043. [PMID: 36043452 PMCID: PMC9549501 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as key players in intercellular communication. Few studies have focused on EV levels in subjects with sleep disorders. Here, we aimed to explore the role of acute sleep deprivation on the quantity and functionality of circulating EVs, and their tissue distribution. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation from the plasma of volunteers and animals undergoing one night of sleep deprivation. Arterio-venous shunt, FeCl3 thrombus test and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation assay were conducted to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro bioactivity of small EVs. Western blotting was performed to measure the expression of EV proteins. The fate and distribution of circulating small EVs were determined by intravital imaging. We found that one night of sleep deprivation triggers release of small EVs into the circulation in both healthy individuals and animals. Injection of sleep deprivation-liberated small EVs into animals increased thrombus formation and weight in thrombosis models. Also, sleep deprivation-liberated small EVs promoted platelet aggregation induced by thrombin. Mechanistically, sleep deprivation increased the levels of HMGB1 protein in small EVs, which play important roles in platelet activation. Furthermore, we found sleep deprivation-liberated small EVs are more readily localize in the liver. These data suggested that one night of sleep deprivation is a stress for small EV release, and small EVs released here may increase the risk of thrombosis. Further, small EVs may be implicated in long distance signalling during sleep deprivation-mediated adaptation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyue Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, China.,Taishan Vocational College of Nursing, Taian, China
| | - Lulu Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, China
| | - Chao Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, China
| | - Xiang Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, China
| | - Xufeng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, China
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Wong PC, Crain EJ, Bozarth JM, Wu Y, Dilger AK, Wexler RR, Ewing WR, Gordon D, Luettgen JM. Milvexian, an orally bioavailable, small-molecule, reversible, direct inhibitor of factor XIa: In vitro studies and in vivo evaluation in experimental thrombosis in rabbits. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:399-408. [PMID: 34752670 PMCID: PMC9299130 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milvexian (BMS-986177/JNJ-70033093) is an orally bioavailable factor XIa (FXIa) inhibitor currently in phase 2 clinical trials. OBJECTIVES To evaluate in vitro properties and in vivo characteristics of milvexian. METHODS In vitro properties of milvexian were evaluated with coagulation and enzyme assays, and in vivo profiles were characterized with rabbit models of electrolytic-induced carotid arterial thrombosis and cuticle bleeding time (BT). RESULTS Milvexian is an active-site, reversible inhibitor of human and rabbit FXIa (Ki 0.11 and 0.38 nM, respectively). Milvexian increased activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) without changing prothrombin time and potently prolonged plasma APTT in humans and rabbits. Milvexian did not alter platelet aggregation to ADP, arachidonic acid, or collagen. Milvexian was evaluated for in vivo prevention and treatment of thrombosis. For prevention, milvexian 0.063 + 0.04, 0.25 + 0.17, and 1 + 0.67 mg/kg+mg/kg/h preserved 32 ± 6*, 54 ± 10*, and 76 ± 5%* of carotid blood flow (CBF) and reduced thrombus weight by 15 ± 10*, 45 ± 2*, and 70 ± 4%*, respectively (*p < .05; n = 6/dose). For treatment, thrombosis was initiated for 15 min and CBF decreased to 40% of control. Seventy-five minutes after milvexian administration, CBF averaged 1 ± 0.3, 39 ± 10, and 66 ± 2%* in groups treated with vehicle and milvexian 0.25 + 0.17 and 1 + 0.67 mg/kg+mg/kg/h, respectively (*p < .05 vs. vehicle; n = 6/group). The combination of milvexian 1 + 0.67 mg/kg+mg/kg/h and aspirin 4 mg/kg/h intravenous did not increase BT versus aspirin monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Milvexian is an effective antithrombotic agent with limited impact on hemostasis, even when combined with aspirin in rabbits. This study supports inhibition of FXIa with milvexian as a promising antithrombotic therapy with a wide therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pancras C. Wong
- Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery BiologyBristol Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - Earl J. Crain
- Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery BiologyBristol Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - Jeffrey M. Bozarth
- Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery BiologyBristol Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - Yiming Wu
- Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery BiologyBristol Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - Andrew K. Dilger
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery ChemistryBristol Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery ChemistryBristol Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - William R. Ewing
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery ChemistryBristol Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - David Gordon
- Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery BiologyBristol Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - Joseph M. Luettgen
- Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery BiologyBristol Myers Squibb CompanyPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
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Abdel-Bar HM, Walters AA, Lim Y, Rouatbi N, Qin Y, Gheidari F, Han S, Osman R, Wang JTW, Al-Jamal KT. An "eat me" combinatory nano-formulation for systemic immunotherapy of solid tumors. Theranostics 2021; 11:8738-8754. [PMID: 34522209 PMCID: PMC8419059 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational: Tumor immunogenic cell death (ICD), induced by certain chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin (Dox), is a form of apoptosis potentiating a protective immune response. One of the hallmarks of ICD is the translocation of calreticulin to the cell surface acting as an 'eat me' signal. This manuscript describes the development of a stable nucleic acid-lipid particles (SNALPs) formulation for the simultaneous delivery of ICD inducing drug (Dox) with small interfering RNA (siRNA) knocking down CD47 (siCD47), the dominant 'don't eat me' marker, for synergistic enhancement of ICD. Methods: SNALPs loaded with Dox or siCD47 either mono or combinatory platforms were prepared by ethanol injection method. The proposed systems were characterized for particle size, surface charge, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. The ability of the SNALPs to preserve the siRNA integrity in presence of serum and RNAse were assessed over 48 h. The in vitro cellular uptake and gene silencing of the prepared SNALPs was assessed in CT26 cells. The immunological responses of the SNALPs were defined in vitro in terms of surface calreticulin expression and macrophage-mediated phagocytosis induction. In vivo therapeutic studies were performed in CT26 bearing mice where the therapeutic outcomes were expressed as tumor volume, expression of CD4 and CD8 as well as in vivo silencing. Results: The optimized SNALPs had a particle size 122 ±6 nm and an entrapment efficiency > 65% for both siRNA and Dox with improved serum stability. SNALPs were able to improve siRNA and Dox uptake in CT26 cells with enhanced cytotoxicity. siCD47 SNALPs were able to knockdown CD47 by approximately 70% with no interference from the presence of Dox. The siCD47 and Dox combination SNALPs were able to induce surface calreticulin expression leading to a synergistic effect on macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of treated cells. In a tumor challenge model, 50% of mice receiving siCD47 and Dox containing SNALPs were able to clear the tumor, while the remaining animals showed significantly lower tumor burden as compared to either monotreatment. Conclusion: Therefore, the combination of siCD47 and Dox in a particulate system showed potent anti-tumor activity which merits further investigation in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Mohamed Abdel-Bar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, P.O. box: 32958 Egypt
| | - Adam A Walters
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Yau Lim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Rouatbi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Qin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Fatemeh Gheidari
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Shunping Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Rihab Osman
- Faculty of Pharmacy-Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, P.O. box: 11566 Egypt
| | - Julie Tzu-Wen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Khuloud T. Al-Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Small interfering RNA from the lab discovery to patients' recovery. J Control Release 2020; 321:616-628. [PMID: 32087301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In 1998, the RNA interference discovery by Fire and Mello revolutionized the scientific and therapeutic world. They showed that small double-stranded RNAs, the siRNAs, were capable of selectively silencing the expression of a targeted gene by degrading its mRNA. Very quickly, it appeared that the use of this natural mechanism was an excellent way to develop new therapeutics, due to its specificity at low doses. However, one major hurdle lies in the delivery into the targeted cells, given that the different extracellular and intracellular barriers of the organism coupled with the physico-chemical characteristics of siRNA do not allow an efficient and safe administration. The development of nanotechnologies has made it possible to counteract these hurdles by vectorizing the siRNA in a vector composed of cationic lipids or polymers, or to chemically modify it by conjugation to a molecule. This has enabled the first clinical developments of siRNAs to begin very quickly after their discovery, for the treatment of various acquired or hereditary pathologies. In 2018, the first siRNA-containing drug was approved by the FDA and the EMA for the treatment of an inherited metabolic disease, the hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. In this review, we discuss the different barriers to the siRNA after systemic administration and how vectorization or chemical modifications lead to avoid it. We describe some interesting clinical developments and finally, we present the future perspectives.
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Parashar D, Rajendran V, Shukla R, Sistla R. Lipid-based nanocarriers for delivery of small interfering RNA for therapeutic use. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 142:105159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kumar P, Parmar RG, Brown CR, Willoughby JLS, Foster DJ, Babu IR, Schofield S, Jadhav V, Charisse K, Nair JK, Rajeev KG, Maier MA, Egli M, Manoharan M. 5'-Morpholino modification of the sense strand of an siRNA makes it a more effective passenger. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5139-5142. [PMID: 30977478 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00977a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The 5'-monophosphate group plays an important role in strand selection during gene silencing mediated by small-interfering RNA. We show that blocking of 5' phosphorylation of the sense strand by introducing a 5'-morpholino modification improves antisense strand selection and RNAi activity. The 5'-morpholino modification of the antisense strand triggers complete loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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Antibody responses to crucial functional epitopes as a novel approach to assess immunogenicity of vaccine adjuvants. Vaccine 2019; 37:3770-3778. [PMID: 31153687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We are interested in developing a vaccine that prevents genital herpes. Adjuvants have a major impact on vaccine immunogenicity. We compared two adjuvants, an experimental Merck Sharp & Dohme lipid nanoparticle (LNP) adjuvant, LNP-2, with CpG oligonucleotide combined with alum for immunogenicity in mice when administered with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) glycoproteins C, D and E (gC2, gD2, gE2). The immunogens are intended to produce neutralizing antibodies to gC2 and gD2, antibodies to gD2 and gE2 that block cell-to-cell spread, and antibodies to gE2 and gC2 that block immune evasion from antibody and complement, respectively. Overall, CpG/alum was better at producing serum and vaginal IgG binding antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, antibodies that block virus spread from cell-to-cell, and antibodies that block immune evasion domains on gC2. We used a novel high throughput biosensor assay to further assess differences in immunogenicity by mapping antibody responses to seven crucial epitopes on gD2 involved in virus entry or cell-to-cell spread. We found striking differences between CpG/alum and LNP-2. Mice immunized with gD2 CpG/alum produced higher titers of antibodies than LNP-2 to six of seven crucial epitopes and produced antibodies to more crucial epitopes than LNP-2. Measuring epitope-specific antibodies helped to define mechanisms by which CpG/alum outperformed LNP-2 and is a valuable technique to compare adjuvants.
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Acharya R, Saha S, Ray S, Hazra S, Mitra MK, Chakraborty J. siRNA-nanoparticle conjugate in gene silencing: A future cure to deadly diseases? MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:1378-1400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Heestermans M, van Vlijmen BJ. Oligonucleotides targeting coagulation factor mRNAs: use in thrombosis and hemophilia research and therapy. Thromb J 2017; 15:7. [PMID: 28286423 PMCID: PMC5341404 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-017-0130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Small interfering (si) RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs; here for simplicity reasons, both referred to as oligonucleotides) are small synthetic RNA or DNA molecules with a sequence complementary to a (pre)mRNA. Although the basic mechanisms of action between siRNAs and ASO are distinct, a sequence-specific interaction of the both oligonucleotides with the target (pre)mRNA alters the target's fate, which includes highly effective sequence-specific blockade of translation and consequently depletion of the corresponding protein. For a number of years, these oligonucleotides have been used as a tool in biological research to study gene function in vitro. More recently, safe and specific delivery of these oligonucleotides to the liver of mammals has been achieved and optimized. This not only allowed their use for in vivo gene studies in physiology and disease, but also opened the opportunity for the development of a new generation of RNA-specific drugs for therapeutic purposes. In 2013, the first oligonucleotide product targeting RNA from the hepatic cholesterol pathway was approved. For blood coagulation, a large portion of key proteins are produced in the liver, and thereby siRNAs and ASOs can also be used as appropriate tools to target these proteins in vivo. In this review, we describe the first use of oligonucleotides for this purpose from zebrafish to primates. As the use of oligonucleotides allows avoidance of early lethality associated with full deficiency of several coagulation factors, it has proved to be of value for studying these proteins in physiology and disease. Currently, oligonucleotides are tested as therapeutics, with the ultimate goal to beneficially modulate the hemostatic balance in thrombosis and hemophilia patients. We discuss both the preclinical and clinical studies of a number of siRNAs and ASOs with the potential to be introduced as drugs for prophylactic and/or treatment of thrombosis or hemophilia. We conclude that for the coagulation field, oligonucleotides are of value for research purposes, and now the moment has come to fulfill their promise as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Heestermans
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J.M. van Vlijmen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Wang X, Kurowski S, Wu W, Castriota GA, Zhou X, Chu L, Ellsworth KP, Chu D, Edmondson S, Ali A, Andre P, Seiffert D, Erion M, Gutstein DE, Chen Z. Inhibition of Factor XIa Reduces the Frequency of Cerebral Microembolic Signals Derived from Carotid Arterial Thrombosis in Rabbits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:476-483. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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14
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Yang ZW, Meng XX, Zhang C, Xu P. CARD9 gene silencing with siRNA protects rats against severe acute pancreatitis: CARD9-dependent NF-κB and P38MAPKs pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:1085-1093. [PMID: 27957800 PMCID: PMC5431129 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the up‐regulation of caspase recruitment domain 9 (CARD9) expressions in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) patients, but little is known about its regulation. In this study, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to reduce the levels of CARD9 expression in sodium taurocholate‐stimulated SAP rats. CARD9 was overexpressed in SAP rats, which correlated with the severity of pancreatitis. When compared to the untreated group, the cohort that received the siRNA treatment demonstrated a significant reduction in pancreatic injury, neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity and pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, siRNAs showed that the reduction of CARD9 in SAP rats down‐regulated the expression of NF‐κBp65 and P38MAPK which are involved in the transcription and release of a wide variety of inflammatory cytokines. These findings provide evidence that CARD9 is up‐regulated in SAP rats and acts as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment thereof. Blocking the activation of NF‐κB and P38MAPK via siRNA‐mediated gene knock‐down of CARD9 appears to reduce the inflammatory response in pancreatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wen Yang
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Meng
- Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Shanghai Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Swaminathan G, Thoryk EA, Cox KS, Smith JS, Wolf JJ, Gindy ME, Casimiro DR, Bett AJ. A Tetravalent Sub-unit Dengue Vaccine Formulated with Ionizable Cationic Lipid Nanoparticle induces Significant Immune Responses in Rodents and Non-Human Primates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34215. [PMID: 27703172 PMCID: PMC5050434 DOI: 10.1038/srep34215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus has emerged as an important arboviral infection worldwide. As a complex pathogen, with four distinct serotypes, the development of a successful Dengue virus vaccine has proven to be challenging. Here, we describe a novel Dengue vaccine candidate that contains truncated, recombinant, Dengue virus envelope protein from all four Dengue virus serotypes (DEN-80E) formulated with ionizable cationic lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Immunization studies in mice, Guinea pigs, and in Rhesus macaques, revealed that LNPs induced high titers of Dengue virus neutralizing antibodies, with or without co-administration or encapsulation of a Toll-Like Receptor 9 agonist. Importantly, LNPs were also able to boost DEN-80E specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Cytokine and chemokine profiling revealed that LNPs induced strong chemokine responses without significant induction of inflammatory cytokines. In addition to being highly efficacious, the vaccine formulation proved to be well-tolerated, demonstrating no elevation in any of the safety parameters evaluated. Notably, reduction in cationic lipid content of the nanoparticle dramatically reduced the LNP's ability to boost DEN-80E specific immune responses, highlighting the crucial role for the charge of the LNP. Overall, our novel studies, across multiple species, reveal a promising tetravalent Dengue virus sub-unit vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Swaminathan
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Thoryk
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Kara S Cox
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Jayanthi J Wolf
- Safety Assessment &Regulatory Affairs, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Marian E Gindy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Danilo R Casimiro
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew J Bett
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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16
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Jensen KK, Tadin-Strapps M, Wang SP, Hubert J, Kan Y, Ma Y, McLaren DG, Previs SF, Herath KB, Mahsut A, Liaw A, Wang S, Stout SJ, Keohan C, Forrest G, Coelho D, Yendluri S, Williams S, Koser M, Bartz S, Akinsanya KO, Pinto S. Dose-dependent effects of siRNA-mediated inhibition of SCAP on PCSK9, LDLR, and plasma lipids in mouse and rhesus monkey. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:2150-2162. [PMID: 27707816 PMCID: PMC5321219 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) is a key protein in the regulation of lipid metabolism and a potential target for treatment of dyslipidemia. SCAP is required for activation of the transcription factors SREBP-1 and -2. SREBPs regulate the expression of genes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis, and LDL-C clearance through the regulation of LDL receptor (LDLR) and PCSK9 expression. To further test the potential of SCAP as a novel target for treatment of dyslipidemia, we used siRNAs to inhibit hepatic SCAP expression and assess the effect on PCSK9, LDLR, and lipids in mice and rhesus monkeys. In mice, robust liver Scap mRNA knockdown (KD) was achieved, accompanied by dose-dependent reduction in SREBP-regulated gene expression, de novo lipogenesis, and plasma PCSK9 and lipids. In rhesus monkeys, over 90% SCAP mRNA KD was achieved resulting in approximately 75, 50, and 50% reduction of plasma PCSK9, TG, and LDL-C, respectively. Inhibition of SCAP function was demonstrated by reduced expression of SREBP-regulated genes and de novo lipogenesis. In conclusion, siRNA-mediated inhibition of SCAP resulted in a significant reduction in circulating PCSK9 and LDL-C in rodent and primate models supporting SCAP as a novel target for the treatment of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Hubert
- Cardiometabolic Disease Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Yanqing Kan
- Cardiometabolic Disease Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Yong Ma
- Sirna Therapeutics Merck & Co. Inc., San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | - Ablatt Mahsut
- Cardiometabolic Disease Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Andy Liaw
- Biostatistics, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ
| | | | - Steven J Stout
- Cardiometabolic Disease Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ
| | | | | | - David Coelho
- Sirna Therapeutics Merck & Co. Inc., San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Martin Koser
- RNA Therapeutics, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Steven Bartz
- Business Development and Licensing, Merck & Co. Inc., San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Shirly Pinto
- Cardiometabolic Disease Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ
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17
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Ankrom W, Wood HB, Xu J, Geissler W, Bateman T, Chatterjee MS, Feng KI, Metzger JM, Strapps WR, Tadin-Strapps M, Seiffert D, Andre P. Preclinical and translational evaluation of coagulation factor IXa as a novel therapeutic target. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00207. [PMID: 26977298 PMCID: PMC4777260 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of novel oral anticoagulants are hampered by bleeding. Since coagulation factor IX (fIX) lies upstream of fX in the coagulation cascade, and intermediate levels have been associated with reduced incidence of thrombotic events, we evaluated the viability of fIXa as an antithrombotic target. We applied translational pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) principles to predict the therapeutic window (TW) associated with a selective small molecule inhibitor (SMi) of fIXa, compound 1 (CPD1, rat fIXa inhibition constant (Ki, 21 nmol/L) relative to clinically relevant exposures of apixaban (rat fXa Ki 4.3 nmol/L). Concentrations encompassing the minimal clinical plasma concentration (C min) of the 5 mg twice daily (BID) dose of apixaban were tested in rat arteriovenous shunt (AVS/thrombosis) and cuticle bleeding time (CBT) models. An I max and a linear model were used to fit clot weight (CW) and CBT. The following differences in biology were observed: (1) antithrombotic activity and bleeding increased in parallel for apixaban, but to a lesser extent for CPD1 and (2) antithrombotic activity occurred at high (>99%) enzyme occupancy (EO) for fXa or moderate (>65% EO) for fIXa. translational PK/PD analysis indicated that noninferiority was observed for concentrations of CPD1 that provided between 86% and 96% EO and that superior TW existed between 86% and 90% EO. These findings were confirmed in a study comparing short interfering (si)RNA-mediated knockdown (KD) modulation of fIX and fX mRNA. In summary, using principles of translational biology to relate preclinical markers of efficacy and safety to clinical doses of apixaban, we found that modulation of fIXa can be superior to apixaban.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harold B Wood
- Discovery Chemistry Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey
| | - Jiayi Xu
- Discovery Chemistry Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey
| | - Wayne Geissler
- In Vitro Pharmacology Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth New Jersey
| | - Tom Bateman
- PPDM Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth New Jersey
| | | | - Kung-I Feng
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Andre
- Cardiometabolic Disease Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth New Jersey
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18
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de Ridder GG, Lundblad RL, Pizzo SV. Actions of thrombin in the interstitium. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:40-7. [PMID: 26564405 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is a pleiotropic enzyme best known for its contribution to fibrin formation and platelet aggregation during vascular hemostasis. There is increasing evidence to suggest a role for thrombin in the development of interstitial fibrosis, but interstitial thrombin has not been demonstrated by the direct determination of activity. Rather its presence is inferred by products of thrombin action such as fibrin and activated fibroblasts. This review will focus on possible mechanisms of thrombin formation in the interstitial space, the possible actions of thrombin, processes regulating thrombin activity in the interstitial space, and evidence supporting a role for thrombin in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G de Ridder
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R L Lundblad
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S V Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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19
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Factor XII full and partial null in rat confers robust antithrombotic efficacy with no bleeding. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2015; 26:893-902. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Swaminathan G, Thoryk EA, Cox KS, Meschino S, Dubey SA, Vora KA, Celano R, Gindy M, Casimiro DR, Bett AJ. A novel lipid nanoparticle adjuvant significantly enhances B cell and T cell responses to sub-unit vaccine antigens. Vaccine 2015; 34:110-9. [PMID: 26555351 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sub-unit vaccines are primarily designed to include antigens required to elicit protective immune responses and to be safer than whole-inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines. But their purity and inability to self-adjuvant often result in weaker immunogenicity. Emerging evidence suggests that bio-engineered nanoparticles can be used as immunomodulatory adjuvants. Therefore, in this study we explored the potential of novel Merck-proprietary lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations to enhance immune responses to sub-unit viral antigens. Immunization of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice revealed that LNPs alone or in combination with a synthetic TLR9 agonist, immune-modulatory oligonucleotides, IMO-2125 (IMO), significantly enhanced immune responses to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and ovalbumin (OVA). LNPs enhanced total B-cell responses to both antigens tested, to levels comparable to known vaccine adjuvants including aluminum based adjuvant, IMO alone and a TLR4 agonist, 3-O-deactytaled monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). Investigation of the quality of B-cell responses demonstrated that the combination of LNP with IMO agonist elicited a stronger Th1-type response (based on the IgG2a:IgG1 ratio) than levels achieved with IMO alone. Furthermore, the LNP adjuvant significantly enhanced antigen specific cell-mediated immune responses. In ELISPOT assays, depletion of specific subsets of T cells revealed that the LNPs elicited potent antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+)T cell responses. Intracellular FACS analyses revealed that LNP and LNP+IMO formulated antigens led to higher frequency of antigen-specific IFNγ(+)TNFα(+)IL-2(+), multi-functional CD8(+)T cell responses, than unadjuvanted vaccine or vaccine with IMO only. Overall, our results demonstrate that lipid nanoparticles can serve as future sub-unit vaccine adjuvants to boost both B-cell and T-cell responses in vivo, and that addition of IMO can be used to manipulate the quality of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Swaminathan
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Thoryk
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Kara S Cox
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Steven Meschino
- Medical Affairs, Merck Global Human Health, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., North Wales, PA, United States
| | - Sheri A Dubey
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Robert Celano
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Marian Gindy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Danilo R Casimiro
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Andrew J Bett
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States.
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21
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Hamza MS, Kumar C, Chia SM, Anandalakshmi V, Boo N, Strapps W, Robinson M, Caguyong M, Bartz S, Tadin-Strapps M, van Gool A, Shih SJ. Alterations in the hepatic transcriptional landscape after RNAi mediated ApoB silencing in cynomolgus monkeys. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:383-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Wong PC, Quan ML, Watson CA, Crain EJ, Harpel MR, Rendina AR, Luettgen JM, Wexler RR, Schumacher WA, Seiffert DA. In vitro, antithrombotic and bleeding time studies of BMS-654457, a small-molecule, reversible and direct inhibitor of factor XIa. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2015; 40:416-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-015-1258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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