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Hu W, Ge Y, Xu Q, Huang R, Zhao Q, Gou H, McSaveney M, Chang C, Li Y, Jia X, Wang Y. High time-resolved studies of stick-slip show similar dilatancy to fast and slow earthquakes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305134120. [PMID: 37967222 PMCID: PMC10666130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305134120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast and slow earthquakes are two modes of energy release by the slip in tectonic fault rupture. Although fast and slow slips were observed in the laboratory stick-slip experiments, due to the sampling rate limitation, the details of the fault thickness variation were poorly understood. Especially, why a single fault would show different modes of slip remains elusive. Herein, we report on ring shear experiments with an ultrahigh sampling rate (10 MHz) that illuminate the different physical processes between fast and slow slip events. We show that the duration of slips ranged from dozens to hundreds of milliseconds. Fast slip events are characterized by continuous large-amplitude AE (acoustic emission) and somewhat intricate variation of the sample thickness: A short compaction pulse during the rapid release of stress is followed by dilation and vibrations of the sample thickness. As the slip ends, the thickness of the sample first recovers by slow compaction and then dilates again before nucleation of the following slip event. In contrast, during slow slip events, the shear stress reduction is accompanied by intermittent bursts of low-amplitude AE and sample dilation. We observed the detailed thickness variation during slips and found that dilation occurs during both fast and slow slips, which is consistent with natural observations of coseismic dilatation. This study may be used to reveal the mechanism of fault slips during fast and slow earthquakes, which explain the potential effect of fast and slow slips on stress redistribution and structural rearrangement in faults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Yi Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Runqiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region100872, China
| | - Huaixiao Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Mauri McSaveney
- State Key Laboratory of Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
- Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt9040, New Zealand
| | - Chingshung Chang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Xiaoping Jia
- Institut Langevin, École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI) Paris, Université Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL), CNRS, Paris7587, France
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai200240, China
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Rupture Kinematics and Coseismic Slip Model of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo (China) Earthquake: Implications for the Seismic Hazard of the Kunlun Fault. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13163327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 21 May 2021 Maduo earthquake was the largest event to occur on a secondary fault in the interior of the active Bayanhar block on the north-central Tibetan plateau in the last twenty years. A detailed kinematic study of the Maduo earthquake helps us to better understand the seismogenic environments of the secondary faults within the block, and its relationship with the block-bounding faults. In this study, firstly, SAR images are used to obtain the coseismic deformation fields. Secondly, we use a strain model-based method and steepest descent method (SDM) to resolve the three-dimensional displacement components and to invert the coseismic slip distribution constrained by coseismic displacement fields, respectively. The three-dimensional displacement fields reveal a dominant left-lateral strike-slip motion, local horizontal displacement variations and widely distributed near-fault subsidence/uplift deformation. We prefer a five-segment fault slip model, with well constrained fault geometry featuring different dip angles and striking, constrained by InSAR observations. The peak coseismic slip is estimated to be ~5 m near longitude 98.9°E at a depth of ~4–7 km. Overall, the distribution of the coseismic slip on the fault is highly correlated to the measured surface displacement offsets along the entire rupture. We observe the moderate shallow slip deficit and limited afterslip deformation following the Maduo earthquake, it may indicate the effects of off-fault deformation during the earthquake and stable interseismic creep on the fault. The occurrence of the Maduo earthquake on a subsidiary fault updates the importance and the traditional estimate of the seismic hazards for the Kunlun fault.
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Seddighi H, Seddighi S. How much the Iranian government spent on disasters in the last 100 years? A critical policy analysis. COST EFFECTIVENESS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION 2020; 18:46. [PMID: 33088225 PMCID: PMC7570412 DOI: 10.1186/s12962-020-00242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the past 20 years, Iran has been experiencing a significant increase in the occurrence of disasters mainly due to the emergence of anthropogenic climate change. This paper aims at analyzing the trend of national budget allocation in Iran over the last 100 years to evaluate the focus of the Iranian state on the four phases of Preparedness, Mitigation, Response, and Recovery and propose modifications. Methods It is used a critical policy analysis with what’s the problem represented approach. In this approach is focused on problematization and policy gaps. The most important policy statement in any government is the budget. During the first screening, 1028 regulations and laws were found from 1910 to 2020. After full text screening, 494 regulations and laws related to budget allocation to disasters were analyzed. Results The Iranian government has spent around 29 billion USD on disasters during the last 100 years. Droughts, earthquake and flood have costs the government more than other disasters, accounting for more than 14, 6.9, and 6.1 billion USD, respectively, in the allocated budget. Most of the Iranian government expenditure during the last 100 years on various disasters such as drought, flood, earthquake, and COVID-19 has been spent on involuntary costs including Response and Recovery. Mitigation and Preparedness are the two critical disaster management phases with very small shares of national budgeting. Conclusions From policy audit and policy gaps it is concluded that Iranian governments during last 100 years, problematized the issue of “disasters strike” and not “disasters’ risks”. In time of disasters, governments tried to solve the issues or impacts of disasters with budgeting to response and recovery. Nevertheless, disasters’ prevention or mitigation or preparedness was not a problem for Iranian governments from 1920 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Seddighi
- Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Seddighi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Bignami C, Valerio E, Carminati E, Doglioni C, Tizzani P, Lanari R. Volume unbalance on the 2016 Amatrice - Norcia (Central Italy) seismic sequence and insights on normal fault earthquake mechanism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4250. [PMID: 30862941 PMCID: PMC6414550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyse the Mw 6.5, 2016 Amatrice-Norcia (Central Italy) seismic sequence by means of InSAR, GPS, seismological and geologic data. The >1000 km2 area affected by deformation is involving a volume of about 6000 km3 and the relocated seismicity is widely distributed in the hangingwall of the master fault system and the conjugate antithetic faults. Noteworthy, the coseismically subsided hangingwall volume is about 0.12 km3, whereas the uplifted adjacent volumes uplifted only 0.016 km3. Therefore, the subsided volume was about 7.5 times larger than the uplifted one. The coseismic motion requires equivalent volume at depth absorbing the hangingwall downward movement. This unbalance regularly occurs in normal fault-related earthquakes and can be inferred as a significant contribution to coseismic strain accomodated by a stress-drop driven collapse of precursory dilatancy. The vertical coseismic displacement is in fact larger than the horizontal component, consistent with the vertical orientation of the maximum lithostatic stress tensor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuela Valerio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Carminati
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria (IGAG), Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Doglioni
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pietro Tizzani
- National Research Council (CNR), Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente (IREA), Napoli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Lanari
- National Research Council (CNR), Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente (IREA), Napoli, Italy
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Brooks BA, Minson SE, Glennie CL, Nevitt JM, Dawson T, Rubin R, Ericksen TL, Lockner D, Hudnut K, Langenheim V, Lutz A, Mareschal M, Murray J, Schwartz D, Zaccone D. Buried shallow fault slip from the South Napa earthquake revealed by near-field geodesy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700525. [PMID: 28782026 PMCID: PMC5533536 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Earthquake-related fault slip in the upper hundreds of meters of Earth's surface has remained largely unstudied because of challenges measuring deformation in the near field of a fault rupture. We analyze centimeter-scale accuracy mobile laser scanning (MLS) data of deformed vine rows within ±300 m of the principal surface expression of the M (magnitude) 6.0 2014 South Napa earthquake. Rather than assuming surface displacement equivalence to fault slip, we invert the near-field data with a model that allows for, but does not require, the fault to be buried below the surface. The inversion maps the position on a preexisting fault plane of a slip front that terminates ~3 to 25 m below the surface coseismically and within a few hours postseismically. The lack of surface-breaching fault slip is verified by two trenches. We estimate near-surface slip ranging from ~0.5 to 1.25 m. Surface displacement can underestimate fault slip by as much as 30%. This implies that similar biases could be present in short-term geologic slip rates used in seismic hazard analyses. Along strike and downdip, we find deficits in slip: The along-strike deficit is erased after ~1 month by afterslip. We find no evidence of off-fault deformation and conclude that the downdip shallow slip deficit for this event is likely an artifact. As near-field geodetic data rapidly proliferate and will become commonplace, we suggest that analyses of near-surface fault rupture should also use more sophisticated mechanical models and subsurface geomechanical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E. Minson
- U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Craig L. Glennie
- National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Johanna M. Nevitt
- U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Tim Dawson
- California Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ron Rubin
- California Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Todd L. Ericksen
- U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - David Lockner
- U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Kenneth Hudnut
- U.S. Geological Survey, 535 South Wilson Street, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA
| | | | - Andrew Lutz
- InfraTerra Inc., 220 4th Street, Oakland, CA 94607, USA
| | | | - Jessica Murray
- U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - David Schwartz
- U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Post-Seismic Deformation from the 2009 Mw 6.3 Dachaidan Earthquake in the Northern Qaidam Basin Detected by Small Baseline Subset InSAR Technique. SENSORS 2016; 16:206. [PMID: 26861330 PMCID: PMC4801582 DOI: 10.3390/s16020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On 28 August 2009, one thrust-faulting Mw 6.3 earthquake struck the northern Qaidam basin, China. Due to the lack of ground observations in this remote region, this study presents high-precision and high spatio-temporal resolution post-seismic deformation series with a small baseline subset InSAR technique. At the temporal scale, this changes from fast to slow with time, with a maximum uplift up to 7.4 cm along the line of sight 334 days after the event. At the spatial scale, this is more obvious at the hanging wall than that at the footwall, and decreases from the middle to both sides at the hanging wall. We then propose a method to calculate the correlation coefficient between co-seismic and post-seismic deformation by normalizing them. The correlation coefficient is found to be 0.73, indicating a similar subsurface process occurring during both phases. The results indicate that afterslip may dominate the post-seismic deformation during 19–334 days after the event, which mainly occurs with the fault geometry and depth similar to those of the c-seismic rupturing, and partly extends to the shallower and deeper depths.
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Kareh KM, Lee PD, Atwood RC, Connolley T, Gourlay CM. Revealing the micromechanisms behind semi-solid metal deformation with time-resolved X-ray tomography. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4464. [PMID: 25034408 PMCID: PMC4109016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The behaviour of granular solid–liquid mixtures is key when deforming a wide range of materials from cornstarch slurries to soils, rock and magma flows. Here we demonstrate that treating semi-solid alloys as a granular fluid is critical to understanding flow behaviour and defect formation during casting. Using synchrotron X-ray tomography, we directly measure the discrete grain response during uniaxial compression. We show that the stress–strain response at 64–93% solid is due to the shear-induced dilation of discrete rearranging grains. This leads to the counter-intuitive result that, in unfed samples, compression can open internal pores and draw the free surface into the liquid, resulting in cracking. A soil mechanics approach shows that, irrespective of initial solid fraction, the solid packing density moves towards a constant value during deformation, consistent with the existence of a critical state in mushy alloys analogous to soils. Soil-like granular flow has previously been shown when deforming semi-solid metals. Here, the authors measure bulk and grain-level deformation in semi-solid alloys in three dimensions using X-ray tomography, exploring shear-induced dilation between 64–93% solid and finding hints of a critical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kareh
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - P D Lee
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - R C Atwood
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - T Connolley
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - C M Gourlay
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Oskin ME, Arrowsmith JR, Corona AH, Elliott AJ, Fletcher JM, Fielding EJ, Gold PO, Garcia JJG, Hudnut KW, Liu-Zeng J, Teran OJ. Near-Field Deformation from the El Mayor–Cucapah Earthquake Revealed by Differential LIDAR. Science 2012; 335:702-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1213778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Oskin
- Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - J Ramon Arrowsmith
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–1404, USA
| | - Alejandro Hinojosa Corona
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana no. 3918, Zona Playitas, C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Austin J. Elliott
- Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - John M. Fletcher
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana no. 3918, Zona Playitas, C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Eric J. Fielding
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Peter O. Gold
- Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - J. Javier Gonzalez Garcia
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana no. 3918, Zona Playitas, C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Ken W. Hudnut
- United States Geological Survey, 525 South Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA
| | - Jing Liu-Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, 1# Huayanli, Dewai Avenue, Beijing 100029
| | - Orlando J. Teran
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana no. 3918, Zona Playitas, C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
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Kaneko Y, Ampuero JP, Lapusta N. Spectral-element simulations of long-term fault slip: Effect of low-rigidity layers on earthquake-cycle dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bruhat L, Barbot S, Avouac JP. Evidence for postseismic deformation of the lower crust following the 2004 Mw6.0 Parkfield earthquake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb008073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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