1
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Chae SJ, Kim DW, Igoshin OA, Lee S, Kim JK. Beyond microtubules: The cellular environment at the endoplasmic reticulum attracts proteins to the nucleus, enabling nuclear transport. iScience 2024; 27:109235. [PMID: 38439967 PMCID: PMC10909898 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
All proteins are translated in the cytoplasm, yet many, including transcription factors, play vital roles in the nucleus. While previous research has concentrated on molecular motors for the transport of these proteins to the nucleus, recent observations reveal perinuclear accumulation even in the absence of an energy source, hinting at alternative mechanisms. Here, we propose that structural properties of the cellular environment, specifically the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), can promote molecular transport to the perinucleus without requiring additional energy expenditure. Specifically, physical interaction between proteins and the ER impedes their diffusion and leads to their accumulation near the nucleus. This result explains why larger proteins, more frequently interacting with the ER membrane, tend to accumulate at the perinucleus. Interestingly, such diffusion in a heterogeneous environment follows Chapman's law rather than the popular Fick's law. Our findings suggest a novel protein transport mechanism arising solely from characteristics of the intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joo Chae
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Mathematics Group, Pioneer Research Center for Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Wook Kim
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Oleg A. Igoshin
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Seunggyu Lee
- Biomedical Mathematics Group, Pioneer Research Center for Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Mathematical Sciences, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyoung Kim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Mathematics Group, Pioneer Research Center for Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zimmermann NER, Guevara‐Carrion G, Vrabec J, Hansen N. Predicting and Rationalizing the Soret Coefficient of Binary Lennard‐Jones Mixtures in the Liquid State. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils E. R. Zimmermann
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 9 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Gabriela Guevara‐Carrion
- Thermodynamics and Process Engineering Technische Universität Berlin Ernst‐Reuter‐Platz 1 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Jadran Vrabec
- Thermodynamics and Process Engineering Technische Universität Berlin Ernst‐Reuter‐Platz 1 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Niels Hansen
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 9 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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3
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Shimizu M, Sato K, Nakashima K, Kiyosawa T, MATSUOKA J, Shimotsuma Y, Miura K. Composition-dependent sign inversion of the Soret coefficient of SiO 2 in binary borosilicate melts. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:214504. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0090939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a laser-induced local-heating experiment combined with temperature analysis, we observed the composition-dependent sign inversion of the Soret coefficient of SiO2 in binary silicate melts, which was successfully explained by a modified Kempers model used for describing the Soret effect in oxide melts. In particular, the diffusion of SiO2 to the cold side under a temperature gradient, which is an anomaly in silicate melts, was observed in the SiO2-poor compositions. The theoretical model indicates that the thermodynamic mixing properties of oxides, partial molar enthalpy of mixing, and partial molar volume are the dominant factors for determining the migration direction of the SiO2 component under a temperature gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shimizu
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Engineering Department of Material Chemistry, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kiyotaka Miura
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Engineering Department of Material Chemistry, Japan
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4
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Zhong J, Zhao R, Ouyang W, Xu S. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Soret Effect on Two Binary Liquid Solutions with Equimolar n-Alkane Mixtures. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:518-527. [PMID: 35036720 PMCID: PMC8756439 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics is employed to simulate the Soret effect on two binary liquid solutions with equimolar mixtures: normal pentane (n-pentane, nC-5) and normal heptane (n-heptane, nC-7) molecules plus normal decane (n-decane, nC-10) and normal pentane molecules. Moreover, two coarse-grained force field (the CG-FF) potentials, which may depict inter-/intramolecular interactions fairly well among n-alkane molecules, are developed to fulfill such investigations. In addition, thermal diffusion for the mass fraction of each of these n-alkane molecules is simulated under an effect of a weak thermal gradient (temperature difference) exerting on solution systems from their hot to cold boundary sides. Finally, quantities of the Soret coefficient (SC) for two binary solutions are calculated by means of the developed CG-FF potentials, so as to improve the calculation rationality. As a result, first, it is found that molecules with light molar masses will migrate toward the hot boundary side, while those with heavy molar masses will migrate toward the cold boundary one ; second, the SC quantities indicate that they match relevant experimental determinations fairly well, i.e., trends of these SC quantities show inverse proportionality to the thermal gradient on the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhong
- College
of Materials Engineering, North China Institute
of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, P.R. China
| | - Renbao Zhao
- College
of Petroleum Engineering, China University
of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing 102249, P.R. China
| | - Wenze Ouyang
- Institute
of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Shenghua Xu
- Institute
of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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5
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Shimizu M, Fukuyo T, Matsuoka J, Nakashima K, Sato K, Kiyosawa T, Nishi M, Shimotsuma Y, Miura K. Determination of thermodynamic and microscopic origins of the Soret effect in sodium silicate melts: Prediction of sign change of the Soret coefficient. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:074501. [PMID: 33607869 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Soret effect in silicate melts has attracted attention in earth and material sciences, particularly in glass science and engineering, because a compositional change caused by the Soret effect modifies the material properties of silicate melts. We investigated the Soret effect in an Na2O-SiO2 system, which is the most common representative of silicate melts. Our theoretical approach based on the modified Kempers model and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation was validated for 30Na2O-70SiO2(mol. %). The sign and order of the absolute values of the calculated Soret coefficients were consistent with the experimental values. The positive Soret coefficient of SiO2 in the SiO2-poor composition range was accurately predicted. Previous experimental studies have focused on SiO2-rich compositions, and only the negative sign, indicating SiO2 migration to the hot side, has been observed. In the SiO2-poor composition range, the Q0 structure was dominant and had four Si-O-Na bonds around an SiO4 unit. The Si-O-Na bond had high enthalpic stability and contributed to the large negative enthalpy of SiO2 mixing. According to our model, components with a large negative partial molar enthalpy of mixing will concentrate in the cold region. The microscopic and thermodynamic origins of the sign change in the Soret effect were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shimizu
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Fukuyo
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Matsuoka
- School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone 522-8533, Japan
| | - Kento Nakashima
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenzo Sato
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kiyosawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nishi
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Shimotsuma
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Miura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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6
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Microfluidic solvent extraction of calcium: Modeling and optimization of the process variables. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Galand Q, Van Vaerenbergh S, Köhler W, Khlybov O, Lyubimova T, Mialdun A, Ryzhkov I, Shevtsova V, Triller T. Results of the DCMIX1 experiment on measurement of Soret coefficients in ternary mixtures of hydrocarbons under microgravity conditions on the ISS. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:134502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Galand
- MRC, Université libre de Bruxelles, Department of Chemical Physics, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, CP165/32, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéfan Van Vaerenbergh
- MRC, Université libre de Bruxelles, Department of Chemical Physics, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, CP165/32, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Werner Köhler
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Oleg Khlybov
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Koroleva, 1, 614013 Perm, Russia
| | - Tatyana Lyubimova
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Koroleva, 1, 614013 Perm, Russia
| | - Aliaksandr Mialdun
- MRC, Université libre de Bruxelles, Department of Chemical Physics, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, CP165/32, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilya Ryzhkov
- Institute of Computational Modelling SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Valentina Shevtsova
- MRC, Université libre de Bruxelles, Department of Chemical Physics, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, CP165/32, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Triller
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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8
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Ghosh P. Emergent spatiotemporal instabilities in reactive spatially extended systems by thermodiffusion. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:042217. [PMID: 31770888 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.042217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermodiffusion or thermophoresis or Soret effect, i.e., mass-transport induced by thermal gradient, has immense application in segregation of species in two or multicomponent gaseous, liquid, or colloidal mixtures. Here, we show that an external thermal gradient can be effectively utilized in creation and modification of patterns in spatially extended systems. We consider Brusselator and chlorine-dioxide iodine malonic acid (CDIMA) reaction-diffusion systems, which follow activator-inhibitor kinetics subjected to an external thermal gradient. We find that the conspicuous interaction of emergent thermodiffusive flux with reaction kinetics and diffusion can lead to various spatiotemporal instabilities in these two models. Specifically, our result reveals formation of Turing-like spatial patterns even for equal diffusivities of the activator and inhibitor components in the Brusselator model under the influence of differential thermodiffusion, whereas formation of such stationary patterns in the CDIMA system from a homogenous stable steady state, which is also stable under differential diffusion, requires the same sign and magnitude of Soret coefficients. However, with equal diffusivities of the components of the CDIMA system and without starch in the medium, our result identifies formation of drifting spiral waves which finally disappears at longer times under the influence of thermodiffusion. We also show formation of propagating patterns of spotlike or stripelike heterogeneity in both the model systems under appropriate conditions. Our study provides a route to pattern formation beyond Turing space and reveals remarkable influence of thermodiffusion to modify the pattern types just by employing an external thermal gradient which also opens up the possibility to set up new related experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpita Ghosh
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500107, India
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9
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Magmatic-Hydrothermal Processes Associated with Rare Earth Element Enrichment in the Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex, Malawi. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9070442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbonatites undergo various magmatic-hydrothermal processes during their evolution that are important for the enrichment of rare earth elements (REE). This geochemical, petrographic, and multi-isotope study on the Kangankunde carbonatite, the largest light REE resource in the Chilwa Alkaline Province in Malawi, clarifies the critical stages of REE mineralization in this deposit. The δ56Fe values of most of the carbonatite lies within the magmatic field despite variations in the proportions of monazite, ankerite, and ferroan dolomite. Exsolution of a hydrothermal fluid from the carbonatite melts is evident based on the higher δ56Fe of the fenites, as well as the textural and compositional zoning in monazite. Field and petrographic observations, combined with geochemical data (REE patterns, and Fe, C, and O isotopes), suggest that the key stage of REE mineralization in the Kangankunde carbonatite was the late magmatic stage with an influence of carbothermal fluids i.e. magmatic–hydrothermal stage, when large (~200 µm), well-developed monazite crystals grew. The C and O isotope compositions of the carbonatite suggest a post-magmatic alteration by hydrothermal fluids, probably after the main REE mineralization stage, as the alteration occurs throughout the carbonatite but particularly in the dark carbonatites.
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10
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Gittus OR, Olarte-Plata JD, Bresme F. Thermal orientation and thermophoresis of anisotropic colloids: The role of the internal composition. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:90. [PMID: 31312925 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The drift motion experienced by colloids immersed in a fluid with an intrinsic temperature gradient is referred to as thermophoresis. An anisotropic mass distribution inside colloidal particles imparts a net orientation with respect to the applied thermal field, and in turn alters the thermophoretic response of the colloids. This rectification of the rotational Brownian motion is called thermal orientation. To explore the sensitivity of the thermal orientation effect with the internal composition of colloids, we investigate the thermophoretic response of rod-like colloids in the dilute regime, targeting different internal mass distributions. We derive phenomenological equations to model the dependence of the Soret coefficient with degree of mass anisotropy and test these equations using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. Using both theory and simulation, we show that the average orientation and the Soret coefficients of the colloids can depend significantly on the internal mass distribution. This observation suggests an approach to identify internal colloidal compositions using thermal gradients as sensing probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Gittus
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Juan D Olarte-Plata
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Fernando Bresme
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ, London, UK.
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11
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Role of partial molar enthalpy of oxides on Soret effect in high-temperature CaO-SiO 2 melts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15489. [PMID: 30341314 PMCID: PMC6195551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Soret effect or thermodiffusion is the temperature-gradient driven diffusion in a multicomponent system. Two important conclusions have been obtained for the Soret effect in multicomponent silicate melts: first, the SiO2 component concentrates in the hot region; and second, heavier isotopes concentrate in the cold region more than lighter isotopes. For the second point, the isotope fractionation can be explained by the classical mechanical collisions between pairs of particles. However, as for the first point, no physical model has been reported to answer why the SiO2 component concentrates in the hot region. We try to address this issue by simulating the composition dependence of the Soret effect in CaO–SiO2 melts with nonequilibrium molecular dynamics and determining through a comparison of the results with those calculated from the Kempers model that partial molar enthalpy is one of the dominant factors in this phenomenon.
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12
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Antoun S, Saghir MZ, Srinivasan S. Composition effect on thermophobicity of ternary mixtures: An enhanced molecular dynamics method. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:034502. [PMID: 30037253 DOI: 10.1063/1.5031004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermodiffusion or the Ludwig-Soret effect is known as the cross effect between the temperature gradient and induced separation of mixture species in multicomponent mixtures. The performance of the boundary driven non-equilibrium molecular dynamics enhanced heat exchange (eHEX) algorithm was validated by evaluating the sign and magnitude of the thermodiffusion process in methane/n-butane/n-dodecane (nC1-nC4-nC12) ternary mixtures. The eHEX algorithm consists of an extended version of the HEX algorithm with an improved energy conservation property. In addition to this, the transferable potentials for phase equilibria-united atom augmented force field was employed in all molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to accurately represent molecular interactions in the fluid. Our newly employed MD algorithm was capable to appropriately reflect the thermophobicity concept and the coupled effect of relative density and mole fraction of the mixture species on the thermodiffusion process. The separation ratio of the ternary mixture for five different compositions (at 333.15 K and 35 MPa) showed good agreement with experimental data and better accuracy in predicting the sign change of the intermediate component (nC4) as its concentration in the mixture increases, when compared to other MD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Antoun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, Ontario M5B2K3, Canada
| | - M Ziad Saghir
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, Ontario M5B2K3, Canada
| | - S Srinivasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, Ontario M5B2K3, Canada
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13
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Antoun S, Saghir MZ, Srinivasan S. An improved molecular dynamics algorithm to study thermodiffusion in binary hydrocarbon mixtures. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:104507. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5016342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Antoun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - M. Ziad Saghir
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Seshasai Srinivasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- W Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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14
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Lee AA. Microscopic mechanism of thermomolecular orientation and polarization. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:8661-8665. [PMID: 27739546 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01927g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent molecular dynamics simulations show that thermal gradients can induce electric fields in water that are comparable in magnitude to electric fields seen in ionic thin films and biomembranes. This surprising non-equilibrium phenomenon of thermomolecular orientation is also observed more generally in simulations of polar and non-polar size-asymmetric dumbbell fluids. However, a microscopic theory linking thermomolecular orientation and polarization to molecular properties is yet unknown. Here, we formulate an analytically solvable microscopic model of size-asymmetric dumbbell molecules in a temperature gradient using a mean-field, local equilibrium approach. Our theory reveals the relationship between the extent of thermomolecular orientation and polarization, and molecular volume, size anisotropy and dipole moment. Predictions of the theory agree quantitatively with molecular dynamics simulations. Crucially, our framework shows how thermomolecular orientation can be controlled and maximized by tuning microscopic molecular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpha A Lee
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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15
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Kumar P, Goswami D. Importance of Molecular Structure on the Thermophoresis of Binary Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14852-9. [PMID: 25418934 DOI: 10.1021/jp5079604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using thermal lens spectroscopy, we study the role of molecular structural isomers of butanol on the thermophoresis (or Soret effect) of binary mixtures of methanol in butanol. In this study, we show that the thermal lens signal due to the Soret effect changes its sign for all the different concentrations of binary mixtures of butanol with methanol except for the one containing tertiary-butanol. The magnitude and sign of the Soret coefficients strongly depend on the molecular structure of the isomers of butanol in the binary mixture with methanol. This isomerization dependence is in stark contrast to the expected mass dependence of the Soret effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Debabrata Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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16
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Reichl M, Herzog M, Götz A, Braun D. Why charged molecules move across a temperature gradient: the role of electric fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:198101. [PMID: 24877967 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.198101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Methods to move solvated molecules are rare. Apart from electric fields, only thermal gradients are effective enough to move molecules inside a fluid. This effect is termed thermophoresis, and the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Nevertheless, it is successfully used to quantify biomolecule binding in complex liquids. Here we show experiments that reveal that thermophoresis in water is dominated by two electric fields, both established by the salt ions of the solution. A local field around the molecule drives molecules along an energy gradient, whereas a global field moves the molecules by a combined thermoelectrophoresis mechanism known as the Seebeck effect. Both mechanisms combined predict the thermophoresis of DNA and RNA polymers for a wide range of experimental parameters. For example, we correctly predict a complex, nonlinear size transition, a salt-species-dependent offset, a maximum of thermophoresis over temperature, and the dependence of thermophoresis on the molecule concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Reichl
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Mario Herzog
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Götz
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Dieter Braun
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany
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17
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Yu WF, Lin ZZ, Ning XJ. Mass dependence of the Soret coefficient for atomic diffusion in condensed matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:062311. [PMID: 23848679 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.062311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Particle diffusion in condensed matters driven by thermal gradient, the so-called Ludwig-Soret effect, has been investigated for about 160 years, but up to the present, seldom do theories on atomic level understand a series of puzzles in relevant experiments. In this work, we derived an expression of Soret coefficient for atomic diffusion in condensed matter from a single atom statistic model with relevant parameters expressed in terms of atomic mass and the potential profile felt by the guest atom without empirical parameters. The reality of the model was strictly tested by molecular dynamics simulations, especially the result for He atom diffusing on graphene sheet, which suggests the Soret effect may be used to separate (3)He from (4)He.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Yu
- Applied Ion Beam Physics Laboratory, Institute of Modern Physics, Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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18
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Isotope fractionation in silicate melts. Nature 2012; 482:E1; discussion E1-2. [PMID: 22337062 DOI: 10.1038/nature10764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Lacks DJ, Goel G, Bopp CJ, Van Orman JA, Lesher CE, Lundstrom CC. Isotope fractionation by thermal diffusion in silicate melts. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:065901. [PMID: 22401089 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.065901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Isotopes fractionate in thermal gradients, but there is little quantitative understanding of this effect in complex fluids. Here we present results of experiments and molecular dynamics simulations on silicate melts. We show that isotope fractionation arises from classical mechanical effects, and that a scaling relation based on Chapman-Enskog theory predicts the behavior seen in complex fluids without arbitrary fitting parameters. The scaling analysis reveals that network forming elements (Si and O) fractionate significantly less than network modifiers (e.g., Mg, Ca, Fe, Sr, Hf, and U).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lacks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Goel G, Lacks DJ, Van Orman JA. Transport coefficients in silicate melts from structural data via a structure-thermodynamics-dynamics relationship. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:051506. [PMID: 22181421 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.051506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The viscosity and diffusivities of silicate melts under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions are difficult to obtain experimentally. Estimation and extrapolation of transport coefficients are further complicated by their extreme sensitivity to melt composition. Our molecular-dynamics simulations show that, over a broad range of melt composition, temperature, and pressure, the diffusivities correlate with the excess entropy; approximations to the latter can be obtained from the knowledge of the radial distribution function. Using this structure-thermodynamics-dynamics relationship, we show that transport properties of silicate melts can be estimated quantitatively using static structure factor data from experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Goel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Shimizu M, Sakakura M, Kanehira S, Nishi M, Shimotsuma Y, Hirao K, Miura K. Formation mechanism of element distribution in glass under femtosecond laser irradiation. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:2161-2163. [PMID: 21633482 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on the formation mechanism of element distribution in glass under high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser irradiation. We simultaneously focused two beams of femtosecond laser pulses inside a glass and confirmed the formation of characteristically shaped element distributions. The results of the numerical simulation in which we considered concentration- and temperature-gradient-driven diffusions were in excellent qualitative agreement with the experimental results, indicating that the main driving force is the sharp temperature gradient. Since the composition of a glass affects its refractive index, absorption, and luminescence property, the results in this study provide a framework to fabricate a functional optical device such as optical circuits with a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shimizu
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan. m‐‐u.ac.jp
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The Soret effect and isotopic fractionation in high-temperature silicate melts. Nature 2011; 473:70-3. [PMID: 21508959 DOI: 10.1038/nature09911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion in condensed phases is a ubiquitous but poorly understood phenomenon. For example, chemical diffusion, which is the transport of matter associated with chemical concentration gradients (Fick's law), is treated as a separate process from thermal transport (the Soret effect), which is mass transport induced by temperature gradients. In the past few years, large variations in the proportions of isotopes of Mg, Ca, Fe, Si and O found in silicate melts subject to thermal gradients have been found, but no physical mechanism has been proposed. Here we present a model of diffusion in natural condensed systems that explains both the chemical and isotopic fractionation of Mg, Ca and Fe in high-temperature geochemical melts. Despite the high temperatures associated with these melts (T>1,000 °C), we find that consideration of the quantum-mechanical zero-point energy of diffusing species is essential for understanding diffusion at the isotopic level. Our model explains thermal and chemical mass transport as manifestations of the same underlying diffusion mechanism. This work promises to provide insights into mass-transport phenomena (diffusion and evaporation) and associated isotopic fractionations in a wide range of natural condensed systems, including the atmospheric water cycle, geological and geochemical systems and the early Solar System. This work might also be relevant to studies of mass transport in biological and nanotechnological condensed systems.
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Huang F, Chakraborty P, Lundstrom CC, Holmden C, Glessner JJG, Kieffer SW, Lesher CE. Huang et al. reply. Nature 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Isotope fractionation in silicate melts by thermal diffusion. Nature 2011; 472:E1; discussion E2-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sun T, Bao H. Thermal-gradient-induced non-mass-dependent isotope fractionation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:765-773. [PMID: 21337638 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Isotope fractionation resulting from gas diffusion along a thermal gradient has always been considered entirely mass-dependent. A previous report, however, showed that non-mass-dependent (17)O anomalies can be generated simply by subjecting O(2) gas in an enclosure to a thermal gradient. To explore the underlying mechanism for the anomalies, we tested the effect of gas pressure, duration of experiment, and geometry of the apparatus on the (17)O anomalies for O(2) as well as on the (33)S or (36)S anomalies for SF(6) gas. The results are consistent with our proposal that a previously ignored nuclear spin effect on gas diffusion coefficient may be largely responsible for generating the observed anomalies. This discovery provides clues to some of the puzzling non-mass-dependent isotope signatures encountered in experiments and in nature, including the triple oxygen or quadruple sulfur isotope heterogeneity in the solar system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4101, USA.
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Villain-Guillot S, Würger A. Thermal diffusion in a binary liquid due to rectified molecular fluctuations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 83:030501. [PMID: 21517445 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Soret motion in binary liquids is shown to arise to a large extent from rectified velocity fluctuations. From a hard-bead model with elastic collisions in a nonuniform temperature, we derive a net force on each molecule, which is proportional to the temperature gradient and depends on the ratio of the molecular masses and moments of inertia. Our findings agree with previous numerical simulations and provide an explanation for the thermal diffusion isotope effect observed for several liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Villain-Guillot
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, Université Bordeaux 1 and CNRS, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence, France
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Malacarne LC, Astrath NGC, Medina AN, Herculano LS, Baesso ML, Pedreira PRB, Shen J, Wen Q, Michaelian KH, Fairbridge C. Soret effect and photochemical reaction in liquids with laser-induced local heating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:4047-58. [PMID: 21369233 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.004047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a theoretical model and experimental results for laser-induced local heating in liquids, and propose a method to detect and quantify the contributions of photochemical and Soret effects in several different situations. The time-dependent thermal and mass diffusion equations in the presence and absence of laser excitation are solved. The two effects can produce similar transients for the laser-on refractive index gradient, but very different laser-off behavior. The Soret effect, also called thermal diffusion, and photochemical reaction contributions in photochemically reacting aqueous Cr(VI)-diphenylcarbazide, Eosin Y, and Eosin Y-doped micellar solutions, are decoupled in this work. The extensive use of lasers in various optical techniques suggests that the results may have significance extending from physical-chemical to biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Malacarne
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá-PR, Brazil.
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