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Griffani DS, Rognon P, Farquhar GD. The role of thermodiffusion in transpiration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38453691 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Plant leaf temperatures can differ from ambient air temperatures. A temperature gradient in a gas mixture gives rise to a phenomenon known as thermodiffusion, which operates in addition to ordinary diffusion. Whilst transpiration is generally understood to be driven solely by the ordinary diffusion of water vapour along a concentration gradient, we consider the implications of thermodiffusion for transpiration. We develop a new modelling framework that introduces the effects of thermodiffusion on the transpiration rate, E. By applying this framework, we quantify the proportion of E attributable to thermodiffusion for a set of physiological and environmental conditions, varied over a wide range. Thermodiffusion is found to be most significant (in some cases > 30% of E) when a leaf-to-air temperature difference coincides with a relatively small water vapour concentration difference across the boundary layer; a boundary layer conductance that is large as compared to the stomatal conductance; or a relatively low transpiration rate. Thermodiffusion also alters the conditions required for the onset of reverse transpiration, and the rate at which this water vapour uptake occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Griffani
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, East Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Pierre Rognon
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
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2
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Shimizu M, Sato K, Nakashima K, Kiyosawa T, MATSUOKA J, Shimotsuma Y, Miura K. Composition-dependent sign inversion of the Soret coefficient of SiO 2 in binary borosilicate melts. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:214504. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0090939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a laser-induced local-heating experiment combined with temperature analysis, we observed the composition-dependent sign inversion of the Soret coefficient of SiO2 in binary silicate melts, which was successfully explained by a modified Kempers model used for describing the Soret effect in oxide melts. In particular, the diffusion of SiO2 to the cold side under a temperature gradient, which is an anomaly in silicate melts, was observed in the SiO2-poor compositions. The theoretical model indicates that the thermodynamic mixing properties of oxides, partial molar enthalpy of mixing, and partial molar volume are the dominant factors for determining the migration direction of the SiO2 component under a temperature gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shimizu
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Engineering Department of Material Chemistry, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kiyotaka Miura
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Engineering Department of Material Chemistry, Japan
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3
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Zhong J, Zhao R, Ouyang W, Xu S. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Soret Effect on Two Binary Liquid Solutions with Equimolar n-Alkane Mixtures. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:518-527. [PMID: 35036720 PMCID: PMC8756439 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics is employed to simulate the Soret effect on two binary liquid solutions with equimolar mixtures: normal pentane (n-pentane, nC-5) and normal heptane (n-heptane, nC-7) molecules plus normal decane (n-decane, nC-10) and normal pentane molecules. Moreover, two coarse-grained force field (the CG-FF) potentials, which may depict inter-/intramolecular interactions fairly well among n-alkane molecules, are developed to fulfill such investigations. In addition, thermal diffusion for the mass fraction of each of these n-alkane molecules is simulated under an effect of a weak thermal gradient (temperature difference) exerting on solution systems from their hot to cold boundary sides. Finally, quantities of the Soret coefficient (SC) for two binary solutions are calculated by means of the developed CG-FF potentials, so as to improve the calculation rationality. As a result, first, it is found that molecules with light molar masses will migrate toward the hot boundary side, while those with heavy molar masses will migrate toward the cold boundary one ; second, the SC quantities indicate that they match relevant experimental determinations fairly well, i.e., trends of these SC quantities show inverse proportionality to the thermal gradient on the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhong
- College
of Materials Engineering, North China Institute
of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, P.R. China
| | - Renbao Zhao
- College
of Petroleum Engineering, China University
of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing 102249, P.R. China
| | - Wenze Ouyang
- Institute
of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Shenghua Xu
- Institute
of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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4
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Shimizu M, Fukuyo T, Matsuoka J, Nakashima K, Sato K, Kiyosawa T, Nishi M, Shimotsuma Y, Miura K. Determination of thermodynamic and microscopic origins of the Soret effect in sodium silicate melts: Prediction of sign change of the Soret coefficient. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:074501. [PMID: 33607869 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Soret effect in silicate melts has attracted attention in earth and material sciences, particularly in glass science and engineering, because a compositional change caused by the Soret effect modifies the material properties of silicate melts. We investigated the Soret effect in an Na2O-SiO2 system, which is the most common representative of silicate melts. Our theoretical approach based on the modified Kempers model and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation was validated for 30Na2O-70SiO2(mol. %). The sign and order of the absolute values of the calculated Soret coefficients were consistent with the experimental values. The positive Soret coefficient of SiO2 in the SiO2-poor composition range was accurately predicted. Previous experimental studies have focused on SiO2-rich compositions, and only the negative sign, indicating SiO2 migration to the hot side, has been observed. In the SiO2-poor composition range, the Q0 structure was dominant and had four Si-O-Na bonds around an SiO4 unit. The Si-O-Na bond had high enthalpic stability and contributed to the large negative enthalpy of SiO2 mixing. According to our model, components with a large negative partial molar enthalpy of mixing will concentrate in the cold region. The microscopic and thermodynamic origins of the sign change in the Soret effect were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shimizu
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Fukuyo
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Matsuoka
- School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone 522-8533, Japan
| | - Kento Nakashima
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenzo Sato
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kiyosawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nishi
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Shimotsuma
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Miura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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6
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Mozaffari SH, Srinivasan S, Saghir MZ. A Study on Thermodiffusion in Ternary Liquid Mixtures Using Enhanced Molecular Dynamics Algorithm with Experimental Validation. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Hoda Mozaffari
- Department of Mech. & Indust. EngineeringRyerson University350 Victoria St.TorontoON, M5B 2K3Canada
| | - Seshasai Srinivasan
- Department of Mech. & Indust. EngineeringRyerson University350 Victoria St.TorontoON, M5B 2K3Canada
- W Booth School of Engineering Pract. & Tech., 1280 Main St. WestMcMaster UniversityHamiltonON, L8S 4L8Canada
- Department of Mech. EngineeringMcMaster UniversityHamiltonON, L8S 4L8Canada
| | - M. Ziad Saghir
- Department of Mech. & Indust. EngineeringRyerson University350 Victoria St.TorontoON, M5B 2K3Canada
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7
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Role of partial molar enthalpy of oxides on Soret effect in high-temperature CaO-SiO 2 melts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15489. [PMID: 30341314 PMCID: PMC6195551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Soret effect or thermodiffusion is the temperature-gradient driven diffusion in a multicomponent system. Two important conclusions have been obtained for the Soret effect in multicomponent silicate melts: first, the SiO2 component concentrates in the hot region; and second, heavier isotopes concentrate in the cold region more than lighter isotopes. For the second point, the isotope fractionation can be explained by the classical mechanical collisions between pairs of particles. However, as for the first point, no physical model has been reported to answer why the SiO2 component concentrates in the hot region. We try to address this issue by simulating the composition dependence of the Soret effect in CaO–SiO2 melts with nonequilibrium molecular dynamics and determining through a comparison of the results with those calculated from the Kempers model that partial molar enthalpy is one of the dominant factors in this phenomenon.
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Lee AA. Microscopic mechanism of thermomolecular orientation and polarization. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:8661-8665. [PMID: 27739546 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01927g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent molecular dynamics simulations show that thermal gradients can induce electric fields in water that are comparable in magnitude to electric fields seen in ionic thin films and biomembranes. This surprising non-equilibrium phenomenon of thermomolecular orientation is also observed more generally in simulations of polar and non-polar size-asymmetric dumbbell fluids. However, a microscopic theory linking thermomolecular orientation and polarization to molecular properties is yet unknown. Here, we formulate an analytically solvable microscopic model of size-asymmetric dumbbell molecules in a temperature gradient using a mean-field, local equilibrium approach. Our theory reveals the relationship between the extent of thermomolecular orientation and polarization, and molecular volume, size anisotropy and dipole moment. Predictions of the theory agree quantitatively with molecular dynamics simulations. Crucially, our framework shows how thermomolecular orientation can be controlled and maximized by tuning microscopic molecular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpha A Lee
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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9
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Sun T, Yao X, Fabris S. Effects of Thermal Electronic Excitations on the Diffusion of Oxygen Adatoms on Graphene. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2607-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- College
of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key
Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinxin Yao
- College
of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Stefano Fabris
- CNR-IOM DEMOCRITOS,
Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bonomea
265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- SISSA, Scuola Internazionale
Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea
265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
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10
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Reichl M, Herzog M, Götz A, Braun D. Why charged molecules move across a temperature gradient: the role of electric fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:198101. [PMID: 24877967 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.198101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Methods to move solvated molecules are rare. Apart from electric fields, only thermal gradients are effective enough to move molecules inside a fluid. This effect is termed thermophoresis, and the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Nevertheless, it is successfully used to quantify biomolecule binding in complex liquids. Here we show experiments that reveal that thermophoresis in water is dominated by two electric fields, both established by the salt ions of the solution. A local field around the molecule drives molecules along an energy gradient, whereas a global field moves the molecules by a combined thermoelectrophoresis mechanism known as the Seebeck effect. Both mechanisms combined predict the thermophoresis of DNA and RNA polymers for a wide range of experimental parameters. For example, we correctly predict a complex, nonlinear size transition, a salt-species-dependent offset, a maximum of thermophoresis over temperature, and the dependence of thermophoresis on the molecule concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Reichl
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Mario Herzog
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Götz
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Dieter Braun
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany
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11
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Liu S, Sun Z, Liu Q, Wu L, Huang Y, Yao T, Zhang J, Hu T, Ge M, Hu F, Xie Z, Pan G, Wei S. Unidirectional thermal diffusion in bimetallic Cu@Au nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1886-1892. [PMID: 24472038 DOI: 10.1021/nn4063825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the atomic diffusions at the nanoscale is important for controlling the synthesis and utilization of nanomaterials. Here, using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy coupled with theoretical calculations, we demonstrate a so far unexplored unidirectional diffusion from the Au shell to the Cu core in thermally alloying Cu@Au core@shell architecture of ca. 7.1 nm. The initial diffusion step at 423 K is found to be characterized by the formation of a diffusion layer composed of a Au-dilute substitutional CuAu-like intermetallic compound with short Cu-Au bond length (2.61 Å). The diffusion further happens by the migration of the Au atoms with large disorder into the interior Cu matrix at higher temperatures (453 and 553 K). These results suggest that the structural preference of a CuAu-like compound, along with the nanosized effect, plays a critical role in determining the atomic diffusion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujie Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
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12
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Würger A. Thermodiffusion in binary liquids: the role of irreversibility. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:035105. [PMID: 24334480 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/3/035105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study thermal diffusion in binary mixtures in the framework of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Our formal result displays the role of partial enthalpies hi and Onsager's generalized mobilities Ai. The ratio A1/A2 provides a measure for the irreversible character of thermal diffusion. Comparison with experimental data on benzene, cyclohexane, toluene and n-alkanes shows that irreversibility is essential for thermal diffusion, and in particular for the isotope effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Würger
- LOMA, Université de Bordeaux and CNRS, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence, France
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13
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Thiemens MH, Chakraborty S, Dominguez G. The Physical Chemistry of Mass-Independent Isotope Effects and Their Observation in Nature. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2012; 63:155-77. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-032511-143657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the physical chemistry of isotope effects and precise measurements in samples from nature have provided information on processes that could not have been obtained otherwise. With the discovery of a mass-independent isotopic fractionation during the formation of ozone, a new physical chemical basis for isotope effects required development. Combined theoretical and experimental developments have broadened this understanding and extended the range of chemical systems where these unique effects occur. Simultaneously, the application of mass-independent isotopic measurements to an extensive range of both terrestrial and extraterrestrial systems has furthered the understanding of events such as solar system origin and evolution and planetary atmospheric chemistry, present and past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;,
| | - Subrata Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;,
| | - Gerardo Dominguez
- Department of Physics, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096
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15
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Isotope fractionation in silicate melts. Nature 2012; 482:E1; discussion E1-2. [PMID: 22337062 DOI: 10.1038/nature10764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lacks DJ, Goel G, Bopp CJ, Van Orman JA, Lesher CE, Lundstrom CC. Isotope fractionation by thermal diffusion in silicate melts. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:065901. [PMID: 22401089 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.065901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Isotopes fractionate in thermal gradients, but there is little quantitative understanding of this effect in complex fluids. Here we present results of experiments and molecular dynamics simulations on silicate melts. We show that isotope fractionation arises from classical mechanical effects, and that a scaling relation based on Chapman-Enskog theory predicts the behavior seen in complex fluids without arbitrary fitting parameters. The scaling analysis reveals that network forming elements (Si and O) fractionate significantly less than network modifiers (e.g., Mg, Ca, Fe, Sr, Hf, and U).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lacks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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