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Roux AT, Maharaj L, Oyegoke O, Akoniyon OP, Adeleke MA, Maharaj R, Okpeku M. Chloroquine and Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa-A Review. Front Genet 2021; 12:668574. [PMID: 34249090 PMCID: PMC8267899 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.668574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a great concern for global health and accounts for a large amount of morbidity and mortality, particularly in Africa, with sub-Saharan Africa carrying the greatest burden of the disease. Malaria control tools such as insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, and antimalarial drugs have been relatively successful in reducing the burden of malaria; however, sub-Saharan African countries encounter great challenges, the greatest being antimalarial drug resistance. Chloroquine (CQ) was the first-line drug in the 20th century until it was replaced by sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) as a consequence of resistance. The extensive use of these antimalarials intensified the spread of resistance throughout sub-Saharan Africa, thus resulting in a loss of efficacy for the treatment of malaria. SP was replaced by artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) after the emergence of resistance toward SP; however, the use of ACTs is now threatened by the emergence of resistant parasites. The decreased selective pressure on CQ and SP allowed for the reintroduction of sensitivity toward those antimalarials in regions of sub-Saharan Africa where they were not the primary drug for treatment. Therefore, the emergence and spread of antimalarial drug resistance should be tracked to prevent further spread of the resistant parasites, and the re-emergence of sensitivity should be monitored to detect the possible reappearance of sensitivity in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T. Roux
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa
| | - Leah Maharaj
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa
| | - Olukunle Oyegoke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa
| | - Oluwasegun P. Akoniyon
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa
| | - Matthew Adekunle Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- Office of Malaria Research, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa
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Romero AH. Role of Trifluoromethyl Substitution in Design of Antimalarial Quinolones: a Comprehensive Review. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 377:9. [PMID: 30835005 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Malaria represents a significant health issue, and novel effective drugs are needed to address parasite resistance that has emerged to the current drug arsenal. The most popular antimalarial drugs are focused on the 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline [e.g., chloroquine (CQ), amodiaquine (AQ), isoquine (IQ), and tebuquine (TBQ)], artemisinin, and atovaquone systems. Recently, endochin has been used as a platform to design a variety of novel potent and safe antimalarial agents named endochin-like quinolones (ELQs). Also, antimalarial quinolones have been constructed from other quinolones drugs such as ICI-56780 and floxacrine. Trifluoromethyl substitution has provided a significant increase in the antimalarial response of many of the designed ELQs against Plasmodium-resistant strains and for in vivo models. In particular, attachment of a substituted trifluoromethoxy (or trifluoromethyl in some cases) biaryl side chain at 2-, 3-, 4-, or 6-position of the quinolone core has shown to be crucially important to generate selective and potent novel ELQs. Furthermore, 6-chloro and 7-methoxy moieties on the quinolone core have been identified as essential pharmacophores when the trifluoromethoxy biaryl side chain is placed at 2- or 3-position of the quinolone core. Methyl or ethyl ester attached at 3-position is essential when the trifluoromethoxy aryl side chain is attached at 6- or 7-position of the quinolone core. Some promising ELQs are currently under clinical trials, representing an excellent platform for the design of new potent, selective, effective, and safe antimalarial drugs against emergent resistance malarial models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel H Romero
- Cátedra de Química General, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas, 1041-A, Venezuela.
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3
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Association of mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 gene (Pf3D7_1343700) with parasite clearance rates after artemisinin-based treatments-a WWARN individual patient data meta-analysis. BMC Med 2019; 17:1. [PMID: 30651111 PMCID: PMC6335805 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum infections with slow parasite clearance following artemisinin-based therapies are widespread in the Greater Mekong Subregion. A molecular marker of the slow clearance phenotype has been identified: single genetic changes within the propeller region of the Kelch13 protein (pfk13; Pf3D7_1343700). Global searches have identified almost 200 different non-synonymous mutant pfk13 genotypes. Most mutations occur at low prevalence and have uncertain functional significance. To characterize the impact of different pfk13 mutations on parasite clearance, we conducted an individual patient data meta-analysis of the associations between parasite clearance half-life (PC1/2) and pfk13 genotype based on a large set of individual patient records from Asia and Africa. METHODS A systematic literature review following the PRISMA protocol was conducted to identify studies published between 2000 and 2017 which included frequent parasite counts and pfk13 genotyping. Four databases (Ovid Medline, PubMed, Ovid Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection) were searched. Eighteen studies (15 from Asia, 2 from Africa, and one multicenter study with sites on both continents) met inclusion criteria and were shared. Associations between the log transformed PC1/2 values and pfk13 genotype were assessed using multivariable regression models with random effects for study site. RESULTS Both the pfk13 genotypes and the PC1/2 were available from 3250 (95%) patients (n = 3012 from Asia (93%), n = 238 from Africa (7%)). Among Asian isolates, all pfk13 propeller region mutant alleles observed in five or more specific isolates were associated with a 1.5- to 2.7-fold longer geometric mean PC1/2 compared to the PC1/2 of wild type isolates (all p ≤ 0.002). In addition, mutant allele E252Q located in the P. falciparum region of pfk13 was associated with 1.5-fold (95%CI 1.4-1.6) longer PC1/2. None of the isolates from four countries in Africa showed a significant difference between the PC1/2 of parasites with or without pfk13 propeller region mutations. Previously, the association of six pfk13 propeller mutant alleles with delayed parasite clearance had been confirmed. This analysis demonstrates that 15 additional pfk13 alleles are associated strongly with the slow-clearing phenotype in Southeast Asia. CONCLUSION Pooled analysis associated 20 pfk13 propeller region mutant alleles with the slow clearance phenotype, including 15 mutations not confirmed previously.
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Neelarapu R, Maignan JR, Lichorowic CL, Monastyrskyi A, Mutka TS, LaCrue AN, Blake LD, Casandra D, Mashkouri S, Burrows JN, Willis PA, Kyle DE, Manetsch R. Design and Synthesis of Orally Bioavailable Piperazine Substituted 4(1H)-Quinolones with Potent Antimalarial Activity: Structure-Activity and Structure-Property Relationship Studies. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1450-1473. [PMID: 29215279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Malaria deaths have been decreasing over the last 10-15 years, with global mortality rates having fallen by 47% since 2000. While the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) to combat malaria, the emergence of artemisinin resistant strains underscores the need to develop new antimalarial drugs. Recent in vivo efficacy improvements of the historical antimalarial ICI 56,780 have been reported, however, with the poor solubility and rapid development of resistance, this compound requires further optimization. A series of piperazine-containing 4(1H)-quinolones with greatly enhanced solubility were developed utilizing structure-activity relationship (SAR) and structure-property relationship (SPR) studies. Furthermore, promising compounds were chosen for an in vivo scouting assay to narrow selection for testing in an in vivo Thompson test. Finally, two piperazine-containing 4(1H)-quinolones were curative in the conventional Thompson test and also displayed in vivo activity against the liver stages of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghupathi Neelarapu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Jordany R Maignan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Cynthia L Lichorowic
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , 102 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Andrii Monastyrskyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Tina S Mutka
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Alexis N LaCrue
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Lynn D Blake
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Debora Casandra
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Sherwin Mashkouri
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Jeremy N Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture , 20, Route de Pré-Bois, P.O. Box 1826, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul A Willis
- Medicines for Malaria Venture , 20, Route de Pré-Bois, P.O. Box 1826, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , 102 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University , 102 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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5
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Naveen B, Ommi NB, Mudiraj A, Mallikarjuna T, Babu PP, Nagarajan R. Total Synthesis of Penicinoline E, Marinamide, Methyl Marinamide and their Antimalarial Activity. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Badher Naveen
- School of Chemistry; University of Hyderabad; Hyderabad - 500046 India
| | - Naidu Babu Ommi
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad; Hyderabad - 500046 India
| | - Anwita Mudiraj
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad; Hyderabad - 500046 India
| | - Thippana Mallikarjuna
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad; Hyderabad - 500046 India
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad; Hyderabad - 500046 India
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Abdelmohsen UR, Balasubramanian S, Oelschlaeger TA, Grkovic T, Pham NB, Quinn RJ, Hentschel U. Potential of marine natural products against drug-resistant fungal, viral, and parasitic infections. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 17:e30-e41. [PMID: 27979695 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have revolutionised medicine in many aspects, and their discovery is considered a turning point in human history. However, the most serious consequence of the use of antibiotics is the concomitant development of resistance against them. The marine environment has proven to be a very rich source of diverse natural products with significant antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, antitumour, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. Many marine natural products (MNPs)-for example, neoechinulin B-have been found to be promising drug candidates to alleviate the mortality and morbidity rates caused by drug-resistant infections, and several MNP-based anti-infectives have already entered phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials, with six approved for usage by the US Food and Drug Administration and one by the EU. In this Review, we discuss the diversity of marine natural products that have shown in-vivo efficacy or in-vitro potential against drug-resistant infections of fungal, viral, and parasitic origin, and describe their mechanism of action. We highlight the drug-like physicochemical properties of the reported natural products that have bioactivity against drug-resistant pathogens in order to assess their drug potential. Difficulty in isolation and purification procedures, toxicity associated with the active compound, ecological impacts on natural environment, and insufficient investments by pharmaceutical companies are some of the clear reasons behind market failures and a poor pipeline of MNPs available to date. However, the diverse abundance of natural products in the marine environment could serve as a ray of light for the therapy of drug-resistant infections. Development of resistance-resistant antibiotics could be achieved via the coordinated networking of clinicians, microbiologists, natural product chemists, and pharmacologists together with pharmaceutical venture capitalist companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
| | - Srikkanth Balasubramanian
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias A Oelschlaeger
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Grkovic
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ngoc B Pham
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ute Hentschel
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, RD3 Marine Microbiology, Kiel, Germany; Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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7
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Maignan JR, Lichorowic CL, Giarrusso J, Blake LD, Casandra D, Mutka TS, LaCrue AN, Burrows JN, Willis PA, Kyle DE, Manetsch R. ICI 56,780 Optimization: Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of 7-(2-Phenoxyethoxy)-4(1H)-quinolones with Antimalarial Activity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6943-60. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordany R. Maignan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Cynthia L. Lichorowic
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 102 Hurtig
Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - James Giarrusso
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Lynn D. Blake
- Department
of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Debora Casandra
- Department
of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Tina S. Mutka
- Department
of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Alexis N. LaCrue
- Department
of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Jeremy N. Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, P.O. Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Paul A. Willis
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, P.O. Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Dennis E. Kyle
- Department
of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 102 Hurtig
Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 102 Hurtig
Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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8
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Isozumi R, Uemura H, Kimata I, Ichinose Y, Logedi J, Omar AH, Kaneko A. Novel mutations in K13 propeller gene of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:490-2. [PMID: 25695257 PMCID: PMC4344268 DOI: 10.3201/eid2103.140898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We looked for mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum K13 propeller gene of an artemisinin-resistant parasite on islands in Lake Victoria, Kenya, where transmission in 2012–2013 was high. The 4 new types of nonsynonymous, and 5 of synonymous, mutations we detected among 539 samples analyzed provide clues to understanding artemisinin-resistant parasites.
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9
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How Robust Are Malaria Parasite Clearance Rates as Indicators of Drug Effectiveness and Resistance? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6428-36. [PMID: 26239987 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00481-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are currently the first-line drugs for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria, the most deadly of the human malarias. Malaria parasite clearance rates estimated from patients' blood following ACT treatment have been widely adopted as a measure of drug effectiveness and as surveillance tools for detecting the presence of potential artemisinin resistance. This metric has not been investigated in detail, nor have its properties or potential shortcomings been identified. Herein, the pharmacology of drug treatment, parasite biology, and human immunity are combined to investigate the dynamics of parasite clearance following ACT. This approach parsimoniously recovers the principal clinical features and dynamics of clearance. Human immunity is the primary determinant of clearance rates, unless or until artemisinin killing has fallen to near-ineffective levels. Clearance rates are therefore highly insensitive metrics for surveillance that may lead to overconfidence, as even quite substantial reductions in drug sensitivity may not be detected as lower clearance rates. Equally serious is the use of clearance rates to quantify the impact of ACT regimen changes, as this strategy will plausibly miss even very substantial increases in drug effectiveness. In particular, the malaria community may be missing the opportunity to dramatically increase ACT effectiveness through regimen changes, particularly through a switch to twice-daily regimens and/or increases in artemisinin dosing levels. The malaria community therefore appears overreliant on a single metric of drug effectiveness, the parasite clearance rate, that has significant and serious shortcomings.
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10
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Cross RM, Flanigan DL, Monastyrskyi A, LaCrue AN, Sáenz FE, Maignan JR, Mutka TS, White KL, Shackleford DM, Bathurst I, Fronczek FR, Wojtas L, Guida WC, Charman SA, Burrows JN, Kyle DE, Manetsch R. Orally bioavailable 6-chloro-7-methoxy-4(1H)-quinolones efficacious against multiple stages of Plasmodium. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8860-79. [PMID: 25148516 PMCID: PMC4234439 DOI: 10.1021/jm500942v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
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The continued proliferation
of malaria throughout temperate and
tropical regions of the world has promoted a push for more efficacious
treatments to combat the disease. Unfortunately, more recent remedies
such as artemisinin combination therapies have been rendered less
effective due to developing parasite resistance, and new drugs are
required that target the parasite in the liver to support the disease
elimination efforts. Research was initiated to revisit antimalarials
developed in the 1940s and 1960s that were deemed unsuitable for use
as therapeutic agents as a result of poor understanding of both physicochemical
properties and parasitology. Structure–activity and structure–property
relationship studies were conducted to generate a set of compounds
with the general 6-chloro-7-methoxy-2-methyl-4(1H)-quinolone scaffold which were substituted at the 3-position with
a variety of phenyl moieties possessing various properties. Extensive
physicochemical evaluation of the quinolone series was carried out
to downselect the most promising 4(1H)-quinolones, 7, 62, 66, and 67,
which possessed low-nanomolar EC50 values against W2 and
TM90-C2B as well as improved microsomal stability. Additionally, in
vivo Thompson test results using Plasmodium berghei in mice showed that these 4(1H)-quinolones were
efficacious for the reduction of parasitemia at >99% after 6 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matthew Cross
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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Monastyrskyi A, Kyle DE, Manetsch R. 4(1H)-pyridone and 4(1H)-quinolone derivatives as antimalarials with erythrocytic, exoerythrocytic, and transmission blocking activities. Curr Top Med Chem 2014; 14:1693-705. [PMID: 25116582 PMCID: PMC4479281 DOI: 10.2174/1568026614666140808124638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of deaths in the world with malaria being responsible for approximately the same amount of deaths as cancer in 2012. Despite the success in malaria prevention and control measures decreasing the disease mortality rate by 45% since 2000, the development of single-dose therapeutics with radical cure potential is required to completely eradicate this deadly condition. Targeting multiple stages of the malaria parasite is becoming a primary requirement for new candidates in antimalarial drug discovery and development. Recently, 4(1H)- pyridone, 4(1H)-quinolone, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridone, and phenoxyethoxy-4(1H)-quinolone chemotypes have been shown to be antimalarials with blood stage activity, liver stage activity, and transmission blocking activity. Advancements in structure-activity relationship and structure-property relationship studies, biological evaluation in vitro and in vivo, as well as pharmacokinetics of the 4(1H)-pyridone and 4(1H)-quinolone chemotypes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA.
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