1
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Lu F, Zhao H, Dai Y, Wang Y, Lee CH, Freeman M. Cryo-EM reveals that iRhom2 restrains ADAM17 protease activity to control the release of growth factor and inflammatory signals. Mol Cell 2024; 84:2152-2165.e5. [PMID: 38781971 PMCID: PMC11248996 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) is a membrane-tethered protease that triggers multiple signaling pathways. It releases active forms of the primary inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and cancer-implicated epidermal growth factor (EGF) family growth factors. iRhom2, a rhomboid-like, membrane-embedded pseudoprotease, is an essential cofactor of ADAM17. Here, we present cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the human ADAM17/iRhom2 complex in both inactive and active states. These reveal three regulatory mechanisms. First, exploiting the rhomboid-like hallmark of TMD recognition, iRhom2 interacts with the ADAM17 TMD to promote ADAM17 trafficking and enzyme maturation. Second, a unique iRhom2 extracellular domain unexpectedly retains the cleaved ADAM17 inhibitory prodomain, safeguarding against premature activation and dysregulated proteolysis. Finally, loss of the prodomain from the complex mobilizes the ADAM17 protease domain, contributing to its ability to engage substrates. Our results reveal how a rhomboid-like pseudoprotease has been repurposed during evolution to regulate a potent membrane-tethered enzyme, ADAM17, ensuring the fidelity of inflammatory and growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Lu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Hongtu Zhao
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Yaxin Dai
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yingdi Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Chia-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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2
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Derler I. Proteolysis of Orai1 controls cellular Ca2+ influx. Cell Calcium 2022; 102:102535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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Conformational surveillance of Orai1 by a rhomboid intramembrane protease prevents inappropriate CRAC channel activation. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4784-4798.e7. [PMID: 34800360 PMCID: PMC8657799 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcium influx through plasma membrane calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels, which are formed of hexamers of Orai1, is a potent trigger for many important biological processes, most notably in T cell-mediated immunity. Through a bioinformatics-led cell biological screen, we have identified Orai1 as a substrate for the rhomboid intramembrane protease RHBDL2. We show that RHBDL2 prevents stochastic calcium signaling in unstimulated cells through conformational surveillance and cleavage of inappropriately activated Orai1. A conserved disease-linked proline residue is responsible for RHBDL2’s recognizing the active conformation of Orai1, which is required to sharpen switch-like signaling triggered by store-operated calcium entry. Loss of RHBDL2 control of CRAC channel activity causes severe dysregulation of downstream CRAC channel effectors, including transcription factor activation, inflammatory cytokine expression, and T cell activation. We propose that this surveillance function may represent an ancient activity of rhomboid proteases in degrading unwanted signaling proteins. A screen for transmembrane substrates of the rhomboid intramembrane protease RHBDL2 RHBDL2 cleaves the CRAC channel protein Orai1 when it is inappropriately activated Conformational change in these calcium channels is recognized by RHBDL2 An Orai1 mutant that cannot be cleaved by RHBDL2 causes a human disease syndrome
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4
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Mentrup T, Schröder B. Signal peptide peptidase-like 2 proteases: Regulatory switches or proteasome of the membrane? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119163. [PMID: 34673079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Signal peptide peptidase-like 2 (SPPL) proteases constitute a subfamily of SPP/SPPL intramembrane proteases which are homologues of the presenilins, the catalytic core of the γ-secretase complex. The three SPPL2 proteases SPPL2a, SPPL2b and SPPL2c proteolyse single-span, type II-oriented transmembrane proteins and/or tail-anchored proteins within their hydrophobic transmembrane segments. We review recent progress in defining substrate spectra and in vivo functions of these proteases. Characterisation of the respective knockout mice has implicated SPPL2 proteases in immune cell differentiation and function, prevention of atherosclerotic plaque development and spermatogenesis. Mechanisms how substrates are selected by these enzymes are still incompletely understood. We will discuss current views on how selective SPPL2-mediated cleavage is or whether these proteases may exhibit a generalised role in the turnover of membrane proteins. This has been suggested previously for the mechanistically related γ-secretase for which the term "proteasome of the membrane" has been coined based on its broad substrate spectrum. With regard to individual substrates, potential signalling functions of the resulting cytosolic cleavage fragments remain a controversial aspect. However, it has been clearly shown that SPPL2 proteases can influence cellular signalling and membrane trafficking by controlling levels of their membrane-bound substrate proteins which highlights these enzymes as regulatory switches. Based on this, regulatory mechanisms controlling activity of SPPL2 proteases would need to be postulated, which are just beginning to emerge. These different questions, which are relevant for other families of intramembrane proteases in a similar way, will be critically discussed based on the current state of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Mentrup
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Gandhi S, Baker RP, Cho S, Stanchev S, Strisovsky K, Urban S. Designed Parasite-Selective Rhomboid Inhibitors Block Invasion and Clear Blood-Stage Malaria. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1410-1424.e6. [PMID: 32888502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhomboid intramembrane proteases regulate pathophysiological processes, but their targeting in a disease context has never been achieved. We decoded the atypical substrate specificity of malaria rhomboid PfROM4, but found, unexpectedly, that it results from "steric exclusion": PfROM4 and canonical rhomboid proteases cannot cleave each other's substrates due to reciprocal juxtamembrane steric clashes. Instead, we engineered an optimal sequence that enhanced proteolysis >10-fold, and solved high-resolution structures to discover that boronates enhance inhibition >100-fold. A peptide boronate modeled on our "super-substrate" carrying one "steric-excluding" residue inhibited PfROM4 but not human rhomboid proteolysis. We further screened a library to discover an orthogonal alpha-ketoamide that potently inhibited PfROM4 but not human rhomboid proteolysis. Despite the membrane-immersed target and rapid invasion, ultrastructural analysis revealed that single-dosing blood-stage malaria cultures blocked host-cell invasion and cleared parasitemia. These observations establish a strategy for designing parasite-selective rhomboid inhibitors and expose a druggable dependence on rhomboid proteolysis in non-motile parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Gandhi
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rosanna P Baker
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sangwoo Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stancho Stanchev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 160 00, Czechia
| | - Kvido Strisovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 160 00, Czechia
| | - Siniša Urban
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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6
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Mihaljević L, Urban S. Decoding the Functional Evolution of an Intramembrane Protease Superfamily by Statistical Coupling Analysis. Structure 2020; 28:1329-1336.e4. [PMID: 32795403 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
How evolution endowed membrane enzymes with specific abilities, and then tuned them to the needs of different cells, is poorly understood. We examined whether statistical coupling analysis (SCA) can be applied to rhomboid proteases, the most widely distributed membrane proteins, to identify amino acid "sectors" that evolved independently to acquire a specific function. SCA revealed three coevolving residue networks that form two sectors. Sector 1 determines substrate specificity, but is paradoxically scattered across the protein, consistent with dynamics driving rhomboid-substrate interactions. Sector 2 is hierarchically composed of a subgroup that maintains the catalytic site, and another that maintains the overall fold, forecasting evolution of rhomboid pseudoproteases. Changing only sector 1 residues of a "recipient" rhomboid converted its substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency to that of the "donor." While used only twice over a decade ago, SCA should be generally applicable to membrane proteins, and our sector grafting approach provides an efficient strategy for designing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Mihaljević
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Siniša Urban
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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7
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Liu G, Beaton SE, Grieve AG, Evans R, Rogers M, Strisovsky K, Armstrong FA, Freeman M, Exley RM, Tang CM. Bacterial rhomboid proteases mediate quality control of orphan membrane proteins. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102922. [PMID: 32337752 PMCID: PMC7232013 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although multiprotein membrane complexes play crucial roles in bacterial physiology and virulence, the mechanisms governing their quality control remain incompletely understood. In particular, it is not known how unincorporated, orphan components of protein complexes are recognised and eliminated from membranes. Rhomboids, the most widespread and largest superfamily of intramembrane proteases, are known to play key roles in eukaryotes. In contrast, the function of prokaryotic rhomboids has remained enigmatic. Here, we show that the Shigella sonnei rhomboid proteases GlpG and the newly identified Rhom7 are involved in membrane protein quality control by specifically targeting components of respiratory complexes, with the metastable transmembrane domains (TMDs) of rhomboid substrates protected when they are incorporated into a functional complex. Initial cleavage by GlpG or Rhom7 allows subsequent degradation of the orphan substrate. Given the occurrence of this strategy in an evolutionary ancient organism and the presence of rhomboids in all domains of life, it is likely that this form of quality control also mediates critical events in eukaryotes and protects cells from the damaging effects of orphan proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Liu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen E Beaton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam G Grieve
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rhiannon Evans
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miranda Rogers
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kvido Strisovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Matthew Freeman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel M Exley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christoph M Tang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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8
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Barniol-Xicota M, Verhelst SHL. Isolation of intramembrane proteases in membrane-like environments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183193. [PMID: 31945321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intramembrane proteases (IMPs) are proteolytic enzymes embedded in the lipid bilayer, where they cleave transmembrane substrates. The importance of IMPs relies on their role in a wide variety of cellular processes and diseases. In order to study the activity and function of IMPs, their purified form is often desired. The production of pure and active IMPs has proven to be a challenging task. This process unavoidably requires the use of solubilizing agents that will, to some extent, alter the native environment of these proteases. In this review we present the current solubilization and reconstitution techniques that have been applied to IMPs. In addition, we describe how these techniques had an influence on the activity and structural studies of IMPs, focusing on rhomboid proteases and γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barniol-Xicota
- KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Herestraat 49, Box 802, B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Steven H L Verhelst
- KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Herestraat 49, Box 802, B-3000, Belgium; Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, ISAS, e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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9
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Cho S, Baker RP, Ji M, Urban S. Ten catalytic snapshots of rhomboid intramembrane proteolysis from gate opening to peptide release. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:910-918. [PMID: 31570873 PMCID: PMC6858540 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Protein cleavage inside the cell membrane triggers various patho-physiological signaling pathways, but the mechanism of catalysis is poorly understood. We solved ten structures of the Escherichia coli rhomboid protease in a bicelle membrane undergoing time-resolved steps that encompass the entire proteolytic reaction on a transmembrane substrate and an aldehyde inhibitor. Extensive gate opening accompanied substrate, but not inhibitor, binding, revealing that substrates and inhibitors take different paths to the active site. Catalysis unexpectedly commenced with, and was guided through subsequent catalytic steps by, motions of an extracellular loop, with local contributions from active site residues. We even captured the elusive tetrahedral intermediate that is uncleaved but covalently attached to the catalytic serine, around which the substrate was forced to bend dramatically. This unexpectedly stable intermediate indicates rhomboid catalysis uses an unprecedented reaction coordinate that may involve mechanically stressing the peptide bond, and could be selectively targeted by inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rosanna P Baker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Siniša Urban
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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10
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Almeida-Hernandez Y, Tidow H. Soluble Regions of GlpG Influence Protein–Lipid Interactions and Lipid Distribution. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7852-7858. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b06943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Almeida-Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
| | - Henning Tidow
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
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11
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Kreutzberger AJB, Ji M, Aaron J, Mihaljević L, Urban S. Rhomboid distorts lipids to break the viscosity-imposed speed limit of membrane diffusion. Science 2019; 363:363/6426/eaao0076. [PMID: 30705155 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes that cut proteins inside membranes regulate diverse cellular events, including cell signaling, homeostasis, and host-pathogen interactions. Adaptations that enable catalysis in this exceptional environment are poorly understood. We visualized single molecules of multiple rhomboid intramembrane proteases and unrelated proteins in living cells (human and Drosophila) and planar lipid bilayers. Notably, only rhomboid proteins were able to diffuse above the Saffman-Delbrück viscosity limit of the membrane. Hydrophobic mismatch with the irregularly shaped rhomboid fold distorted surrounding lipids and propelled rhomboid diffusion. The rate of substrate processing in living cells scaled with rhomboid diffusivity. Thus, intramembrane proteolysis is naturally diffusion-limited, but cells mitigate this constraint by using the rhomboid fold to overcome the "speed limit" of membrane diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J B Kreutzberger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jesse Aaron
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ljubica Mihaljević
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Siniša Urban
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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12
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Kreutzberger AJB, Urban S. Single-Molecule Analyses Reveal Rhomboid Proteins Are Strict and Functional Monomers in the Membrane. Biophys J 2018; 115:1755-1761. [PMID: 30342748 PMCID: PMC6224778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramembrane proteases hydrolyze peptide bonds within the membrane as a regulatory paradigm that is conserved across all forms of cellular life. Many of these enzymes are thought to be oligomeric, and that their resulting quaternary interactions form the basis of their regulation. However, technical limitations have precluded directly determining the oligomeric state of intramembrane proteases in any membrane. Using single-molecule photobleaching, we determined the quaternary structure of 10 different rhomboid proteins (the largest superfamily of intramembrane proteases) and six unrelated control proteins in parallel detergent micelle, planar supported lipid bilayer, and whole-cell systems. Bacterial, parasitic, insect, and human rhomboid proteases and inactive rhomboid pseudoproteases all proved to be monomeric in all membrane conditions but dimeric in detergent micelles. These analyses establish that rhomboid proteins are, as a strict family rule, structurally and functionally monomeric by nature and that rhomboid dimers are unphysiological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J B Kreutzberger
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Siniša Urban
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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13
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Lichtenthaler SF, Lemberg MK, Fluhrer R. Proteolytic ectodomain shedding of membrane proteins in mammals-hardware, concepts, and recent developments. EMBO J 2018; 37:e99456. [PMID: 29976761 PMCID: PMC6068445 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic removal of membrane protein ectodomains (ectodomain shedding) is a post-translational modification that controls levels and function of hundreds of membrane proteins. The contributing proteases, referred to as sheddases, act as important molecular switches in processes ranging from signaling to cell adhesion. When deregulated, ectodomain shedding is linked to pathologies such as inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. While proteases of the "a disintegrin and metalloprotease" (ADAM) and "beta-site APP cleaving enzyme" (BACE) families are widely considered as sheddases, in recent years a much broader range of proteases, including intramembrane and soluble proteases, were shown to catalyze similar cleavage reactions. This review demonstrates that shedding is a fundamental process in cell biology and discusses the current understanding of sheddases and their substrates, molecular mechanisms and cellular localizations, as well as physiological functions of protein ectodomain shedding. Moreover, we provide an operational definition of shedding and highlight recent conceptual advances in the field. While new developments in proteomics facilitate substrate discovery, we expect that shedding is not a rare exception, but rather the rule for many membrane proteins, and that many more interesting shedding functions await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Marius K Lemberg
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biomedizinisches Centrum (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Hnízda A, Fábry M, Moriyama T, Pachl P, Kugler M, Brinsa V, Ascher DB, Carroll WL, Novák P, Žaliová M, Trka J, Řezáčová P, Yang JJ, Veverka V. Relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia-specific mutations in NT5C2 cluster into hotspots driving intersubunit stimulation. Leukemia 2018. [PMID: 29535428 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in NT5C2, a gene encoding cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase (cN-II), confer chemoresistance in relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here we show that all mutants became independent of allosteric effects of ATP and thus constitutively active. Structural mapping of mutations described in patients demonstrates that 90% of leukemia-specific allelles directly affect two regulatory hotspots within the cN-II molecule-the helix A region: residues 355-365, and the intersubunit interface: helix B (232-242) and flexible interhelical loop L (400-418). Furthermore, analysis of hetero-oligomeric complexes combining wild-type (WT) and mutant subunits showed that the activation is transmitted from the mutated to the WT subunit. This intersubunit interaction forms structural basis of hyperactive NT5C2 in drug-resistant leukemia in which heterozygous NT5C2 mutation gave rise to hetero-tetramer mutant and WT proteins. This enabled us to define criteria to aid the prediction of NT5C2 drug resistance mutations in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Hnízda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Milan Fábry
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Takaya Moriyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kugler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Brinsa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - David B Ascher
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | | | - Petr Novák
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague, 4 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Žaliová
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Trka
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Václav Veverka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
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15
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Goel P, Jumpertz T, Mikles DC, Tichá A, Nguyen MTN, Verhelst S, Hubalek M, Johnson DC, Bachovchin DA, Ogorek I, Pietrzik CU, Strisovsky K, Schmidt B, Weggen S. Discovery and Biological Evaluation of Potent and Selective N-Methylene Saccharin-Derived Inhibitors for Rhomboid Intramembrane Proteases. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6713-6725. [PMID: 29185711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhomboids are intramembrane serine proteases and belong to the group of structurally and biochemically most comprehensively characterized membrane proteins. They are highly conserved and ubiquitously distributed in all kingdoms of life and function in a wide range of biological processes, including epidermal growth factor signaling, mitochondrial dynamics, and apoptosis. Importantly, rhomboids have been associated with multiple diseases, including Parkinson's disease, type 2 diabetes, and malaria. However, despite a thorough understanding of many structural and functional aspects of rhomboids, potent and selective inhibitors of these intramembrane proteases are still not available. In this study, we describe the computer-based rational design, chemical synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel N-methylene saccharin-based rhomboid protease inhibitors. Saccharin inhibitors displayed inhibitory potency in the submicromolar range, effectiveness against rhomboids both in vitro and in live Escherichia coli cells, and substantially improved selectivity against human serine hydrolases compared to those of previously known rhomboid inhibitors. Consequently, N-methylene saccharins are promising new templates for the development of rhomboid inhibitors, providing novel tools for probing rhomboid functions in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Goel
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf , Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.,Clemens Schoepf Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4-8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thorsten Jumpertz
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf , Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - David C Mikles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anežka Tichá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Minh T N Nguyen
- Chemical Proteomics Group, Leibnitz Institute for Analytical Sciences (ISAS) e.V. , Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven Verhelst
- Chemical Proteomics Group, Leibnitz Institute for Analytical Sciences (ISAS) e.V. , Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven , Herestraat 49, Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin Hubalek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Darren C Johnson
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue, Box 428, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue, Box 428, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Isabella Ogorek
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf , Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kvido Strisovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Schmidt
- Clemens Schoepf Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4-8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf , Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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16
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Reading E, Hall Z, Martens C, Haghighi T, Findlay H, Ahdash Z, Politis A, Booth PJ. Interrogating Membrane Protein Conformational Dynamics within Native Lipid Compositions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Reading
- Department of Chemistry; King's College London; Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Zoe Hall
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Cambridge; 80 Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1GA UK
| | - Chloe Martens
- Department of Chemistry; King's College London; Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Tabasom Haghighi
- Department of Chemistry; King's College London; Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Heather Findlay
- Department of Chemistry; King's College London; Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Zainab Ahdash
- Department of Chemistry; King's College London; Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Argyris Politis
- Department of Chemistry; King's College London; Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Paula J. Booth
- Department of Chemistry; King's College London; Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
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17
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Reading E, Hall Z, Martens C, Haghighi T, Findlay H, Ahdash Z, Politis A, Booth PJ. Interrogating Membrane Protein Conformational Dynamics within Native Lipid Compositions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15654-15657. [PMID: 29049865 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between membrane proteins and the lipids of the membrane is important for cellular function, however, tools enabling the interrogation of protein dynamics within native lipid environments are scarce and often invasive. We show that the styrene-maleic acid lipid particle (SMALP) technology can be coupled with hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to investigate membrane protein conformational dynamics within native lipid bilayers. We demonstrate changes in accessibility and dynamics of the rhomboid protease GlpG, captured within three different native lipid compositions, and identify protein regions sensitive to changes in the native lipid environment. Our results illuminate the value of this approach for distinguishing the putative role(s) of the native lipid composition in modulating membrane protein conformational dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Reading
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Zoe Hall
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Chloe Martens
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Tabasom Haghighi
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Heather Findlay
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Zainab Ahdash
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Argyris Politis
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Paula J Booth
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
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18
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Mentrup T, Fluhrer R, Schröder B. Latest emerging functions of SPP/SPPL intramembrane proteases. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:372-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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19
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Düsterhöft S, Künzel U, Freeman M. Rhomboid proteases in human disease: Mechanisms and future prospects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2200-2209. [PMID: 28460881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhomboids are intramembrane serine proteases that cleave the transmembrane helices of substrate proteins, typically releasing luminal/extracellular domains from the membrane. They are conserved in all branches of life and there is a growing recognition of their association with a wide range of human diseases. Human rhomboids, for example, have been implicated in cancer, metabolic disease and neurodegeneration, while rhomboids in apicomplexan parasites appear to contribute to their invasion of host cells. Recent advances in our knowledge of the structure and the enzyme function of rhomboids, and increasing efforts to identify specific inhibitors, are beginning to provide important insight into the prospect of rhomboids becoming future therapeutic targets. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Düsterhöft
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Künzel
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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20
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Production of Recombinant Rhomboid Proteases. Methods Enzymol 2017. [PMID: 28065266 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Rhomboid proteases are intramembrane enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds of transmembrane proteins in the lipid bilayer. They play a variety of roles in key biological events and are linked to several disease states. Over the last decade a great deal of structural and functional knowledge has been generated on this fascinating class of proteases. Both structural and kinetic analyses require milligram amounts of protein, which may be challenging for membrane proteins such as rhomboids. Here, we present a detailed protocol for optimization of expression and purification of three rhomboid proteases from Escherichia coli (ecGlpG), Haemophilus influenzae (hiGlpG), and Providencia stuartii (AarA). We discuss the optimization of expression conditions, such as concentration of inducing agent, induction time, and temperature, as well as purification protocol with precise details for each step. The provided protocol yields 1-2.5mg of rhomboid enzyme per liter of bacterial culture and can assist in structural and functional studies of intramembrane proteases.
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21
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Cordier B, Lemberg M. Probing the Activity of Eukaryotic Rhomboid Proteases In Vitro. Methods Enzymol 2017; 584:99-126. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Urban S. A guide to the rhomboid protein superfamily in development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 60:1-4. [PMID: 27751777 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhomboid proteins are considered to be the most widespread membrane proteins across all forms of life. This superfamily comprises both active intramembrane serine proteases that catalyze the release of factors from the membrane, and a eukaryotic subset of non-catalytic members in which rhomboid architecture supports deviating functions. Although rhomboid was discovered in genetic studies of insect development, rhomboid research has broadened dramatically over the past 15 years; rhomboid enzymes are now the best biophysically understood of all intramembrane proteases, and are considered promising therapeutic targets for diseases ranging from parasitic infections to Parkinsonian neurodegeneration. Perhaps the most rapid progress has come with the catalytically inert rhomboid proteins, some of which regulate protein trafficking and/or function, and their prominence is underscored by clinical mutations. Such a diverse collection of advances mark an excellent point to review the state of this vibrant area of research, not because central questions have been answered, but instead because a firm grip in key areas has been established, and the field is now poised for breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Urban
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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23
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Dogga SK, Soldati-Favre D. Biology of rhomboid proteases in infectious diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 60:38-45. [PMID: 27567708 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rhomboids are a well-conserved class of intramembrane serine proteases found in all kingdoms of life, sharing a conserved core structure of at least six transmembrane (TM) domains that contain the catalytic serine-histidine dyad. The rhomboid proteases, which cleave membrane embedded substrates within their TM domains, are emerging as an important group of enzymes controlling a myriad of biological processes. These enzymes are found in a wide variety of pathogens manifesting important roles in their pathological processes. Accordingly, they have received considerable attention as potential targets for pharmacological intervention over the past few years. This review provides a general update on rhomboid proteases and their roles in pathogenesis of human infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Dogga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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24
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Substrates and physiological functions of secretase rhomboid proteases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 60:10-18. [PMID: 27497690 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rhomboids are conserved intramembrane serine proteases with widespread functions. They were the earliest discovered members of the wider rhomboid-like superfamily of proteases and pseudoproteases. The secretase class of rhomboid proteases, distributed through the secretory pathway, are the most numerous in eukaryotes, but our knowledge of them is limited. Here we aim to summarise all that has been published on secretase rhomboids in a concise encyclopaedia of the enzymes, their substrates, and their biological roles. We also discuss emerging themes of how these important enzymes are regulated.
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25
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Rhomboid intramembrane protease RHBDL4 triggers ER-export and non-canonical secretion of membrane-anchored TGFα. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27342. [PMID: 27264103 PMCID: PMC4893610 DOI: 10.1038/srep27342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhomboid intramembrane proteases are the enzymes that release active epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands in Drosophila and C. elegans, but little is known about their functions in mammals. Here we show that the mammalian rhomboid protease RHBDL4 (also known as Rhbdd1) promotes trafficking of several membrane proteins, including the EGFR ligand TGFα, from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus, thereby triggering their secretion by extracellular microvesicles. Our data also demonstrate that RHBDL4-dependent trafficking control is regulated by G-protein coupled receptors, suggesting a role for this rhomboid protease in pathological conditions, including EGFR signaling. We propose that RHBDL4 reorganizes trafficking events within the early secretory pathway in response to GPCR signaling. Our work identifies RHBDL4 as a rheostat that tunes secretion dynamics and abundance of specific membrane protein cargoes.
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26
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27
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Structural biology of intramembrane proteases: mechanistic insights from rhomboid and S2P to γ-secretase. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 37:97-107. [PMID: 26811996 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intramembrane proteases catalyze hydrolysis of peptide bond within the lipid bilayer and play a key role in a variety of cellular processes. These membrane-embedded enzymes comprise four major classes: rhomboid serine proteases, site-2 metalloproteases, Rce1-type glutamyl proteases, and aspartyl proteases exemplified by signal peptide peptidase and γ-secretase. In the past several years, three-dimensional structures of representative members of these four classes of intramembrane protease have been reported at atomic resolutions, which reveal distinct protein folds and active site configurations. These structures, together with structure-guided biochemical analyses, shed light on the working mechanisms of water access and substrate entry. In this review, we discuss the shared as well as unique features of these intramembrane proteases, with a focus on presenilin-the catalytic component of γ-secretase.
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28
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Strisovsky K. Why cells need intramembrane proteases - a mechanistic perspective. FEBS J 2016; 283:1837-45. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kvido Strisovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
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29
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Henkelis JJ, Blackburn AK, Dale EJ, Vermeulen NA, Nassar MS, Stoddart JF. Allosteric Modulation of Substrate Binding within a Tetracationic Molecular Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13252-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James J. Henkelis
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anthea K. Blackburn
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Edward J. Dale
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nicolaas A. Vermeulen
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Joint
Centre of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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30
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Li H, Zhang Y, Wang L, Dong N, Qi X, Wu Q. A novel cytoplasmic tail motif regulates mouse corin expression on the cell surface. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:152-8. [PMID: 26241673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are important in many biological processes. Cell surface expression is critical for TTSP activation and function. To date, the mechanism underlying TTSP cell surface expression is poorly understood. Corin is a TTSP and acts as the pro-atrial natriuretic peptide convertase that is essential for sodium homeostasis and normal blood pressure. In this study, we investigated how cytoplasmic tail sequences may regulate corin expression and activation on the cell surface. By site-directed mutagenesis, we made mouse corin proteins with truncations or point-mutations in the cytoplasmic tail. We expressed the mutants in transfected HEK293 cells and analyzed corin cell surface expression and activation by Western blotting and flow cytometry. We found that corin truncation mutants lacking a Lys-Phe-Gln sequence at residues 71-73 had higher levels of cell surface expression and activation compared with that in wild-type corin. When Lys-71, Phe-72 and Gln-73 residues were mutated together, but not individually, in corin with the full-length cytoplasmic tail, increased levels of cell surface expression and zymogen activation were also observed. These results indicate that residues Lys-71, Phe-72 and Gln-73 serve as a novel retention motif in the intracellular pathway to regulate corin cell surface expression and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ningzheng Dong
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Qi
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingyu Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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