1
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Wu Q, Liu W, Huang Y, Liu H, Xiao H, Li Z. A degressive quantum convolutional neural network for quantum state classification and code recognition. iScience 2024; 27:109394. [PMID: 38510123 PMCID: PMC10951634 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of quantum computing, a variety of quantum convolutional neural networks (QCNNs) are proposed. However, only 1 / 2 n 2 features of an n-qubits input are transferred to the next layer in a quantum pooling layer, which results in the accuracy reduction. To solve this problem, a QCNN with a degressive circuit is proposed. In order to enhance the ability of extracting global features, we remove the parameters sharing strategy in the quantum convolutional layer and design a quantum convolutional kernel with global eyesight. In addition, to prevent a sharp feature reduction, a degressive parameterized quantum circuit is adopted to construct the pooling layer. Then the Z-basis measurement is only performed on the first qubit to control the operations on other qubits. Compared with the state-of-the-art QCNN, i.e., hybrid quantum-classical convolutional neural network, the accuracy of our model increased by 0.9%, 1%, and 3%, respectively, in three tasks: quantum state classification, binary code recognition, and quaternary code recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Wu
- School of Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, No. 219, Ning Liu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- School of Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, No. 219, Ning Liu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, No. 219, Ning Liu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Advanced Computing and Intelligent Services, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, No. 219, Ning Liu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sciences and Satellite Remote Sensing, Anhui Institute of Meteorological Sciences, No.16, Shi He Road, Hefei, Anhui 230002, China
| | - Haoyang Liu
- School of Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, No. 219, Ning Liu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, No.759, Second Ring East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313002, China
| | - Zixian Li
- School of Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, No. 219, Ning Liu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
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2
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Chae E, Choi J, Kim J. An elementary review on basic principles and developments of qubits for quantum computing. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:11. [PMID: 38498068 PMCID: PMC10948723 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-024-00418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
An elementary review on principles of qubits and their prospects for quantum computing is provided. Due to its rapid development, quantum computing has attracted considerable attention as a core technology for the next generation and has demonstrated its potential in simulations of exotic materials, molecular structures, and theoretical computer science. To achieve fully error-corrected quantum computers, building a logical qubit from multiple physical qubits is crucial. The number of physical qubits needed depends on their error rates, making error reduction in physical qubits vital. Numerous efforts to reduce errors are ongoing in both existing and emerging quantum systems. Here, the principle and development of qubits, as well as the current status of the field, are reviewed to provide information to researchers from various fields and give insights into this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Chae
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul , 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joonhee Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Junki Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) & Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Yu S, Liu W, Tao SJ, Li ZP, Wang YT, Zhong ZP, Patel RB, Meng Y, Yang YZ, Wang ZA, Guo NJ, Zeng XD, Chen Z, Xu L, Zhang N, Liu X, Yang M, Zhang WH, Zhou ZQ, Xu JS, Tang JS, Han YJ, Li CF, Guo GC. A von-Neumann-like photonic processor and its application in studying quantum signature of chaos. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:74. [PMID: 38485915 PMCID: PMC10940704 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Photonic quantum computation plays an important role and offers unique advantages. Two decades after the milestone work of Knill-Laflamme-Milburn, various architectures of photonic processors have been proposed, and quantum advantage over classical computers has also been demonstrated. It is now the opportune time to apply this technology to real-world applications. However, at current technology level, this aim is restricted by either programmability in bulk optics or loss in integrated optics for the existing architectures of processors, for which the resource cost is also a problem. Here we present a von-Neumann-like architecture based on temporal-mode encoding and looped structure on table, which is capable of multimode-universal programmability, resource-efficiency, phase-stability and software-scalability. In order to illustrate these merits, we execute two different programs with varying resource requirements on the same processor, to investigate quantum signature of chaos from two aspects: the signature behaviors exhibited in phase space (13 modes), and the Fermi golden rule which has not been experimentally studied in quantitative way before (26 modes). The maximal program contains an optical interferometer network with 1694 freely-adjustable phases. Considering current state-of-the-art, our architecture stands as the most promising candidate for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Si-Jing Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Zhong
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Raj B Patel
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, Oxford University, Parks Road OX1 3PU, Oxford, UK
| | - Yu Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Yuan-Ze Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zhao-An Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Nai-Jie Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Mu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zong-Quan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Jin-Shi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Jian-Shun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Yong-Jian Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
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4
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Mao D, Chen L, Sun Z, Zhang M, Shi ZY, Hu Y, Zhang L, Wu J, Dong H, Xie W, Xu H. Observation of transition from superfluorescence to polariton condensation in CsPbBr 3 quantum dots film. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:34. [PMID: 38291038 PMCID: PMC10828401 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The superfluorescence effect has received extensive attention due to the many-body physics of quantum correlation in dipole gas and the optical applications of ultrafast bright radiation field based on the cooperative quantum state. Here, we demonstrate not only to observe the superfluorescence effect but also to control the cooperative state of the excitons ensemble by externally applying a regulatory dimension of coupling light fields. A new quasi-particle called cooperative exciton-polariton is revealed in a light-matter hybrid structure of a perovskite quantum dot thin film spin-coated on a Distributed Bragg Reflector. Above the nonlinear threshold, polaritonic condensation occurs at a nonzero momentum state on the lower polariton branch owning to the vital role of the synchronized excitons. The phase transition from superfluorescence to polariton condensation exhibits typical signatures of a decrease of the linewidth, an increase of the macroscopic coherence as well as an accelerated radiation decay rate. These findings are promising for opening new potential applications for super-brightness and unconventional coherent light sources and could enable the exploitation of cooperative effects for quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqun Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Linqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhe-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yongsheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, 401121, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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5
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Zhang S, Huang ZP, Tian TC, Wu ZY, Zhang JQ, Bao WS, Guo C. Sideband cooling of a trapped ion in strong sideband coupling regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:44501-44514. [PMID: 38178519 DOI: 10.1364/oe.505844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Conventional theoretical studies on the ground-state laser cooling of a trapped ion have mostly focused on the weak sideband coupling (WSC) regime, where the cooling rate is inverse proportional to the linewidth of the excited state. In a recent work [New J. Phys.23, 023018 (2021)10.1088/1367-2630/abe273], we proposed a theoretical framework to study the ground state cooling of a trapped ion in the strong sideband coupling (SSC) regime, under the assumption of a vanishing carrier transition. Here we extend this analysis to more general situations with nonvanishing carrier transitions, where we show that by properly tuning the coupling lasers a cooling rate proportional to the linewidth can be achieved. Our theoretical predictions closely agree with the corresponding exact solutions in the SSC regime, which provide an important theoretical guidance for sideband cooling experiments.
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6
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Zeng X, Fan Y, Liu J, Li Z, Yang J. Quantum Neural Network Inspired Hardware Adaptable Ansatz for Efficient Quantum Simulation of Chemical Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 38044845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The variational quantum eigensolver is a promising way to solve the Schrödinger equation on a noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computer, while its success relies on a well-designed wave function ansatz. Inspired by the quantum neural network, we propose a new hardware heuristic ansatz where its expressibility can be improved by increasing either the depth or the width of the circuit. Such a character makes this ansatz adaptable to different hardware environments. More importantly, it provides a general framework to improve the efficiency of the quantum resource utilization. For example, on a superconducting quantum computer where circuit depth is usually the bottleneck and the qubits thus cannot be fully used, circuit depth can be significantly reduced by introducing ancilla qubits. Ancilla qubits also make the circuit less sensitive to noises in practical application. These results open a new avenue to develop practical applications of quantum computation in the NISQ era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongzhi Zeng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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7
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Marinkovic MK, Radulaski M. Singly-excited resonant open quantum system Tavis-Cummings model with quantum circuit mapping. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19435. [PMID: 37945670 PMCID: PMC10636109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tavis-Cummings (TC) cavity quantum electrodynamical effects, describing the interaction of N atoms with an optical resonator, are at the core of atomic, optical and solid state physics. The full numerical simulation of TC dynamics scales exponentially with the number of atoms. By restricting the open quantum system to a single excitation, typical of experimental realizations in quantum optics, we analytically solve the TC model with an arbitrary number of atoms with linear complexity. This solution allows us to devise the Quantum Mapping Algorithm of Resonator Interaction with N Atoms (Q-MARINA), an intuitive TC mapping to a quantum circuit with linear space and time scaling, whose N+1 qubits represent atoms and a lossy cavity, while the dynamics is encoded through 2N entangling gates. Finally, we benchmark the robustness of the algorithm on a quantum simulator and superconducting quantum processors against the quantum master equation solution on a classical computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Krstic Marinkovic
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Marina Radulaski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, 95616, CA, USA.
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8
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Jeong J, Jung C, Kim T, Cho DD. Using machine learning to improve multi-qubit state discrimination of trapped ions from uncertain EMCCD measurements. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:35113-35130. [PMID: 37859250 DOI: 10.1364/oe.491301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a residual network (ResNet)-based convolutional neural network (CNN) model to improve multi-qubit state measurements using an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD). The CNN model is developed to simultaneously use the intensity of pixel values and the shape of ion images in determining the quantum states of ions. In contrast, conventional methods use only the intensity values. In our experiments, the proposed model achieved a 99.53±0.14% mean individual measurement fidelity (MIMF) of 4 trapped ions, reducing the error by 46% when compared to the MIMF of maximum likelihood estimation method of 99.13±0.08%. In addition, it is experimentally shown that the model is also robust against the ion image drift, which was tested by intentionally shifting the ion images.
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9
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Lv H, Xie N, Li M, Dong M, Sun C, Zhang Q, Zhao L, Li J, Zuo X, Chen H, Wang F, Fan C. DNA-based programmable gate arrays for general-purpose DNA computing. Nature 2023; 622:292-300. [PMID: 37704731 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed the evolution of electronic and photonic integrated circuits, from application specific to programmable1,2. Although liquid-phase DNA circuitry holds the potential for massive parallelism in the encoding and execution of algorithms3,4, the development of general-purpose DNA integrated circuits (DICs) has yet to be explored. Here we demonstrate a DIC system by integration of multilayer DNA-based programmable gate arrays (DPGAs). We find that the use of generic single-stranded oligonucleotides as a uniform transmission signal can reliably integrate large-scale DICs with minimal leakage and high fidelity for general-purpose computing. Reconfiguration of a single DPGA with 24 addressable dual-rail gates can be programmed with wiring instructions to implement over 100 billion distinct circuits. Furthermore, to control the intrinsically random collision of molecules, we designed DNA origami registers to provide the directionality for asynchronous execution of cascaded DPGAs. We exemplify this by a quadratic equation-solving DIC assembled with three layers of cascade DPGAs comprising 30 logic gates with around 500 DNA strands. We further show that integration of a DPGA with an analog-to-digital converter can classify disease-related microRNAs. The ability to integrate large-scale DPGA networks without apparent signal attenuation marks a key step towards general-purpose DNA computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Nuli Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingkai Dong
- Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyun Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Xiangfu Laboratory, Jiashan, China
| | - Jiang Li
- The Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Materiobiology, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Tian J, Sun X, Du Y, Zhao S, Liu Q, Zhang K, Yi W, Huang W, Wang C, Wu X, Hsieh MH, Liu T, Yang W, Tao D. Recent Advances for Quantum Neural Networks in Generative Learning. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 2023; 45:12321-12340. [PMID: 37126624 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2023.3272029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantum computers are next-generation devices that hold promise to perform calculations beyond the reach of classical computers. A leading method towards achieving this goal is through quantum machine learning, especially quantum generative learning. Due to the intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, it is reasonable to postulate that quantum generative learning models (QGLMs) may surpass their classical counterparts. As such, QGLMs are receiving growing attention from the quantum physics and computer science communities, where various QGLMs that can be efficiently implemented on near-term quantum machines with potential computational advantages are proposed. In this paper, we review the current progress of QGLMs from the perspective of machine learning. Particularly, we interpret these QGLMs, covering quantum circuit Born machines, quantum generative adversarial networks, quantum Boltzmann machines, and quantum variational autoencoders, as the quantum extension of classical generative learning models. In this context, we explore their intrinsic relations and their fundamental differences. We further summarize the potential applications of QGLMs in both conventional machine learning tasks and quantum physics. Last, we discuss the challenges and further research directions for QGLMs.
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11
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Chen S, Cotler J, Huang HY, Li J. The complexity of NISQ. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6001. [PMID: 37752125 PMCID: PMC10522708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent proliferation of NISQ devices has made it imperative to understand their power. In this work, we define and study the complexity class NISQ, which encapsulates problems that can be efficiently solved by a classical computer with access to noisy quantum circuits. We establish super-polynomial separations in the complexity among classical computation, NISQ, and fault-tolerant quantum computation to solve some problems based on modifications of Simon's problems. We then consider the power of NISQ for three well-studied problems. For unstructured search, we prove that NISQ cannot achieve a Grover-like quadratic speedup over classical computers. For the Bernstein-Vazirani problem, we show that NISQ only needs a number of queries logarithmic in what is required for classical computers. Finally, for a quantum state learning problem, we prove that NISQ is exponentially weaker than classical computers with access to noiseless constant-depth quantum circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitan Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.
| | - Jordan Cotler
- Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Hsin-Yuan Huang
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, CAltech, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, CAltech, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Jerry Li
- Microsoft Research AI, Redmond, WA, USA.
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12
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Zhang X, Reina-Gálvez J, Wolf C, Wang Y, Aubin H, Heinrich AJ, Choi T. Influence of the Magnetic Tip on Heterodimers in Electron Spin Resonance Combined with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16935-16942. [PMID: 37643247 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the quantum properties of individual spins adsorbed on surfaces by electron spin resonance combined with scanning tunneling microscopy (ESR-STM) has shown great potential for the development of quantum information technology on the atomic scale. A magnetic tip exhibiting high spin polarization is critical for performing an ESR-STM experiment. While the tip has been conventionally treated as providing a static magnetic field in ESR-STM, it was found that the tip can exhibit bistability, influencing ESR spectra. Ideally, the ESR splitting caused by the magnetic interaction between two spins on a surface should be independent of the tip. However, we found that the measured ESR splitting of a metal atom-molecule heterodimer can be tip-dependent. Detailed theoretical analysis reveals that this tip-dependent ESR splitting is caused by a different interaction energy between the tip and each spin of the heterodimer. Our work provides a comprehensive reference for characterizing tip features in ESR-STM experiments and highlights the importance of employing a proper physical model when describing the ESR tip, in particular, for heterospin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Spin-X Institute, School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
| | - Jose Reina-Gálvez
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Christoph Wolf
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Wang
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hervé Aubin
- Universités Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Choi
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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13
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Li J, Tu Z, Xiang H, Li Y, Song H. Theoretical studies on the kinetics and dynamics of the BeH + + H 2O reaction: comparison with the experiment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:20997-21005. [PMID: 37503894 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02322b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of BeH+ with background gaseous H2O may play a role in qubit loss for quantum information processing with Be+ as trapped ions, and yet its reaction mechanism has not been well understood until now. In this work, a globally accurate, full-dimensional ground-state potential energy surface (PES) for the BeH+ + H2O reaction was constructed by fitting a total of 170 438 ab initio energy points at the level of RCCSD(T)-F12/aug-cc-pVTZ using the fundamental invariant-neural network method. The total root-mean-square error of the final PES was 0.178 kcal mol-1. For comparison, quasi-classical trajectory calculations were carried out on the PES at an experimental temperature of 150 K. The obtained thermal rate constant and product branching ratio of the BeD+ + H2O reaction agreed quite well with experimental results. In addition, the vibrational state distributions and energy disposals of the products were calculated and rationalized using the sudden vector projection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Zhao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Haipan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Hongwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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14
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Oz F, San O, Kara K. An efficient quantum partial differential equation solver with chebyshev points. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7767. [PMID: 37173401 PMCID: PMC10182049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential equations are the foundation of mathematical models representing the universe's physics. Hence, it is significant to solve partial and ordinary differential equations, such as Navier-Stokes, heat transfer, convection-diffusion, and wave equations, to model, calculate and simulate the underlying complex physical processes. However, it is challenging to solve coupled nonlinear high dimensional partial differential equations in classical computers because of the vast amount of required resources and time. Quantum computation is one of the most promising methods that enable simulations of more complex problems. One solver developed for quantum computers is the quantum partial differential equation (PDE) solver, which uses the quantum amplitude estimation algorithm (QAEA). This paper proposes an efficient implementation of the QAEA by utilizing Chebyshev points for numerical integration to design robust quantum PDE solvers. A generic ordinary differential equation, a heat equation, and a convection-diffusion equation are solved. The solutions are compared with the available data to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. We show that the proposed implementation provides a two-order accuracy increase with a significant reduction in solution time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Oz
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Omer San
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Kursat Kara
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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15
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Lock EH, Lee J, Choi DS, Bedford RG, Karna SP, Roy AK. Materials Innovations for Quantum Technology Acceleration: A Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2201064. [PMID: 37021584 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A broad perspective of quantum technology state of the art is provided and critical stumbling blocks for quantum technology development are identified. Innovations in demonstrating and understanding electron entanglement phenomena using bulk and low-dimensional materials and structures are summarized. Correlated photon-pair generation via processes such as nonlinear optics is discussed. Application of qubits to current and future high-impact quantum technology development is presented. Approaches for realizing unique qubit features for large-scale encrypted communication, sensing, computing, and other technologies are still evolving; thus, materials innovation is crucially important. A perspective on materials modeling approaches for quantum technology acceleration that incorporate physics-based AI/ML, integrated with quantum metrology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya H Lock
- Materials Science and Technology Division, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Jonghoon Lee
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, AFRL/RXAN, 2179 12th St, WPAFB, OH, 45433, USA
- ARCTOS Technology Solutions, 1270 N Fairfield Rd, Beavercreek, OH, 45432, USA
| | - Daniel S Choi
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, FCDD-RLW, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Beavercreek, MD, 21015, USA
| | - Robert G Bedford
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, AFRL/RXAN, 2179 12th St, WPAFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Shashi P Karna
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, FCDD-RLW, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Beavercreek, MD, 21015, USA
| | - Ajit K Roy
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, AFRL/RXAN, 2179 12th St, WPAFB, OH, 45433, USA
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16
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Liu SC, Cheng L, Yao GZ, Wang YX, Peng LY. Efficient numerical approach to high-fidelity phase-modulated gates in long chains of trapped ions. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:035304. [PMID: 37072959 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.035304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Almost every quantum circuit is built with two-qubit gates in the current stage, which are crucial to the quantum computing in any platform. The entangling gates based on Mølmer-Sørensen schemes are widely exploited in the trapped-ion system, with the utilization of the collective motional modes of ions and two laser-controlled internal states, which are served as qubits. The key to realize high-fidelity and robust gates is the minimization of the entanglement between the qubits and the motional modes under various sources of errors after the gate operation. In this work, we propose an efficient numerical method to search high-quality solutions for phase-modulated pulses. Instead of directly optimizing a cost function, which contains the fidelity and the robustness of the gates, we convert the problem to the combination of linear algebra and the solution to quadratic equations. Once a solution with the gate fidelity of 1 is found, the laser power can be further reduced while searching on the manifold where the fidelity remains 1. Our method largely overcomes the problem of the convergence and is shown to be effective up to 60 ions, which suffices the need of the gate design in current trapped-ion experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gui-Zhong Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Liang-You Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006 Taiyuan, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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17
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Sharma P, Choi K, Krejcar O, Blazek P, Bhatia V, Prakash S. Securing Optical Networks Using Quantum-Secured Blockchain: An Overview. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1228. [PMID: 36772267 PMCID: PMC9920734 DOI: 10.3390/s23031228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The deployment of optical network infrastructure and development of new network services are growing rapidly for beyond 5/6G networks. However, optical networks are vulnerable to several types of security threats, such as single-point failure, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. Since the uptake of e-commerce and e-services has seen an unprecedented surge in recent years, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the security of these transactions is essential. Blockchain is one of the most promising solutions because of its decentralized and distributed ledger technology, and has been employed to protect these transactions against such attacks. However, the security of blockchain relies on the computational complexity of certain mathematical functions, and because of the evolution of quantum computers, its security may be breached in real-time in the near future. Therefore, researchers are focusing on combining quantum key distribution (QKD) with blockchain to enhance blockchain network security. This new technology is known as quantum-secured blockchain. This article describes different attacks in optical networks and provides a solution to protect networks against security attacks by employing quantum-secured blockchain in optical networks. It provides a brief overview of blockchain technology with its security loopholes, and focuses on QKD, which makes blockchain technology more robust against quantum attacks. Next, the article provides a broad view of quantum-secured blockchain technology. It presents the network architecture for the future research and development of secure and trusted optical networks using quantum-secured blockchain. The article also highlights some research challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Sharma
- Signals and Software Group, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
| | - Kwonhue Choi
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ondrej Krejcar
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Institute of Technology and Business in Ceske Budejovice, 370 01 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), University Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Pavel Blazek
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vimal Bhatia
- Signals and Software Group, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Shashi Prakash
- Photonics Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore 452017, India
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18
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Franchi A, Pelissetto A, Vicari E. Quantum critical behaviors and decoherence of weakly coupled quantum Ising models within an isolated global system. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:014113. [PMID: 36797878 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.014113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the quantum dynamics of an isolated composite system consisting of weakly interacting many-body subsystems. We focus on one of the subsystems, S, and study the dependence of its quantum correlations and decoherence rate on the state of the weakly-coupled complementary part E, which represents the environment. As a theoretical laboratory, we consider a composite system made of two stacked quantum Ising chains, locally and homogeneously weakly coupled. One of the chains is identified with the subsystem S under scrutiny, and the other one with the environment E. We investigate the behavior of S at equilibrium, when the global system is in its ground state, and under out-of-equilibrium conditions, when the global system evolves unitarily after a quench of the coupling between S and E. When S develops quantum critical correlations in the weak-coupling regime, the associated scaling behavior crucially depends on the quantum state of E, whether it is characterized by short-range correlations (analogous to those characterizing disordered phases in closed systems), algebraically decaying correlations (typical of critical systems), or long-range correlations (typical of magnetized ordered phases). In particular, different scaling behaviors, depending on the state of E, are observed for the decoherence of the subsystem S, as demonstrated by the different power-law divergences of the decoherence susceptibility that quantifies the sensitivity of the coherence to the interaction with E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Franchi
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Pisa and INFN, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Pelissetto
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Roma Sapienza and INFN Sezione di Roma I, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore Vicari
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Pisa and INFN, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
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19
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Vijayan J, Zhang Z, Piotrowski J, Windey D, van der Laan F, Frimmer M, Novotny L. Scalable all-optical cold damping of levitated nanoparticles. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:49-54. [PMID: 36411375 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Motional control of levitated nanoparticles relies on either autonomous feedback via a cavity or measurement-based feedback via external forces. Recent demonstrations of the measurement-based ground-state cooling of a single nanoparticle employ linear velocity feedback, also called cold damping, and require the use of electrostatic forces on charged particles via external electrodes. Here we introduce an all-optical cold damping scheme based on the spatial modulation of trap position, which has the advantage of being scalable to multiple particles. The scheme relies on programmable optical tweezers to provide full independent control over the trap frequency and position of each tweezer. We show that the technique cools the centre-of-mass motion of particles along one axis down to 17 mK at a pressure of 2 × 10-6 mbar and demonstrate its scalability by simultaneously cooling the motion of two particles. Our work paves the way towards studying quantum interactions between particles; achieving three-dimensional quantum control of particle motion without cavity-based cooling, electrodes or charged particles; and probing multipartite entanglement in levitated optomechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Stopp F, Verde M, Katz M, Drechsler M, Schmiegelow CT, Schmidt-Kaler F. Coherent Transfer of Transverse Optical Momentum to the Motion of a Single Trapped Ion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:263603. [PMID: 36608186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.263603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Using a structured light beam carrying orbital angular momentum, we demonstrate excitation of the center-of-mass motion of a single atom in the transverse direction to the beam's propagation. This interaction enables quantum control of atomic motion in all axes with a single beam direction, which leads to applications in quantum computing and simulations with ion crystals. Here we demonstrate all the key features required for these applications, namely, coherent dynamics and strong carrier suppression in a configuration with the ion centered in the beam, which allows for single ion addressing and also provides robustness against pointing instabilities. To quantify transverse momentum transfer, we observe coherent dynamics on the sidebands of the S_{1/2} to D_{5/2} transition near 729 nm of a singly charged ^{40}Ca^{+} ion, cooled near the ground state of motion in the 3D harmonic potential of a Paul trap, and placed at the center of a first-order Laguerre-Gaussian beam. Exchange of quanta in the perpendicular direction to the beam's wave vector k is observed with a centered vortex shaped beam, together reduction of the parasitic carrier excitation by a factor of 40. This is in sharp contrast to the vanishing spin-motion coupling at the center of the Gaussian beam. Further, we characterize the coherent interaction by an effective transverse Lamb-Dicke factor η_{⊥}^{exp}=0.0062(5) which is in agreement with our theoretical prediction η_{⊥}^{theo}=0.0057(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Stopp
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maurizio Verde
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Milton Katz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin Drechsler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian T Schmiegelow
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Fang C, Wang Y, Huang S, Brown KR, Kim J. Crosstalk Suppression in Individually Addressed Two-Qubit Gates in a Trapped-Ion Quantum Computer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:240504. [PMID: 36563266 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.240504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between target and neighboring spectator qubits due to spillover of control signals represents a major error source limiting the fidelity of two-qubit entangling gates in quantum computers. We show that in our laser-driven trapped-ion system coherent crosstalk error can be modeled as residual Xσ[over ^]_{ϕ} interaction and can be actively canceled by single-qubit echoing pulses. We propose and demonstrate a crosstalk suppression scheme that eliminates all first-order crosstalk utilizing only local control of target qubits, as opposed to an existing scheme which requires control over all neighboring qubits. We report a two-qubit Bell state fidelity of 99.52(6)% with the echoing pulses applied after collective gates and 99.37(5)% with the echoing pulses applied to each gate in a five-ion chain. This scheme is widely applicable to other platforms with analogous interaction Hamiltonians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Ye Wang
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Shilin Huang
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Kenneth R Brown
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jungsang Kim
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- IonQ, Inc., College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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22
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Lao G, Zhu GZ, Dickerson CE, Augenbraun BL, Alexandrova AN, Caram JR, Hudson ER, Campbell WC. Laser Spectroscopy of Aromatic Molecules with Optical Cycling Centers: Strontium(I) Phenoxides. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11029-11035. [PMID: 36413655 PMCID: PMC9720742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the production and spectroscopic characterization of strontium(I) phenoxide (SrOC6H5 or SrOPh) and variants featuring electron-withdrawing groups designed to suppress vibrational excitation during spontaneous emission from the electronically excited state. Optical cycling closure of these species, which is the decoupling of the vibrational state changes from spontaneous optical decay, is found by dispersed laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy to be high, in accordance with theoretical predictions. A high-resolution, rotationally resolved laser excitation spectrum is recorded for SrOPh, allowing the estimation of spectroscopic constants and identification of candidate optical cycling transitions for future work. The results confirm the promise of strontium phenoxides for laser cooling and quantum state detection at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanming Lao
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Guo-Zhu Zhu
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Claire E. Dickerson
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Augenbraun
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
- Harvard-MIT
Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
| | - Anastassia N. Alexandrova
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California90095, United States
- Center
for Quantum Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Justin R. Caram
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California90095, United States
- Center
for Quantum Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Eric R. Hudson
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
- Center
for Quantum Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
- Challenge
Institute for Quantum Computation, University
of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Wesley C. Campbell
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
- Center
for Quantum Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
- Challenge
Institute for Quantum Computation, University
of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
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23
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Cross-platform comparison of arbitrary quantum states. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6620. [PMID: 36333309 PMCID: PMC9636372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As we approach the era of quantum advantage, when quantum computers (QCs) can outperform any classical computer on particular tasks, there remains the difficult challenge of how to validate their performance. While algorithmic success can be easily verified in some instances such as number factoring or oracular algorithms, these approaches only provide pass/fail information of executing specific tasks for a single QC. On the other hand, a comparison between different QCs preparing nominally the same arbitrary circuit provides an insight for generic validation: a quantum computation is only as valid as the agreement between the results produced on different QCs. Such an approach is also at the heart of evaluating metrological standards such as disparate atomic clocks. In this paper, we report a cross-platform QC comparison using randomized and correlated measurements that results in a wealth of information on the QC systems. We execute several quantum circuits on widely different physical QC platforms and analyze the cross-platform state fidelities. Efficient protocols for comparing quantum states generated on different quantum computing platforms are becoming increasingly important. Zhu et al. demonstrate cross-platform verification using randomized measurements that allow for scaling to larger systems as compared to full quantum state tomography.
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24
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Umer MJ, Sharif MI. A Comprehensive Survey on Quantum Machine Learning and Possible Applications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF E-HEALTH AND MEDICAL COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.4018/ijehmc.315730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that is being used at a large scale to solve science, engineering, and medical tasks. Quantum computing is an emerging technology that has a very high computational ability to solve complex problems. Classical machine learning with traditional systems has some limitations for problem-solving due to a large amount of data availability. Quantum machine learning has high performance and computational ability that can effectively be used to solve computation tasks. This study reviews the latest articles in quantum computing and quantum machine learning. Building blocks of quantum computing and different flavors of quantum algorithms are also discussed. The latest work in quantum neural networks is also presented. In the end, different possible applications of quantum computing are also discussed.
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25
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Schegolev AE, Klenov NV, Bogatskaya AV, Yusupov RD, Popov AM. A Pair of Coupled Waveguides as a Classical Analogue for a Solid-State Qubit. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8286. [PMID: 36365983 PMCID: PMC9655956 DOI: 10.3390/s22218286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We have determined conditions when a pair of coupled waveguides, a common element for integrated room-temperature photonics, can act as a qubit based on a system with a double-well potential. Moreover, we have used slow-varying amplitude approximation (SVA) for the "classical" wave equation to study the propagation of electromagnetic beams in a couple of dielectric waveguides both analytically and numerically. As a part of an extension of the optical-mechanical analogy, we have considered examples of "quantum operations" on the electromagnetic wave state in a pair of waveguides. Furthermore, we have provided examples of "quantum-mechanical" calculations of nonlinear transfer functions for the implementation of the considered element in optical neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E Schegolev
- D. V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Science and Research Department, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, 111024 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Klenov
- Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V Bogatskaya
- Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam D Yusupov
- Science and Research Department, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, 111024 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Popov
- Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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26
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Yarkoni S, Raponi E, Bäck T, Schmitt S. Quantum annealing for industry applications: introduction and review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:104001. [PMID: 36001953 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac8c54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum annealing (QA) is a heuristic quantum optimization algorithm that can be used to solve combinatorial optimization problems. In recent years, advances in quantum technologies have enabled the development of small- and intermediate-scale quantum processors that implement the QA algorithm for programmable use. Specifically, QA processors produced by D-Wave systems have been studied and tested extensively in both research and industrial settings across different disciplines. In this paper we provide a literature review of the theoretical motivations for QA as a heuristic quantum optimization algorithm, the software and hardware that is required to use such quantum processors, and the state-of-the-art applications and proofs-of-concepts that have been demonstrated using them. The goal of our review is to provide a centralized and condensed source regarding applications of QA technology. We identify the advantages, limitations, and potential of QA for both researchers and practitioners from various fields.
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27
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Schubert M, Kilzer L, Dubielzig T, Schilling M, Ospelkaus C, Hampel B. Active impedance matching of a cryogenic radio frequency resonator for ion traps. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:093201. [PMID: 36182479 DOI: 10.1063/5.0097583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A combination of direct current (DC) fields and high amplitude radio frequency (RF) fields is necessary to trap ions in a Paul trap. Such high electric RF fields are usually reached with the help of a resonator in close proximity to the ion trap. Ion trap based quantum computers profit from good vacuum conditions and low heating rates that cryogenic environments provide. However, an impedance matching network between the resonator and its RF source is necessary, as an unmatched resonator would require higher input power due to power reflection. The reflected power would not contribute to the RF trapping potential, and the losses in the cable induce additional heat into the system. The electrical properties of the matching network components change during cooling, and a cryogenic setup usually prohibits physical access to integrated components while the experiment is running. This circumstance leads to either several cooling cycles to improve the matching at cryogenic temperatures or the operation of poorly matched resonators. In this work, we demonstrate an RF resonator that is actively matched to the wave impedance of coaxial cables and the signal source. The active part of the matching circuit consists of a varactor diode array. Its capacitance depends on the DC voltage applied from outside the cryostat. We present measurements of the power reflection, the Q-factor, and higher harmonic signals resulting from the nonlinearity of the varactor diodes. The RF resonator is tested in a cryostat at room temperature and cryogenic temperatures, down to 4.3 K. A superior impedance matching for different ion traps can be achieved with this type of resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schubert
- Institut für Elektrische Messtechnik und Grundlagen der Elektrotechnik, TU Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer Strasse 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - L Kilzer
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - T Dubielzig
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Schilling
- Institut für Elektrische Messtechnik und Grundlagen der Elektrotechnik, TU Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer Strasse 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - C Ospelkaus
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - B Hampel
- Institut für Elektrische Messtechnik und Grundlagen der Elektrotechnik, TU Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer Strasse 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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28
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Katz O, Cetina M, Monroe C. N-Body Interactions between Trapped Ion Qubits via Spin-Dependent Squeezing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:063603. [PMID: 36018637 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.063603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple protocol for the single-step generation of N-body entangling interactions between trapped atomic ion qubits. We show that qubit state-dependent squeezing operations and displacement forces on the collective atomic motion can generate full N-body interactions. Similar to the Mølmer-Sørensen two-body Ising interaction at the core of most trapped ion quantum computers and simulators, the proposed operation is relatively insensitive to the state of motion. We show how this N-body gate operation allows for the single-step implementation of a family of N-bit gate operations such as the powerful N-Toffoli gate, which flips a single qubit if and only if all other N-1 qubits are in a particular state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Katz
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Marko Cetina
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Christopher Monroe
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- IonQ, Inc., College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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29
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Hu T, Feng X, Yang Z, Zhao M. Design of scalable metalens array for optical addressing. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2022; 15:32. [PMID: 36637552 PMCID: PMC9756259 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-022-00035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale trapped-ion quantum computers hold great promise to outperform classical computers and are crucially desirable for finance, pharmaceutical industry, fundamental chemistry and other fields. Currently, a big challenge for trapped-ion quantum computers is the poor scalability mainly brought by the optical elements that are used for optical addressing. Metasurfaces provide a promising solution due to their excellent flexibility and integration ability. Here, we propose and numerically demonstrate a scalable off-axis metalens array for optical addressing working at the wavelength of 350 nm. Metalens arrays designed for x linearly polarized and left circularly polarized light respectively can focus the collimated addressing beam array into a compact focused spot array with spot spacing of 5 μm, featuring crosstalk below 0.82%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Hu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xing Feng
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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30
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Tremblay MA, Delfosse N, Beverland ME. Constant-Overhead Quantum Error Correction with Thin Planar Connectivity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:050504. [PMID: 35960553 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum low density parity check (LDPC) codes may provide a path to build low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum computers. However, as general LDPC codes lack geometric constraints, naïve layouts couple many distant qubits with crossing connections which could be hard to build in hardware and could result in performance-degrading crosstalk. We propose a 2D layout for quantum LDPC codes by decomposing their Tanner graphs into a small number of planar layers. Each layer contains long-range connections which do not cross. For any Calderbank-Shor-Steane code with a degree-δ Tanner graph, we design stabilizer measurement circuits with depth at most (2δ+2) using at most ⌈δ/2⌉ layers. We observe a circuit-noise threshold of 0.28% for a positive-rate code family using 49 physical qubits per logical qubit. For a physical error rate of 10^{-4}, this family reaches a logical error rate of 10^{-15} using fourteen times fewer physical qubits than the surface code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime A Tremblay
- Institut quantique & Département de physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Nicolas Delfosse
- Microsoft Quantum & Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington 98052, USA
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31
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Antipov AV, Kiktenko EO, Fedorov AK. Efficient realization of quantum primitives for Shor’s algorithm using PennyLane library. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271462. [PMID: 35834546 PMCID: PMC9282478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient realization of quantum algorithms is among main challenges on the way towards practical quantum computing. Various libraries and frameworks for quantum software engineering have been developed. Here we present a software package containing implementations of various quantum gates and well-known quantum algorithms using PennyLane library. Additoinally, we used a simplified technique for decomposition of algorithms into a set of gates which are native for trapped-ion quantum processor and realized this technique using PennyLane library. The decomposition is used to analyze resources required for an execution of Shor’s algorithm on the level of native operations of trapped-ion quantum computer. Our original contribution is the derivation of coefficients needed for implementation of the decomposition. Templates within the package include all required elements from the quantum part of Shor’s algorithm, specifically, efficient modular exponentiation and quantum Fourier transform that can be realized for an arbitrary number of qubits specified by a user. All the qubit operations are decomposed into elementary gates realized in PennyLane library. Templates from the developed package can be used as qubit-operations when defining a QNode.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Antipov
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - E. O. Kiktenko
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. K. Fedorov
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow, Russia
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32
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Yang Y, Shen Z, Zhu X, Wang Z, Zhang G, Zhou J, Jiang X, Deng C, Liu S. FPGA-based electronic system for the control and readout of superconducting quantum processors. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:074701. [PMID: 35922305 DOI: 10.1063/5.0085467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic systems for qubit control and measurement serve as a bridge between quantum programming language and quantum information processors. With the rapid development of superconducting quantum circuit technology, synchronization in a large-scale system, low-latency execution, and low noise are required for electronic systems. Here, we present a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based electronic system with a distributed synchronous clock and trigger architecture. The system supports synchronous control of qubits with jitters of ∼5 ps. We implement a real-time digital signal processing system in the FPGA, enabling precise timing control, arbitrary waveform generation, in-phase and quadrature demodulation for qubit state discrimination, and the generation of real-time qubit-state-dependent trigger signals for feedback/feedforward control. The hardware and firmware low-latency design reduces the feedback/feedforward latency of the electronic system to 125 ns, significantly less than the decoherence times of the qubit. Finally, we demonstrate the functionalities and low-noise performance of this system using a fluxonium quantum processor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhongtao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- Alibaba Quantum Laboratory, Alibaba Group, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Gengyan Zhang
- Alibaba Quantum Laboratory, Alibaba Group, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Alibaba Quantum Laboratory, Alibaba Group, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xun Jiang
- Alibaba Quantum Laboratory, Alibaba Group, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chunqing Deng
- Alibaba Quantum Laboratory, Alibaba Group, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Shubin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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33
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Cohen LZ, Kim IH, Bartlett SD, Brown BJ. Low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum computing using long-range connectivity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1717. [PMID: 35594359 PMCID: PMC10926894 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vast numbers of qubits will be needed for large-scale quantum computing because of the overheads associated with error correction. We present a scheme for low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum computation based on quantum low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, where long-range interactions enable many logical qubits to be encoded with a modest number of physical qubits. In our approach, logic gates operate via logical Pauli measurements that preserve both the protection of the LDPC codes and the low overheads in terms of the required number of additional qubits. Compared with surface codes with the same code distance, we estimate order-of-magnitude improvements in the overheads for processing around 100 logical qubits using this approach. Given the high thresholds demonstrated by LDPC codes, our estimates suggest that fault-tolerant quantum computation at this scale may be achievable with a few thousand physical qubits at comparable error rates to what is needed for current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Z. Cohen
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Isaac H. Kim
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Department of Computer Science, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen D. Bartlett
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Brown
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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34
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Guseynov NM, Pogosov WV. Quantum simulation of fermionic systems using hybrid digital-analog quantum computing approach. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:285901. [PMID: 35447609 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac6927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We consider a hybrid digital-analog quantum computing approach, which allows implementing any quantum algorithm without standard two-qubit gates. This approach is based on the always-on interaction between qubits, which can provide an alternative to such gates. We show how digital-analog approach can be applied to simulate the dynamics of fermionic systems, in particular, the Fermi-Hubbard model, using fermionic SWAP network and refocusing technique. We concentrate on the effects of connectivity topology, the spread of interaction constants as well as on errors of entangling operations. We find that an optimal connectivity topology of qubits for the digital-analog simulation of fermionic systems of arbitrary dimensionality is a chain for spinless fermions and a ladder for spin 1/2 particles. Such a simple connectivity topology makes digital-analog approach attractive for the simulation of quantum materials and molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Guseynov
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), Moscow, Russia
- Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - W V Pogosov
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electrodynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- HSE University, Moscow, Russia
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35
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A high-performance compilation strategy for multiplexing quantum control architecture. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7132. [PMID: 35504941 PMCID: PMC9065128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum computers have already shown significant potential to solve specific problems more efficiently than conventional supercomputers. A major challenge towards noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing is characterizing and reducing the various control costs. Quantum programming describes the process of quantum computation as a sequence, whose elements are selected from a finite set of universal quantum gates. Quantum compilation translates quantum programs to ordered pulses to the quantum control devices subsequently and quantum compilation optimization provides a high-level solution to reduce the control cost efficiently. Here, we propose a high-performance compilation strategy for multiplexing quantum control architecture. For representative benchmarks, the utilization efficiency of control devices increased by 49.44% on average in our work, with an acceptable circuit depth expansion executing on several real superconducting quantum computers of IBM.
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36
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Franchi A, Rossini D, Vicari E. Quantum many-body spin rings coupled to ancillary spins: The sunburst quantum Ising model. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:054111. [PMID: 35706175 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.054111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the ground-state properties of a quantum sunburst model, composed of a quantum Ising spin ring in a transverse field, symmetrically coupled to a set of ancillary isolated qubits, to maintain a residual translation invariance and also a Z_{2} symmetry. The large-size limit is taken in two different ways: either by keeping the distance between any two neighboring ancillary qubits fixed or by fixing their number while increasing the ring size. Substantially different regimes emerge, depending on the various Hamiltonian parameters: For small energy scale δ of the ancillary subsystem and small ring-qubit interaction κ, we observe rapid and nonanalytic changes in proximity to the quantum transitions of the Ising ring, both first order and continuous, which can be carefully controlled by exploiting renormalization-group and finite-size scaling frameworks. Smoother behaviors are instead observed when keeping δ>0 fixed and in the Ising disordered phase. The effect of an increasing number n of ancillary spins turns out to scale proportionally to sqrt[n] for sufficiently large values of n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Franchi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and INFN, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Rossini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and INFN, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ettore Vicari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and INFN, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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37
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Dynamic compensation of stray electric fields in an ion trap using machine learning and adaptive algorithm. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7067. [PMID: 35487938 PMCID: PMC9054784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface ion traps are among the most promising technologies for scaling up quantum computing machines, but their complicated multi-electrode geometry can make some tasks, including compensation for stray electric fields, challenging both at the level of modeling and of practical implementation. Here we demonstrate the compensation of stray electric fields using a gradient descent algorithm and a machine learning technique, which trained a deep learning network. We show automated dynamical compensation tested against induced electric charging from UV laser light hitting the chip trap surface. The results show improvement in compensation using gradient descent and the machine learner over manual compensation. This improvement is inferred from an increase of the fluorescence rate of 78% and 96% respectively, for a trapped [Formula: see text]Yb[Formula: see text] ion driven by a laser tuned to [Formula: see text] MHz of the [Formula: see text]S[Formula: see text]P[Formula: see text] Doppler cooling transition at 369.5 nm.
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38
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Green AM, Elben A, Alderete CH, Joshi LK, Nguyen NH, Zache TV, Zhu Y, Sundar B, Linke NM. Experimental Measurement of Out-of-Time-Ordered Correlators at Finite Temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:140601. [PMID: 35476480 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.140601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOCs) are a key observable in a wide range of interconnected fields including many-body physics, quantum information science, and quantum gravity. Measuring OTOCs using near-term quantum simulators will extend our ability to explore fundamental aspects of these fields and the subtle connections between them. Here, we demonstrate an experimental method to measure OTOCs at finite temperatures and use the method to study their temperature dependence. These measurements are performed on a digital quantum computer running a simulation of the transverse field Ising model. Our flexible method, based on the creation of a thermofield double state, can be extended to other models and enables us to probe the OTOC's temperature-dependent decay rate. Measuring this decay rate opens up the possibility of testing the fundamental temperature-dependent bounds on quantum information scrambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina M Green
- Joint Quantum Institute and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Elben
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter and Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - C Huerta Alderete
- Joint Quantum Institute and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Lata Kh Joshi
- Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Nhung H Nguyen
- Joint Quantum Institute and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Torsten V Zache
- Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Yingyue Zhu
- Joint Quantum Institute and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Bhuvanesh Sundar
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Norbert M Linke
- Joint Quantum Institute and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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39
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Aguayo-Alvarado AL, Domínguez-Serna F, Cruz WDL, Garay-Palmett K. An integrated photonic circuit for color qubit preparation by third-order nonlinear interactions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5154. [PMID: 35338208 PMCID: PMC8956746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09116-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a feasible design of an integrated photonic circuit performing as a device for single-qubit preparation and rotations through the third-order nonlinear process of difference frequency generation (DFG) and defined in the temporal mode basis. The first stage of our circuit includes the generation of heralded single photons by spontaneous four-wave mixing in a micro-ring cavity engineered for delivering a single-photon state in a unique temporal mode. The second stage comprises the implementation of DFG in a spiral waveguide with controlled dispersion properties for reaching color qubit preparation fidelity close to unity. We present the generalized rotation operator related to the DFG process, a methodology for the device design, and qubit preparation fidelity results as a function of user-accessible parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Aguayo-Alvarado
- Departamento de Óptica - Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de, Ensenada, BC, 22860, México
| | - F Domínguez-Serna
- Cátedras Conacyt - Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de, Ensenada, B.C., 22860, México
| | - W De La Cruz
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, B.C., México
| | - K Garay-Palmett
- Departamento de Óptica - Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de, Ensenada, BC, 22860, México.
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40
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Chi Y, Huang J, Zhang Z, Mao J, Zhou Z, Chen X, Zhai C, Bao J, Dai T, Yuan H, Zhang M, Dai D, Tang B, Yang Y, Li Z, Ding Y, Oxenløwe LK, Thompson MG, O'Brien JL, Li Y, Gong Q, Wang J. A programmable qudit-based quantum processor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1166. [PMID: 35246519 PMCID: PMC8897515 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling and programming quantum devices to process quantum information by the unit of quantum dit, i.e., qudit, provides the possibilities for noise-resilient quantum communications, delicate quantum molecular simulations, and efficient quantum computations, showing great potential to enhance the capabilities of qubit-based quantum technologies. Here, we report a programmable qudit-based quantum processor in silicon-photonic integrated circuits and demonstrate its enhancement of quantum computational parallelism. The processor monolithically integrates all the key functionalities and capabilities of initialisation, manipulation, and measurement of the two quantum quart (ququart) states and multi-value quantum-controlled logic gates with high-level fidelities. By reprogramming the configuration of the processor, we implemented the most basic quantum Fourier transform algorithms, all in quaternary, to benchmark the enhancement of quantum parallelism using qudits, which include generalised Deutsch-Jozsa and Bernstein-Vazirani algorithms, quaternary phase estimation and fast factorization algorithms. The monolithic integration and high programmability have allowed the implementations of more than one million high-fidelity preparations, operations and projections of qudit states in the processor. Our work shows an integrated photonic quantum technology for qudit-based quantum computing with enhanced capacity, accuracy, and efficiency, which could lead to the acceleration of building a large-scale quantum computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Chi
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Jieshan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanchuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Zinan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Chonghao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Jueming Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxiang Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Huihong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.,Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Ningbo Research Institute, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daoxin Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Ningbo Research Institute, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhong Ding
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Center for Silicon Photonics for Optical Communication (SPOC), Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Leif K Oxenløwe
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Center for Silicon Photonics for Optical Communication (SPOC), Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mark G Thompson
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, BS8 1FD, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy L O'Brien
- Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, 226010, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.,Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, 226010, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China. .,Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China. .,Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, 226010, Jiangsu, China.
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41
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Franchi A, Rossini D, Vicari E. Critical crossover phenomena driven by symmetry-breaking defects at quantum transitions. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:034139. [PMID: 35428084 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.034139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We study the effects of symmetry-breaking defects at continuous quantum transitions (CQTs) of homogeneous systems, which may arise from localized external fields coupled to the order-parameter operator. The problem is addressed within renormalization-group (RG) and finite-size scaling frameworks. We consider the paradigmatic one-dimensional quantum Ising models at their CQT, in the presence of defects which break the global Z_{2} symmetry. We show that such defects can give rise to notable critical crossover regimes where the ground-state properties experience substantial and rapid changes, from symmetric conditions to characterization of these crossover phenomena driven by defects. In particular, this is demonstrated by analyzing the ground-state fidelity associated with small changes of the defect strength. Within the critical crossover regime, the fidelity susceptibility shows a power-law divergence when increasing the system size, related to the RG dimension of the defect strength; in contrast, outside the critical defect regime, it remains finite. We support the RG scaling arguments with numerical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Franchi
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Pisa and INFN, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Rossini
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Pisa and INFN, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ettore Vicari
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Pisa and INFN, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
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42
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Egan L, Debroy DM, Noel C, Risinger A, Zhu D, Biswas D, Newman M, Li M, Brown KR, Cetina M, Monroe C. Fault-tolerant control of an error-corrected qubit. Nature 2021; 598:281-286. [PMID: 34608286 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum error correction protects fragile quantum information by encoding it into a larger quantum system1,2. These extra degrees of freedom enable the detection and correction of errors, but also increase the control complexity of the encoded logical qubit. Fault-tolerant circuits contain the spread of errors while controlling the logical qubit, and are essential for realizing error suppression in practice3-6. Although fault-tolerant design works in principle, it has not previously been demonstrated in an error-corrected physical system with native noise characteristics. Here we experimentally demonstrate fault-tolerant circuits for the preparation, measurement, rotation and stabilizer measurement of a Bacon-Shor logical qubit using 13 trapped ion qubits. When we compare these fault-tolerant protocols to non-fault-tolerant protocols, we see significant reductions in the error rates of the logical primitives in the presence of noise. The result of fault-tolerant design is an average state preparation and measurement error of 0.6 per cent and a Clifford gate error of 0.3 per cent after offline error correction. In addition, we prepare magic states with fidelities that exceed the distillation threshold7, demonstrating all of the key single-qubit ingredients required for universal fault-tolerant control. These results demonstrate that fault-tolerant circuits enable highly accurate logical primitives in current quantum systems. With improved two-qubit gates and the use of intermediate measurements, a stabilized logical qubit can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laird Egan
- Joint Quantum Institute, Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,IonQ, Inc, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Dripto M Debroy
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Google Research, Venice, CA, USA
| | - Crystal Noel
- Joint Quantum Institute, Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Risinger
- Joint Quantum Institute, Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daiwei Zhu
- Joint Quantum Institute, Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Debopriyo Biswas
- Joint Quantum Institute, Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Michael Newman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Google Research, Venice, CA, USA
| | - Muyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth R Brown
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marko Cetina
- Joint Quantum Institute, Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Monroe
- Joint Quantum Institute, Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,IonQ, Inc, College Park, MD, USA
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43
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Srinivas R, Burd SC, Knaack HM, Sutherland RT, Kwiatkowski A, Glancy S, Knill E, Wineland DJ, Leibfried D, Wilson AC, Allcock DTC, Slichter DH. High-fidelity laser-free universal control of trapped ion qubits. Nature 2021; 597:209-213. [PMID: 34497396 PMCID: PMC11165722 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Universal control of multiple qubits-the ability to entangle qubits and to perform arbitrary individual qubit operations1-is a fundamental resource for quantum computing2, simulation3 and networking4. Qubits realized in trapped atomic ions have shown the highest-fidelity two-qubit entangling operations5-7 and single-qubit rotations8 so far. Universal control of trapped ion qubits has been separately demonstrated using tightly focused laser beams9-12 or by moving ions with respect to laser beams13-15, but at lower fidelities. Laser-free entangling methods16-20 may offer improved scalability by harnessing microwave technology developed for wireless communications, but so far their performance has lagged the best reported laser-based approaches. Here we demonstrate high-fidelity laser-free universal control of two trapped-ion qubits by creating both symmetric and antisymmetric maximally entangled states with fidelities of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively (68 per cent confidence level), corrected for initialization error. We use a scheme based on radiofrequency magnetic field gradients combined with microwave magnetic fields that is robust against multiple sources of decoherence and usable with essentially any trapped ion species. The scheme has the potential to perform simultaneous entangling operations on multiple pairs of ions in a large-scale trapped-ion quantum processor without increasing control signal power or complexity. Combining this technology with low-power laser light delivered via trap-integrated photonics21,22 and trap-integrated photon detectors for qubit readout23,24 provides an opportunity for scalable, high-fidelity, fully chip-integrated trapped-ion quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Srinivas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - S C Burd
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H M Knaack
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R T Sutherland
- Physics Division, Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Kwiatkowski
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Glancy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E Knill
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D J Wineland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - D Leibfried
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A C Wilson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D T C Allcock
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - D H Slichter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
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44
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Geller MR. Conditionally Rigorous Mitigation of Multiqubit Measurement Errors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:090502. [PMID: 34506180 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.090502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several techniques have been recently introduced to mitigate errors in near-term quantum computers without the overhead required by quantum error correcting codes. While most of the focus has been on gate errors, measurement errors are significantly larger than gate errors on some platforms. A widely used transition matrix error mitigation (TMEM) technique uses measured transition probabilities between initial and final classical states to correct subsequently measured data. However from a rigorous perspective, the noisy measurement should be calibrated with perfectly prepared initial states, and the presence of any state-preparation error corrupts the resulting mitigation. Here we develop a measurement error mitigation technique, a conditionally rigorous TMEM, that is not sensitive to state-preparation errors and thus avoids this limitation. We demonstrate the importance of the technique for high-precision measurement and for quantum foundations experiments by measuring Mermin polynomials on IBM Q superconducting qubits. An extension of the technique allows one to correct for both state-preparation and measurement (SPAM) errors in expectation values as well; we illustrate this by giving a protocol for fully SPAM-corrected quantum process tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Geller
- Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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45
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Francis A, Zhu D, Huerta Alderete C, Johri S, Xiao X, Freericks JK, Monroe C, Linke NM, Kemper AF. Many-body thermodynamics on quantum computers via partition function zeros. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/34/eabf2447. [PMID: 34407938 PMCID: PMC8373169 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Partition functions are ubiquitous in physics: They are important in determining the thermodynamic properties of many-body systems and in understanding their phase transitions. As shown by Lee and Yang, analytically continuing the partition function to the complex plane allows us to obtain its zeros and thus the entire function. Moreover, the scaling and nature of these zeros can elucidate phase transitions. Here, we show how to find partition function zeros on noisy intermediate-scale trapped-ion quantum computers in a scalable manner, using the XXZ spin chain model as a prototype, and observe their transition from XY-like behavior to Ising-like behavior as a function of the anisotropy. While quantum computers cannot yet scale to the thermodynamic limit, our work provides a pathway to do so as hardware improves, allowing the future calculation of critical phenomena for systems beyond classical computing limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Francis
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Daiwei Zhu
- Joint Quantum Institute and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Cinthia Huerta Alderete
- Joint Quantum Institute and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Calle Luis Enrique Erro No. 1, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Pue. CP 72840, Mexico
| | - Sonika Johri
- IonQ Inc., 4505 Campus Dr, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - James K Freericks
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, 37th and O Sts. NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Christopher Monroe
- Joint Quantum Institute and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- IonQ Inc., 4505 Campus Dr, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Norbert M Linke
- Joint Quantum Institute and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alexander F Kemper
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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46
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He R, Cui JM, Li RR, Qian ZH, Chen Y, Ai MZ, Huang YF, Li CF, Guo GC. An ion trap apparatus with high optical access in multiple directions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:073201. [PMID: 34340438 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical controls provided by lasers are the most important and essential techniques in trapped ion and cold atom systems. It is crucial to increase the optical accessibility of the setup to enhance these optical capabilities. Here, we present the design and construction of a new segmented-blade ion trap integrated with a compact glass vacuum cell, in place of the conventional bulky metal vacuum chamber. The distance between the ion and four outside surfaces of the glass cell is 15 mm, which enables us to install four high-numerical-aperture (NA) lenses (with two NA ⩽ 0.32 lenses and two NA ⩽ 0.66 lenses) in two orthogonal transverse directions, while leaving enough space for laser beams in the oblique and longitudinal directions. The high optical accessibility in multiple directions allows the application of small laser spots for addressable Raman operations, programmable optical tweezer arrays, and efficient fluorescence collection simultaneously. We have successfully loaded and cooled a string of 174Yb+ and 171Yb+ ions in the trap, which verifies the trapping stability. This compact high-optical-access trap setup not only can be used as an extendable module for quantum information processing but also facilitates experimental studies on quantum chemistry in a cold hybrid ion-atom system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jin-Ming Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Rui-Rui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ming-Zhong Ai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yun-Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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47
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Tran MC, Guo AY, Deshpande A, Lucas A, Gorshkov AV. Optimal State Transfer and Entanglement Generation in Power-Law Interacting Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. X 2021; 11:10.1103/physrevx.11.031016. [PMID: 37551271 PMCID: PMC10405711 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.11.031016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an optimal protocol for encoding an unknown qubit state into a multiqubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-like state and, consequently, transferring quantum information in large systems exhibiting power-law ( 1 / r α ) interactions. For all power-law exponents α between d and 2 d + 1 , where d is the dimension of the system, the protocol yields a polynomial speed-up for α > 2 d and a superpolynomial speed-up for α ≤ 2 d , compared to the state of the art. For all α > d , the protocol saturates the Lieb-Robinson bounds (up to subpolynomial corrections), thereby establishing the optimality of the protocol and the tightness of the bounds in this regime. The protocol has a wide range of applications, including in quantum sensing, quantum computing, and preparation of topologically ordered states. In addition, the protocol provides a lower bound on the gate count in digital simulations of power-law interacting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh C Tran
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Andrew Y Guo
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Abhinav Deshpande
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Andrew Lucas
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Alexey V Gorshkov
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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48
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Wu Q, Filzinger M, Shi Y, Wang Z, Zhang J. Adaptively controlled fast production of defect-free beryllium ion crystals using pulsed laser ablation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:063201. [PMID: 34243557 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trapped atomic ions find wide applications ranging from precision measurement to quantum information science and quantum computing. Beryllium ions are widely used due to the light mass and convenient atomic structure of beryllium; however, conventional ion loading from thermal ovens exerts undesirable gas loads for a prolonged duration. Here, we demonstrate a method to rapidly produce pure linear chains of beryllium ions with pulsed laser ablation, serving as a starting point for large-scale quantum information processing. Our method is fast compared to thermal ovens, reduces the gas load to only 10-12 Torr (10-10 Pa) level, yields a short recovery time of a few seconds, and also eliminates the need for a deep ultraviolet laser for photoionization. We also study the loading dynamics, which show non-Poissonian statistics in the presence of sympathetic cooling. In addition, we apply feedback control to obtain defect-free ion chains with desirable lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Wu
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Melina Filzinger
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiehang Zhang
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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49
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de Leon NP, Itoh KM, Kim D, Mehta KK, Northup TE, Paik H, Palmer BS, Samarth N, Sangtawesin S, Steuerman DW. Materials challenges and opportunities for quantum computing hardware. Science 2021; 372:372/6539/eabb2823. [PMID: 33859004 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quantum computing hardware technologies have advanced during the past two decades, with the goal of building systems that can solve problems that are intractable on classical computers. The ability to realize large-scale systems depends on major advances in materials science, materials engineering, and new fabrication techniques. We identify key materials challenges that currently limit progress in five quantum computing hardware platforms, propose how to tackle these problems, and discuss some new areas for exploration. Addressing these materials challenges will require scientists and engineers to work together to create new, interdisciplinary approaches beyond the current boundaries of the quantum computing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kohei M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Dohun Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Karan K Mehta
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tracy E Northup
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hanhee Paik
- IBM Quantum, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA.
| | - B S Palmer
- Laboratory for Physical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA.,Quantum Materials Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - N Samarth
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sorawis Sangtawesin
- School of Physics and Center of Excellence in Advanced Functional Materials, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - D W Steuerman
- Kavli Foundation, 5715 Mesmer Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90230, USA
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50
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Dubielzig T, Halama S, Hahn H, Zarantonello G, Niemann M, Bautista-Salvador A, Ospelkaus C. Ultra-low-vibration closed-cycle cryogenic surface-electrode ion trap apparatus. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:043201. [PMID: 34243401 DOI: 10.1063/5.0024423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design, commissioning, and operation of an ultra-low-vibration closed-cycle cryogenic ion trap apparatus. One hundred lines for low-frequency signals and eight microwave/radio frequency coaxial feed-lines offer the possibility of implementing a small-scale ion-trap quantum processor or simulator. With all supply cables attached, more than 1.3 W of cooling power at 5 K is still available for absorbing energy from electrical pulses introduced to control ions. The trap itself is isolated from vibrations induced by the cold head using a helium exchange gas interface. The performance of the vibration isolation system has been characterized using a Michelson interferometer, finding residual vibration amplitudes on the order of 10 nm rms. Trapping of 9Be+ ions has been demonstrated using a combination of laser ablation and photoionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dubielzig
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Halama
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Hahn
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - G Zarantonello
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Niemann
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Bautista-Salvador
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Ospelkaus
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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